New York City Department of Sanitation

The New York City Department of Sanitation (DSNY) is the department of the government of New York City[1] responsible for garbage collection, recycling collection, street cleaning, and snow removal.

Department of Sanitation
Department of Sanitation logo

Flag of the DSNY
Department overview
Formed1881
JurisdictionNew York City
Headquarters125 Worth Street
New York, NY
MottoNew York's Strongest
Employees7,200 uniformed sanitation workers and supervisors
2,041 civilian employees
Department executive
  • Ed Grayson, Commissioner of Sanitation
Key document
Websitewww.nyc.gov/sanitation

Organization

The New York City Department of Sanitation is the largest sanitation department in the world, with 7,201 uniformed sanitation workers and supervisors, 2,041 civilian workers, 2,230 general collection trucks, 275 specialized collection trucks, 450 street sweepers, 365 snowplows, 298 front end loaders, and 2,360 support vehicles. It handles over 12,000 tons of residential and institutional refuse and recyclables a day.[2] It has a uniformed force of unionized sanitation workers (Local 831 USA of the Teamsters). Its regulations are compiled in Title 16 of the New York City Rules.

Rank Structure

There are nine uniformed titles in the New York City Department of Sanitation.

From highest to lowest, the uniformed titles are described by Civil Service Title and/or Rank;

Title Insignia
General Superintendent Level V (Director)
General Superintendent Level IV (Chief)
General Superintendent Level III (Assistant Chief)
General Superintendent Level II (Deputy Chief)
General Superintendent Level I (Superintendent)
Supervisor
Sanitation Worker

Law Enforcement

The New York City Department of Sanitation has its own Law Enforcement force that is currently composed of four specialized units:

Officers designated by the New York City Sanitation (Police Division) are peace officers, as provided for in New York State Criminal Procedure Law Section 2.10, subsection 59, and are granted limited powers of arrests.

Bureaus and units

BCC: Bureau of Cleaning and Collection

The Bureau of Cleaning and Collection is responsible for collecting recycling and garbage, cleaning streets and vacant lots, and clearing streets of snow and ice. BCC assigns personnel and equipment to standard routes while managing the weekly allocation of personnel to address litter and illegal dumping.

The Cleaning Office oversees the removal of litter and debris from city streets, collects material for recycling and garbage from public litter bins and coordinates with Derelict Vehicle Operations to remove abandoned vehicles. The Lot Cleaning Unit cleans vacant lots and the areas around them, and around city-owned buildings in order to meet the city's Health Code standards.

The Collection Office oversees regularly scheduled recycling and garbage collection services to the city's residential households, public schools, public buildings, and many large institutions

SWM: Solid Waste Management

The Solid Waste Management Bureau is responsible for the disposal of all municipal solid waste and recyclables managed by DSNY, and for long-term waste export programs. The bureau consists of Solid Waste Management Engineering, the Export Contract Management Unit, marine and land-based transfer stations, and the Fresh Kills landfill and long-term export programs.

The Export Contract Management Unit handles DSNY contracts with private vendors who operate municipal solid waste disposal facilities, including transfer stations and waste-to-energy plants. DSNY also has city-owned and operated transfer stations.

Solid Waste Management Engineering is principally responsible for the design, construction, closure and post-closure care, and end-use development of the 2,200-acre Fresh Kills landfill. It also develops and implements long-term waste export programs and the city's Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan for 2006–2025 and the Solid Waste Management Plan Final Environmental Impact Statement.

BIT: Bureau of Information Technology

The Bureau of Information Technology manages all aspects of computing and technology for DSNY, including networks, databases, software, devices, and technical support.

The bureau designed the Sanitation Management Analysis and Resource Tracking (SMART) system, a web-based mobile system that provides DSNY field forces with digital operations, scheduling, and reporting technology, and gives DSNY management instant access to real-time operational information. It is integrated with citywide systems such as GIS mapping services, fleet management, building management, human resources, and purchasing and financial applications.

