Newspaper of record

A newspaper of record is a major newspaper with large circulation whose editorial and news-gathering functions are considered authoritative. It may also refer to a newspaper that has been authorised to publish public or legal notices, thus serving as a newspaper of public record.[1]

For the horse, see Newspaperofrecord.
The New York Times Building in New York City, United States; some meanings of the term "newspaper of record" originated in reference to The New York Times.
The headquarters of Le Figaro, France's centre-right newspaper of record, in Paris.

Newspapers of public record

A "newspaper of public record", sometimes referred to as a government gazette, refers to a publicly available newspaper that has been authorized by a government to publish public or legal notices.[2] It is often established by statute or official action and publication of notices within it, whether by the government or a private party, is usually considered sufficient to comply with legal requirements for public notice.[3]

In some jurisdictions, privately owned newspapers may register with the public authorities to publish public and legal notices, or be otherwise eligible to publish said notices (terms used may include "newspaper of general circulation" among others).[4][5][6] Likewise, a private newspaper may be designated by the courts for publication of legal notices, such as notices of fictitious business names, if certain judicial and statutory standards are met.[7][8] These are sometimes referred to as "legally adjudicated newspapers".[9]

Newspapers of record (by reputation)

The second type of "newspaper of record" (also known as a "journal of record", or by the French term presse de référence) is not defined by any formal criteria and its characteristics can be variable. The category typically consists of those newspapers that are considered to meet higher standards of journalism than most print media, including editorial independence and attention to accuracy, and are usually renowned internationally.[10][11] Despite changes in society, such newspapers have historically tended to maintain a similar tone, coverage, style, and traditions.[10]

Origin of the term

The term is believed to have originated among librarians, who began referring to The New York Times as the "newspaper of record" when, in 1913, it became the first U.S. newspaper to publish an index of the subjects covered in its pages.[12] In recognition of the usage, the Times held an essay contest in 1927 in which entrants had to demonstrate "The Value of The New York Times Index and Files as a Newspaper of Record". The Times, and other newspapers of its type, then sought to be chroniclers of events, acting as a record of the day's announcements, schedules, directories, proceedings, transcripts and appointments. The Times no longer considers itself a newspaper of record in the original, literal sense.[13]

Over time, historians began to rely on The New York Times and similar titles as a reliable archival record of significant past events and a gauge of societal opinions at the time of printing. The term "newspaper of record" thus evolved from its original literal sense to its currently understood meaning.[12]

Examples
Country Region Newspaper City of publication Founded Language Source(s)
Argentina Latin America La Nación Buenos Aires 1870 Spanish [14]
Australia Oceania — The Age Melbourne 1854 English [15]
The Sydney Morning Herald Sydney 1831 [15][16]
Austria Europe Die Presse Vienna 1848
Staff split in 1864 to form Neue Freie Presse, aryanized by the Nazis in 1938 and closed in 1939, reestablished as Die Presse in 1946[17]		 German [18]
Bangladesh South Asia — The Daily Star Dhaka 1991 English [19]
Bolivia Latin America — El Diario La Paz 1904 Spanish [20]
Brazil Latin America O Estado de S. Paulo São Paulo 1875 Portuguese [21][22][23][24]
Folha de S.Paulo São Paulo 1921 [23][24]
O Globo Rio de Janeiro 1925 [23][24]
Cambodia Asia The Cambodia Daily Phnom Penh 1993 English [25]
The Phnom Penh Post Phnom Penh 1992 [26]
Canada North America Le Devoir Montreal 1910 French [27]
The Globe and Mail Toronto 1844
Successor to The Globe (founded 1844), The Toronto Mail (1872) and Toronto Empire (1887); papers merged in 1895 and 1936		 English [28][29][30][31]
[32][33][34]
La Presse Montreal 1884 French [35][36]
Chile Latin America El Mercurio Santiago 1900
Spun off from El Mercurio de Valparaíso (founded 1827)		 Spanish [37]
Egypt Africa

