Mono language (Congo)
Mono is a language spoken by about 65,000 people[3] in the northwestern corner of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is one of the Banda languages, a subbranch of the Ubangian branch of the Niger–Congo languages. It has five dialects: Bili, Bubanda, Mpaka, Galaba, and Kaga.
| Mono | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Democratic Republic of the Congo |
| Region | Northwestern corner of Congo (DRC) |
Native speakers | (65,000 cited 1984 census)[1] |
Ubangian
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mnh |
| Glottolog | mono1270 |
| ELP | Mono (Democratic Republic of the Congo)[2] |
Mono has 33 consonant phonemes, including three labial-velar stops (/k͡p/, /ɡ͡b/, and prenasalized /ᵑ͡ᵐɡ͡b/), an asymmetrical eight-vowel system, and a labiodental flap /ⱱ/ (allophonically a bilabial flap [ⱳ]) that contrasts with both /v/ and /w/. It is a tonal language.
Phonology
| Labial | Alveolar | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Labial- Velar |
Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||||
| Stop | Voiceless | p | t | k | k͡p | ʔ | |
| Voiced | b | d | g | ɡ͡b | |||
| Prenasalized | ᵐb | ⁿd | ⁿdʒ | ᵑɡ | ᵑ͡ᵐɡ͡b | ||
| Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | |||||
| Affricate | Voiceless | tʃ | |||||
| Voiced | dʒ | ||||||
| Fricative | Voiceless | f | s | ʃ | h | ||
| Voiced | v | z | ʒ | ||||
| Trill/Tap | ⱱ | r | |||||
| Approximant | l | j | w | ||||
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u |
| Close-mid | e | ə | o |
| Open-mid | ɔ | ||
| Open | a |
Tones in Mono: high, low, medium[4]
References
- Mono at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- Endangered Languages Project data for Mono (Democratic Republic of the Congo).
- Ethnologue report for Mono
- Olson, Kenneth S. 2004
- Kamanda-Kola, Roger. 2003. Phonologie et morpho-syntaxe du mono: Langue oubanguienne du Congo R.D. (LINCOM Studies in African Linguistics 60). Munich: LINCOM EUROPA.
- Olson, Kenneth S. (2004), "Mono" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (02): 233–238, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744
- Olson, Kenneth S. 2005. The phonology of Mono (SIL International and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics 140). Dallas: SIL & UTA.
- Olson, Kenneth S. & Brian E. Schrag. 2000. 'An overview of Mono phonology'. In H. Ekkehard Wolff & Orin Gensler (eds.), Proceedings from the 2nd World Congress of African Linguistics, Leipzig 1997, 393–409. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.
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