BOO: Bureau Operations Office

The Bureau Operations Office is DSNY's primary communications center, handling interagency and intra-agency communications. To ensure efficient communications, the radio room maintains and monitors citywide radio communications, equipment repair, upgrades, maintenance, and inventory.

The Bureau oversees all DSNY facilities, administers the expense budget, and controls fuel and lubricant inventories, as well as tools and supplies for citywide use. It also plans and directs citywide snow operations, including staffing plans, maintaining the fleet of snow removal equipment, and maintaining an inventory of salt and calcium chloride to cover the needs of the snow season.

The Bureau's Equipment and Facilities Unit works closely with Support Services to make sure that DSNY facilities receive constant monitoring, repairs, renovation, and emergency intervention. The Bureau works closely with the Real Estate Division to properly plan for new facilities from an operational standpoint.

OMD: Operations Management Division

The Operations Management Division provides statistical review and analysis for evaluating DSNY's managerial and operational performance, including, most recently, a comprehensive review and sweeping redevelopment of the methodology used for citywide snow clearing operations. The division provides performance results to executive staff, field managers, and the public, to provide insight into organizational performance and help evaluate future initiatives. OMD also develops all departmental forms and provides reprographic services for the agency.

DSNY's Enterprise Geospatial Program Management Office, established in 2014, adds additional rigor to Operations Management functions by enabling and promoting purposeful geospatial data consumption and analysis throughout the agency, as well as the innovative technologies that make them possible. Its core objectives are to:

  • Develop and maintain centralized and authoritative geospatial data stores and guarantee their integrity, accuracy and security
  • Make geospatial data widely available and accessible across the agency via delivery through a combination of cutting-edge web applications and database technologies
  • Provide leadership to align geospatial strategic planning, data standards and policies, tactical implementation and operational capability in accordance with DSNY's performance goals

PMD: Personnel Management Division

The Personnel Management Division coordinates with Human Resources on employee-related personal actions, such as the hiring process of new sanitation workers, promotions, demotions, employee evaluations, disciplinary matters, separation of service, and employee hardships. It also monitors the electronic disciplinary system for accuracy, and acts as the liaison between the Department Advocate and the field operations of the Bureau of Cleaning and Collection and the Solid Waste Management Unit. The division allocates general superintendents, supervisors, civilians, and sanitation workers assigned to medical-duty to support daily Cleaning and Collection field operations.

DST: Division of Safety and Training

The Division of Safety and Training is responsible for all administrative and operational training to ensure that DSNY employees have the knowledge and skills to perform their jobs safely and effectively in a hazard-free work place. It also has the jurisdiction to enforce federal, state, city, and departmental laws, rules, and regulations pertaining to safe motor vehicle operation and work procedures, building maintenance, and driver's license requirements.

Responsibilities include developing and maintaining programs and training, investigating serious line-of-duty injuries and vehicular accidents, conducting orientation programs for new and recently promoted uniformed employees, and facilitating department-wide walk-throughs for workplace violence surveys and facility E-waste, standpipe, and sprinkler inspections.

BME: Bureau of Motor Equipment

The Bureau of Motor Equipment provides a full range of fleet-related functions, such as design, research and development, procurement, maintenance, repair, and ultimately disposal of DSNY vehicles. All of these functions are performed through four main operating divisions — BME Field Operations, Material Management, and Vehicle Acquisition and Warranty Division, and Central Repair Shop Operations.

BBM: Bureau of Building Maintenance

The Bureau of Building Maintenance has responsibility for maintaining garages, transfer stations, repair shops, and office buildings throughout the five boroughs. The bureau employs carpenters, plumbers, electricians and other skilled trades who provide routine maintenance, facility rehabilitation, and emergency repairs. Together with Legal Affairs and Engineering, the Bureau of Building Maintenance ensures that DSNY facilities are in compliance with all federal, state, and local oversight regulations. The Bureau also works with the Department of Citywide Administrative Services to secure funding for energy reduction programs and to achieve carbon dioxide emission goals.