Al-Ahram Cairo 1875 Arabic [38][39]
Finland Europe Helsingin Sanomat Helsinki 1889 Finnish [40]
France Europe Le Figaro Paris 1826
Le Figaro is France's oldest national newspaper still operating to this date.[41]		 French [42][43]
Libération 1973 [44]
Le Monde 1944
Founded as a successor to the discredited collaborationist Le Temps (founded 1861).		 [45][46][47]
Germany Europe Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Frankfurt 1949
Considered a successor to the Frankfurter Zeitung (founded 1856), banned in 1943 by the Nazis		 German [48][49]
Der Spiegel Hamburg 1947 [50]
[51][52]
Süddeutsche Zeitung Munich 1945
 [53]
Die Zeit Hamburg 1946
 [53]
Greece Europe Kathimerini Athens 1919 Greek [54]
Hong Kong East Asia South China Morning Post Hong Kong 1903 English [55]
India South Asia — The Hindu Chennai 1878 English [56][57]
The Times of India Mumbai 1838
Named The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce until mergers in 1860–1.		 [58][59]
Indonesia Southeast Asia Kompas Jakarta 1965 Indonesian [60][61]
Iran West Asia Ettela'at Tehran 1926 Persian [62][63]
Ireland Europe The Irish Times Dublin 1859 English [64]
Israel West Asia Haaretz Tel Aviv 1919 Hebrew and English [65][66][67][68]
Italy Europe Corriere della Sera Milan 1876 Italian [69][70]
la Repubblica Rome 1976
La Stampa Turin 1867
Jamaica North America — The Gleaner Kingston 1834 English [71][72]
Japan East Asia The Asahi Shimbun Osaka 1879 Japanese [73]
Mainichi Shimbun Tokyo 1872 [74]
Kenya Africa — Daily Nation Nairobi 1960
Originated as the Swahili Taifa in 1958.		 English [75][76]
Latvia Europe Diena Riga 1990 Latvian [77]
Latvijas Vēstnesis 1918

Founded as Pagaidu Valdības Vēstnesis in 1918, closed 1940–1991, current form since 1993

 [78]
Malaysia Southeast Asia New Straits Times Kuala Lumpur 1965
Spun off from The Straits Times (founded 1845) upon Singapore's independence.		 English [79]
Netherlands Europe — NRC Handelsblad Amsterdam 1970
Merger of Algemeen Handelsblad (founded 1828) and Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant (1844).		 Dutch [80]
De Volkskrant 1919 [81]
New Zealand Oceania The New Zealand Herald Auckland 1863 English [82]
North Korea East Asia Rodong Sinmun Pyongyang 1945 Korean [83]
Norway Europe Aftenposten Oslo 1860 Riksmål [84]
Pakistan South Asia Dawn Karachi 1941 English [85][86]
Panama Latin America — La Prensa (Panama City) Panama City 1980 Spanish [87]
Peru Latin America El Comercio Lima 1839 Spanish [88]
Philippines Southeast Asia Manila Bulletin Manila 1900 English [89][90]
Philippine Daily Inquirer Makati 1985 English [91][92]
The Philippine Star Manila 1986 English [89][90]
Poland Europe Rzeczpospolita Warsaw 1920

First dissolved in 1931 and revived in 1944, second dissolution in 1951, revived again in 1982

 Polish [93]
Portugal Europe Expresso Lisbon 1973 Portuguese [94][95]
Jornal de Notícias Porto 1888
Saudi Arabia West Asia Al-Hayat London 1946

Founded as a Lebanese newspaper that shut down in 1978, refounded in 1988 under a new ownership.

 Arabic [96]
Serbia Europe Danas Belgrade 1997 Serbian [97]
Politika 1904 [98]
Singapore Southeast Asia The Straits Times Singapore 1845 English [79]
Spain Europe El País Madrid 1976 Spanish [99]
Sweden Europe Dagens Nyheter Stockholm 1864 Swedish [100][101]
Switzerland Europe Neue Zürcher Zeitung Zurich 1780 German [102]
Le Temps Lausanne 1998

Merger of Journal de Genève (founded 1826), Gazette de Lausanne (1798), and Nouveau Quotidien (1991).