Enforcement Division
Further information: New York City Department of Sanitation Police

The Enforcement Division monitors compliance with administrative, recycling, and health laws governing the maintenance of clean streets, illegal posting and dumping, theft of recyclables, and proper storage and disposal of recycling and garbage by residents and businesses.

Sanitation Law Enforcement Officers are DSNY workers or supervisors who are trained, armed peace officers. Sanitation Enforcement Agents are unarmed civilians who undergo a comprehensive classroom and field-training program.

The Enforcement Division's Canine Unit patrols throughout the city and issue notices of violation for quality-of-life violations, such as unleashed dogs, littering, and failure to remove canine waste and noxious liquids.

Environmental Enforcement and the Permit Inspection Unit

The primary responsibility of the Permit Inspection Unit is the enforcement of Local Law 40, governing the permit and inspection processes of solid waste transfer stations and fill material operations within the city. Environmental police officers conduct regular inspections to ensure compliance with the rules and regulations relating to these activities.

The Permit Inspection Unit issues permits and conducts regular inspections of putrescible and non-putrescible transfer stations, fill material transfer stations, and fill material operations that involve the grading, leveling, or improvement of property. It also plays a main role in identifying and closing illegal transfer stations and dump sites, and works closely with DSNY Legal Affairs and various city, state, and federal agencies.

The Environmental Enforcement Unit enforces Local Laws 70 and 75, governing the storage, transportation, and disposal of asbestos and regulated medical waste. Environmental police officers respond to incidents involving the improper disposal of chemicals, household hazardous waste, low-level radioactive waste, and medical waste. The unit also conducts inspections of hospitals and nursing homes to ensure proper disposal of regulated medical waste, and inspects medical practices operating in multi-dwelling buildings to ensure compliance with Local Law 41.

The Bureau of Legal Affairs is DSNY's in-house legal department which has various divisions, including Contracts, Environmental Affairs, Intergovernmental, the Advocate's Office and the Agency Chief Contracting Office. These divisions provide legal counsel, advice, and assistance to the other bureaus in connection with procuring and managing contracts, drafting and enforcing statutes and regulations, regulating solid waste transfer stations, and working with other government departments and agencies.

The Bureau serves as DSNY's liaison with the City Council and State Legislature, manages DSNY's City Environmental Quality Review processes, coordinates DSNY's responses to Freedom of Information Law requests for documents, and provides litigation support to the City's Law Department in connection with lawsuits involving DSNY. The Bureau provides legal counsel on employment and personnel matters, is DSNY's advisor on the legal aspects of environmental compliance efforts, and works closely with DSNY engineers to resolve controversies, allow construction projects to continue, and avoid disputes and litigation.

District garages

Bronx

Brooklyn North

Brooklyn South

Manhattan

Queens East

Queens West

Staten Island

[3]

Motto

As do the other New York City uniformed services, the rank and file have a superlative nickname: "New York's Strongest," coined by Harry Nespoli, long-time President of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters Local 831, to describe the Department of Sanitation's football team in the late 1970s to early 1980s.[4] The section of Worth Street between Centre and Baxter Streets in Manhattan is named "Avenue of the Strongest" in their honor.

History

Prior to 1881, a Street Cleaning Bureau functioned under the New York City Police Department. However, streets were filthy, filled with mud, rubbish, ash, and horse urine and manure. On May 29, 1881, all the bureau's books and papers were transferred from the police headquarters in anticipation of the passage of a law creating a new administrative structure and the separate Department of Street Cleaning.[5] On May 30, the bill enacting the Department of Street Cleaning was signed by Governor of New York Alonzo B. Cornell. However, Henry H. Gorringe, who had been asked to serve as the inaugural commissioner by Mayor William R. Grace, had been hoping for a different bill and declined the position, stating that it was a "delusion and snare from beginning to end", and that he would have had to answer to "five different areas of city government - the Mayoralty, the Board of Estimate and Apportionment, the Board of Health, the Police Board, and the Department of Street Cleaning," with the latter having the least effective power.[6] Instead, several days later, James S. Coleman became the first commissioner, and held the position for 8 years.[7][8][9]

George E. Waring

In 1894, Col. George E. Waring, Jr. became commissioner, and he was credited with substantially cleaning the streets, as well as pioneering recycling, street sweeping, and the establishment of a uniformed cleaning and collection force.[10] The department's name was changed to the Department of Sanitation in 1929.[11]

  • 1980: NYC won the right to staff sanitation trucks with a crew of two, instead of three.[12]
  • 1986: NYC hired 2 female sanitation workers. Initially they just did street-sweeping. Going with sanitation trucks began the following year.[13]
  • 2003: Mayor Mike Bloomberg laid off 515 sanitation workers while seeking to "increase the length of runs by sanitation trucks -- more trash per truck would lower costs"[14][15]
  • 2009: NYC introduced use of hybrid-electric sanitation-pickup vehicles[16] like those then in use, staff crew were numbered at two, not three as had been the case until 1980.

As of 2015, the department had more than 9,700 employees, handled more than 3.2 million tons of refuse every year, and recycled more than 600,000 tons of waste material annually.[17] Sanitation Commissioner Kathryn Garcia resigned in September 2020 to consider running for mayor of New York City, and criticized what she termed the "unconscionable" $100 million budget cuts of Mayor Bill DiBlasio in her resignation letter.[18][19][20][21][22] Those budget cuts, among other things, forced a 60% reduction in pickups from public trash baskets.[23][24]