 French [103]
Turkey West Asia Hürriyet Istanbul 1948 Turkish [104]
United Kingdom Europe The Daily Telegraph London 1855 English [105]
The Times 1785
Named The Daily Universal Register until 1788.		 [105]
United States North America Los Angeles Times Los Angeles 1881 English [106]
The New York Times New York City 1851 [107][106]
The Wall Street Journal 1889 [108]
The Washington Post Washington, D.C. 1877 [109][106]
Zimbabwe Africa The Financial Gazette Harare 1990 English [110][111]
Zimbabwe Independent 1997

de facto paper of record replacing the government-run, Zimbabwe Herald.

 [110]

See also

References
  1. Martin, Shannon E. (1998). Newspapers of Record in a Digital Age: From Hot Type to Hot Link. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 0-275-95960-0.
  2. Martin, Shannon E. (1998). Newspapers of record in a digital age: from hot type to hot link. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 0-275-95960-0.
  3. Black's Law Dictionary, 6th edn. West Publishing. 1990. ISBN 90-6544-631-1.
  4. See, for example, L.N. 362 of 1997 of The Government of The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Gazette
  5. For example, see Texas Local Government Code - Section 52.004. Official Newspaper
  6. "City of McCleary, Official Newspaper".
  7. See, e.g., "California Government Code, Sec. 6000 - 6008". California Legislative Information. California State Legislature. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  8. "New York General Construction Law Section 60".
  9. "Fictitious Names: Adjudicated Newspapers". County Clerk. County of Sonoma. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
  10. Salles, Chloë (January 2010). "Media Coverage of the Internet: An Acculturation Strategy for Press of Record?" (PDF). Innovation Journalism. 7 (1): 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
  11. Martin, Shannon (1998). Newspapers of Record in a Digital Age: From Hot Type to Hot Link. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. pp. 6, 27, 31. ISBN 0275959600.
  12. Martin, Shannon E. (1998). Newspapers of record in a digital age: from hot type to hot link. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. p. 7. ISBN 0-275-95960-0.
  13. Okrent, Daniel. "The Public Editor — Paper of Record? No Way, No Reason, No Thanks". The New York TImes. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
  14. Vigón, Mercedes (12 July 2013). "Journalism ethics is 'personal and non-transferable'" (Interview). Interviewed by International Press Institute. Retrieved 10 April 2019. In spite of the readership crisis in the United States, The New York Times is a newspaper of record in many countries, as is Le Monde in France or La Nación in Argentina.
  15. Simons, Margaret; Buller, Bradley (December 2013). "Journals of Record - Measure of Quality, or Dead Concept?" (PDF). Centre for Advancing Journalism, University of Melbourne. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
  16. "What We're Reading". The New York Times. 14 October 2011. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
  17. "Die Presse - Die Geschichte". Archived from the original on 6 February 2014.
  18. "Die Presse". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013.
  19. "The Daily Star". infoasaid.org. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  20. Field, Thomas (2010). "Conflict on High: The Bolivian Revolution and the United States, 1961-1964" (PDF). etheses.lse.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  21. "O Estado de S. Paulo". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 10 October 2013. It is the...country's newspaper of record. O Estado is sometimes called the "New York Times of Latin America" because of its grave editorial demeanour.
  22. Fabricio, Roberto (16 April 1992). "Brazilian Officers Issue Manifesto". Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved 10 October 2013. The statement, published on Tuesday by O Estado de Sao Paulo, Brazil`s newspaper of record, was datelined in Fortaleza, a mid-sized city in northeastern Brazil.
  23. Pomela, Marina. "Top 10 Printed Newspaper in Brazil". The Brazil Business. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  24. "Maiores Jornais do Brasil" (in Portuguese). ANJ - Associação Nacional de Jornais. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  25. Philp, Catherine (5 November 2017). "Cambodia Daily survived tanks but not descent into outright dictatorship". The Times. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
  26. Parkhouse, Alan (7 May 2018). "New start or sad end for Cambodia's last free newspaper?". Asia Times. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
  27. "Les parlementaires québécois et Le Devoir dans le monde des médias". Communication, Vol. 29 No. 2 (2012).
  28. "The Globe and Mail". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  29. "Canadian Studies Resources - Canadian Studies Databases and Indexes". Michigan Canadian Studies Roundtable. 5 September 2006. Archived from the original on 8 July 2008.