Commissioners
NumberNameDates in OfficeAdministrationNotes and References
As Chairman of a Three-man Commission of the Department of Street Cleaning
1James S. ColemanJune 16, 1881 – December 30, 1889William R. Grace
Franklin Edson
William R. Grace
Abram Hewitt
Hugh J. Grant		[25][26][27]
vacantDecember 31, 1889 – January 17, 1890
2Horace LoomisJanuary 17, 1890 – April 3, 1890Hugh J. Grant[28][29][30]
3Hans S. BeattieApril 3, 1890 – September 16, 1891Hugh J. Grant[29][31][32]
William DaltonSeptember 16, 1891 (acting)Hugh J. Grant[31]
4Thomas Sebastian BrennanSeptember 17, 1891 – July 21, 1893Hugh J. Grant
Thomas F. Gilroy		[32][33]
5William S. AndrewsJuly 21, 1893 – January 15, 1895Thomas F. Gilroy
William L. Strong		[33][34]
6George E. Waring, Jr.January 15, 1895 – December 31, 1897William L. Strong[34][35]
7James McCartneyJanuary 1, 1898 – February 7, 1900Robert A. Van Wyck[35][36]
vacantFebruary 7, 1900 – February 12, 1900
8Percival E. NagleFebruary 12, 1900 – December 31, 1901Robert A. Van Wyck[37][38]
9John McGaw WoodburyJanuary 1, 1902 – October 13, 1906Seth Low
George B. McClellan, Jr.		[38][39]
10MacDonough CravenOctober 22, 1906 – July 9, 1907George B. McClellan, Jr.[40][41]
11Walter BenselJuly 9, 1907 – November 21, 1907George B. McClellan, Jr.[41][42]
12Foster CrowellNovember 22, 1907 – January 1, 1909George B. McClellan, Jr.[43][44]
13William H. EdwardsJanuary 1, 1909 – December 31, 1913George B. McClellan, Jr.
William Jay Gaynor
Ardolph L. Kline		[44][45]
14John T. FetherstonJanuary 1, 1914 – December 31, 1917John Purroy Mitchel[46][47]
15Arnold B. MacStayJanuary 1, 1918 – January 30, 1918 (acting)
January 30, 1918 – January 2, 1921		John F. Hylan[47][48][49]
16John P. LeoJanuary 5, 1921 – November 18, 1921John F. Hylan[48][50]
17Alfred A. TaylorNovember 18, 1921 – November 25, 1921 (acting)
November 25, 1921 – November 30, 1929		John F. Hylan
Jimmy Walker		[50][51][11]
As Chairman of a Three-man Commission of the Department of Sanitation
18William J. Schroeder, Jr. (chairman)
Leonard C.L. Smith (engineering member)
Charles S. Hand (lay member)		November 30, 1929 – April 18, 1933
December 30, 1929 – April 18, 1933
June 3, 1930 – April 18, 1933		Jimmy Walker
Joseph V. McKee
John P. O'Brien		[11][52][53][54][55]
As a Single Commissioner
19George McAnenyApril 19, 1933 – September 19, 1933John P. O'Brien[56][57]
vacantSeptember 19, 1933 – September 29, 1933
20Ernest P. GoodrichSeptember 29, 1933 – March 7, 1934John P. O'Brien
Fiorello H. La Guardia		[58][59]
21Thomas W. HammondMarch 7, 1934 – June 2, 1934 (acting)
June 2, 1934 – May 26, 1936		Fiorello H. La Guardia[60][61]
22William F. CareyMay 26, 1936 – December 31, 1945Fiorello H. La Guardia[62][61][63]
23William J. PowellJanuary 1, 1946 – December 21, 1949William O'Dwyer[64][65]
24Andrew W. MulrainDecember 21, 1949 – February 25, 1957William O'Dwyer
Vincent R. Impellitteri
Robert F. Wagner		[66][67]
25Paul R. ScrevaneFebruary 25, 1957 – March 3, 1961Robert F. Wagner[68][69]
26Frank J. LuciaMarch 3, 1961 – December 31, 1965Robert F. Wagner[70][71]
27Joseph F. PericoniJanuary 1, 1966 – November 23, 1966John V. Lindsay[72][73]
28Samuel J. Kearing, Jr.November 23, 1966 – November 17, 1967John V. Lindsay[74][75][76][77]
James Lewis MarcusNovember 17, 1967 – December 12, 1967 (acting)John V. Lindsay[78]
Fioravente Gerald Gabriel PerrottaDecember 12, 1967 – December 26, 1967 (acting)John V. Lindsay[78][79]
Maurice Milton FeldmanDecember 26, 1967 – June 4, 1968 (acting)John V. Lindsay[80]
James P. Marronnamed on January 28, 1968, unable to take office because of illness, died June 18, 1968[81][82]
29Griswold Lamour MoellerJune 4, 1968 – July 14, 1970John V. Lindsay[83][84]
Jerome KretchmerAugust 17, 1970 – April 26, 1971 (acting)John V. Lindsay[85]
30Herbert ElishApril 26, 1971 – April 30, 1974John V. Lindsay
Abraham D. Beame		[86][87]
31Robert T. GrohApril 30, 1974 – October 3, 1975Abraham D. Beame[87][88]
Martin LangOctober 3, 1975 – January 5, 1976 (acting)Abraham D. Beame[88][89][90]
32Anthony Thomas VaccarelloJanuary 5, 1976 – November 5, 1978Abraham D. Beame
Edward I. Koch		[89][90]
33Norman SteiselNovember 5, 1978 – January 23, 1986Edward I. Koch[91][92]
34Brendan John SextonJanuary 24, 1986 – April 18, 1990Edward I. Koch
David N. Dinkins		[93][94]
35Steven M. PolanApril 18, 1990 – February 1992David N. Dinkins[94]
36Emily S. LloydFebruary 1992 – July 15, 1994David N. Dinkins
Rudolph W. Giuliani		[95][96]
37John J. DohertyAugust 11, 1994 – September 20, 1998Rudolph W. Giuliani[97][98]
38Kevin FarrellMarch 15, 1999 – July 9, 2001Rudolph W. Giuliani[99]
John J. DohertyJanuary 1, 2002 – March 28, 2014 (second term)Michael Bloomberg[100][101]
39Kathryn GarciaApril 1, 2014 – February 15, 2019Bill DeBlasio[101][102]
Steven CostasFebruary 15, 2019 – July 8, 2019
(acting commissioner while Garcia was interim chairwoman of the New York City Housing Authority)		Bill DeBlasio[103][104][105]
39Kathryn GarciaJuly 8, 2019 – September 18, 2020Bill DeBlasio[105][106]
40Edward GraysonSeptember 18, 2020 – December 31, 2020 (acting)
December 31, 2020 – current		Bill DeBlasio[107][108][109]

Strikes
  • 1968: Sanitation workers had been without a contract for six months when they rejected Mayor John Lindsay's proposal and went on strike on February 2. As the garbage on the streets of New York City accumulated to over 100,000 tons, negotiations between Lindsay and union leaders went poorly. Finally, on February 10, New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller stepped in, offering a $425 wage increase and future arbitration, which the workers agreed to and ended the strike.[110]
  • 1975: A wildcat strike took place in 1975 from July 2 to 4 in the midst of a budget crisis for New York City before workers returned to work under the provision that they would put up their own money to guarantee payroll if the city legislation could not get the tax increase necessary.[111]
  • 1981: Workers went on strike just after midnight on December 1 to demand a wage increase and remained out until December 17.[112]

See also
  • 125 Worth Street, the department's headquarters
  • Sanitation workers picking up garbage on 172nd Street in 1973
  • A typical NYC street waste basket
  • North Shore Marine Transfer Station - Queens 7

References
  1. New York City Charter Chapter 31, § 751; "There shall be a department of sanitation the head of which shall be the commissioner of sanitation."
  2. About DSNY Archived May 23, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  3. DSNY District Map. Retrieved 2015-Feb-15.
  4. https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/06/nyregion/salute-to-sanitationmen-aims-to-counter-morale-problem.html
  5. "The Street-Cleaning Bureau Moved". New York Times. May 30, 1881. p. 5. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  6. "The New Street-Cleaning Law - Lieut.-Commander Gorringe Declines to Serve as Commissioner". New York Times. May 31, 1881. p. 1. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  7. "The New Commissioner - Mr. James S. Coleman Appointed to Clean the Streets". New York Times. June 5, 1881. p. 12. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  8. "Mr. Coleman Assumes Charge - He Promises to Give the City Clean Streets If Possible". New York Times. June 17, 1881. p. 8. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  9. "Coleman Gives Up Office - His Resignation Sent to the Mayor - But Before He Wrote His Letter Mayor Grant Had Asked The Board of Health to Remove Him". New York Times. December 31, 1889. p. 1. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  10. Trying to Clean Up New York, Gotham Gazette, August 16, 2004
  11. "Schroeder Heads Sanitation Board – Quits as Hospital Commissioner as He Is Sworn In by Walker for New City Post – Two Aides To Be Named – Street Cleaning Department's Work Will Be Taken Over by Body Created at Last Election". New York Times. December 1, 1929. p. 20. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
  12. Alan Finder (February 2, 1993). "Seeking More Work From City Workers". New York Times.
  13. "2 female sanitation workers earning high marks". January 31, 1987.
  14. Eric Lipton; Steven Greenhouse (August 19, 2003). "Bloomberg and City Unions Draw the Lines, Far Apart". The New York Times.
  15. "Bring back the sanitation workers! Let's not return to the 1970s (photo of Lindsay era, sanitation blocking streets)". Uniformed Santitationmen's Association. May 21, 2003. p. 25 (NYpost).
  16. Jennifer Lee (August 25, 2009). "Sanitation Dept. Unveils Hybrid Garbage Trucks". New York Times.
  17. "Kathryn Garcia, Commissioner, New York City Sanitation; The world's largest cleaning department demands military precision". The Financial Times. September 9, 2015.
  18. Durkin, Erin; Gronewold, Anna; Bocanegra, Michelle (August 19, 2020). "Kathryn Garcia's trash trouble". Politico.
  19. Troutman, Matt (September 8, 2020). "NYC Sanitation Commissioner Resigns Ahead Of Likely Mayoral Run". www.msn.com.
  20. Rubinstein, Dana (September 8, 2020). "Kathryn Garcia, N.Y.C.'s sanitation commissioner, resigns to mull a run for mayor". The New York Times.
  21. Gartland, Michael (September 8, 2020). "NYC sanitation chief steps down as she mulls mayoral bid". The New York Daily News.
  22. "NYC Sanitation Commissioner Resigns Ahead Of Likely Mayoral Run". New York City, NY Patch. September 8, 2020.
  23. "Sanitation Commissioner Kathryn Garcia resigns as she mulls mayoral run". Fox 5 NY. September 8, 2020.
  24. "Sanitation chief resigns as she mulls mayoral run". Crain's New York Business. September 8, 2020.
  25. "The New Commissioner — Mr. James S. Coleman Appointed to Clean the Streets". New York Times. June 5, 1881. p. 12. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  26. "Mr. Coleman Assumes Charge — He Promises to Give the City Clean Streets If Possible". New York Times. June 17, 1881. p. 8. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  27. "Coleman Gives Up Office — His Resignation Sent to the Mayor — But Before He Wrote His Letter Mayor Grant Had Asked The Board of Health to Remove Him". New York Times. December 31, 1889. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  28. "His Honor Heaves A Sigh — He Finds a Street Sweeper in Horace Loomis — A Democrat From Westchester County — His Record As An Engineer — His Plans for the Department". New York Times. January 18, 1890. p. 8. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  29. "Horace Loomis Resigns — Hans S. Beattie Will Look After the Streets — Worrying Over the Street Cleaning Problem Made Mr. Loomis Ill — Tammany and the Contracts". New York Times. April 4, 1890. p. 5. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  30. "Hans Beattie in Command — His First Move Toward Cleaning the City's Streets". New York Times. April 4, 1890. p. 5. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  31. "Mr. Beattie Wasn't There — A Wake in the Mayor's Office Without the Waked — Money Transferred by the Board of Estimate to the Carting Fund of the Street-Cleaning Department — Hans Will Fight". New York Times. September 17, 1891. p. 9. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  32. "The Mayor Wastes No Time — "Big Tom" Brennan Appointed to Succeed Mr. Beattie — For Years The New Street-Cleaning Commissioner Was in the Charities And Correction Department — Hans's Parting Shot". New York Times. September 18, 1891. p. 8. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  33. "Brennan Gives Up The Broom — W.S. Andrews Succeeds Him As Cleaner of Streets — Col. M.C. Murphy Appointed to the Place in the Excise Board from Which Mr. Andrews Resigned — Mr. Brennan Writes His Resignation After a Talk with Mayor Gilroy — Going to Take His Son, Who Is Ill, to Saratoga — Mr. Andrews Promises Clean Streets". New York Times. July 22, 1893. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  34. "Col. Waring Begins Work — Charles K. Moore Made Deputy Street-Cleaning Commissioner — Proclamation by Mayor Strong — Provisions of the Law Concerning Refuse Called to the Attention of Citizens — Salaries Reduced". New York Times. January 16, 1895. p. 9. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  35. "The New City Officials — As Announced by Mayor Van Wyck, the Slate Contains Some Surprises — Politicians Are Puzzled — Friends of Hugh J. Grant Seem to be Intentionally Ignored — The List as Given Out Yesterday". New York Times. January 2, 1898. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  36. "James McCartney Dead — The Commissioner of Street Cleaning Passes Away at His Home After a Long Illness". New York Times. February 7, 1900. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  37. "Mr Nale on His Work — Col. Waring's Example, New Commissioner Intimates, Will Be His Model — Promises Devotion to Duty". New York Times. February 12, 1900. p. 10. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  38. "Mr. Low Names Department Heads — Twelve Appointees Added to the New Administration — Mr. Lederle Health Commissioner — Dr. Woodbury Street Cleaning Commissioner — Cornelius Vanderbilt in Office". New York Times. December 17, 1901. p. 5. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  39. "Woodbury Resigns, Saying He Had To — Declares the Mayor Injected Politics Into His Department — Fight on Murphy Continues — Tammany Men Say the Mayor and McCarren Are Forcing Out All the Murphy Supporters". New York Times. October 14, 1906. p. 5. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  40. "Macdonough Craven Succeeds Woodbury — New Street Cleaning Head Was One of Waring's Men — Hasn't Been in Politics — He Is Instructed "to Shake Up the Department" and Keep Politics Out of It". New York Times. October 23, 1906. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  41. "Ellison Out; Others Follow — Mayor's Action Looked On as Move Against Murphy and the Sullivans — Martin Joins His Camp — Bolting Tammany Leader Made City Chamberlain — Pendleton, Bensel, and Polk Fill Other Offices". New York Times. July 9, 1907. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  42. "Dr. Bensel". New York Times. July 10, 1907. p. 6. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  43. "Crowell in Charge of City's Streets — Mayor Names Engineer to Succeed Dr. Bensel, Whom He Praises Highly — Henry Smith for Parks — New Commissioner a Member of Tammany General Committee — Vacancies In School Board Filled". New York Times. November 21, 1907. p. 4. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  44. "Edwards to Clean Streets — He Will Succeed Crowell as Commissioner on Jan. 1". New York Times. December 24, 1908. p. 8. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  45. "Mayor Starts 1909 in War on Tammany — His New Street Commissioner, "Big Bill" Edwards, to Get Rid of Wigwam Men — Job for "Big Jim" Hogan — Ex-Football Captain to be Deputy Commissioner — J.J. Barry Corrections Head — No City Hall Reception". New York Times. January 2, 1909. p. 8. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  46. "Mitchel Names His City Helpers — Henry Bruere City Chamberlain, Adamson Fire Commissioner, as Predicted — Several Men Hold Over — John T. Featherston, Recognized National Expert, To Clean Streets — Miss Davis Commissioner — Republicans Get Many Places, Progressives Two, Independent Democrats the Rest". New York Times. January 1, 1914. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  47. "Mayor Names MacStay — New Street Cleaning Commissioner Was Formerly a Deputy". New York Times. January 31, 1916. p. 6. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  48. "John P. Leo is Named to Clean the Streets — Headed Standards Board — Thomas F. Smith to Be Public Administrator". New York Times. January 6, 1921. p. 2. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  49. "Resigns as D.S.C. Head — MacStay Then Appointed Deputy Commissioner of Public Works". New York Times. January 4, 1921. p. 27. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  50. "Leo Quits Hylan; Attacks Inquiry — Street Commissioner Asks Prosecutor Either to Indict Him or His Accusers — Calls the Mayor Unfair — Says He Has Been Influenced by Dumping Contractors — Taylor Temporary Successor — Leo's Employes Celebrate — Politics Versus Efficiency Seen as Cause of Friction That Leads to Resignation". New York Times. November 19, 1921. p. 21. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  51. "Street Cleaning Job Goes to Taylor — Mayor Appoints Superintendent Commissioner to Succeed Leo — Has Big Program in Mind — New Incumbent Says He Does Not Contemplate Any Changes Among His Deputies". New York Times. November 26, 1921. p. 9. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
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