  30. "Globe and Mail to cut jobs". The Straits Times. Agence France-Presse. 11 January 2009. Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  31. "What's behind the shake up at 'Canada's newspaper of record'?". rabble.ca. 2 June 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  32. Buchanan, Carrie (March 2009). Gasher, Mike (ed.). "Sense of Place in the Daily Newspaper" (PDF). Aether: The Journal of Media Geography. 4: 62–84 [70]. Retrieved 14 October 2012. [T]he Toronto-based Globe and Mail has had the kind of success in Canada that the New York Times had enjoyed in the U.S., as the leading 'newspaper of record' with a national readership.
  33. Jiwani, Yasmin (2009). "Helpless Maidens and Chivalrous Knights: Afghan Women in the Canadian Press". University of Toronto Quarterly. 2. 78 (2): 728–744. doi:10.3138/utq.78.2.728. This essay interrogates representations of Afghan women in the Globe and Mail, Canada's major English-language daily and newspaper of record.
  34. Keil, Roger; S. Harris Ali (2011). Networked Disease: Emerging Infections in the Global City. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1444399110. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  35. "Where's Mario". Maclean's. 25 August 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  36. "Endorsements, opinions flourish in Quebec". cbc.ca. 10 October 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  37. "El fenómeno de Bachelet pone en jaque a la derecha chilena". BBC Mundo. 7 November 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  38. Middle East Institute, 1950, p. 155.|quote=Al Ahram is... what The Times is to Englishmen and the New York Times to Americans
  39. Perreault, Gregory (2011). "Islam is Everywhere": Coverage of Islam in the English Egyptian Press". Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly: 14. Retrieved 10 October 2013. This is significant because the state-run Al Ahram is considered the paper of record in Egypt
  40. Muir; Worther, Simo; Hana (2013). Finland's Holocaust: Silences of History. ISBN 978-1137302649.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  41. paidContent. "Le Figaro opts for freemium web model". the Guardian. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  42. "Le Figaro". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 31 May 2015. ... one of the great newspapers of France and of the world.
  43. "Le Monde, whose print edition comes out around lunchtime, was launched at the end of Nazi occupation of France in 1944 and took on the role of France's newspaper of record alongside the more conservative Le Figaro." - France's Le Monde newspaper editor quits after power struggle with staff, Reuters, 14 May 2014
  44. "A capital crisis may bring down leftist French paper / Liberation, founded in 1968, has seen circulation plummet". San Francisco Chronicle. 27 October 2006. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  45. "Le Monde | French newspaper". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 March 2018. ... one of the most important and widely respected newspapers in the world.
  46. Fuller, Thomas (25 August 2003). "World of Le Monde looks set to expand". International Herald Tribune.
  47. "France profile". BBC News. 12 January 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014. Le Monde - respected national daily, considered to be France's newspaper of record
  48. "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung | German newspaper". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  49. "German language reform resisted". The Washington Times. 29 May 2004.
  50. "Deutsch-Französische Materialien: Die Leitmedien". www.deuframat.de. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  51. Pohlmann, Sonja (17 November 2007). "Ein Leitmedium braucht eine Leitfigur". www.tagesspiegel.de (in German). Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  52. Abramsohn, Jennifer (11 April 2003). "Der Spiegel Mirrors Itself in English". DW. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  53. "Gloves off in German Media Scramble". The New York Times. 13 March 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  54. "Greece - Post Report - e Diplomat". Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  55. Lanchester, John (2008). Family Romance: A Love Story. 0143112953: Penguin. p. 140. The clippings are from the South China Morning Post, the paper of record in Hong KongCS1 maint: location (link)
  56. Drèze, Jean; Sen, Amartya (21 February 1991). The Political Economy of Hunger: Volume 1: Entitlement and Well-being. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780191544460.
  57. Bald, Vivek; Chatterji, Miabi; Reddy, Sujani; Vimalassery, Manu (22 July 2013). The Sun Never Sets: South Asian Migrants in an Age of U.S. Power. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0814786437.
  58. Corey Frost; Karen Weingarten; Doug Babington; Don LePan; Maureen Okun (30 May 2017). The Broadview Guide to Writing: A Handbook for Students (6th ed.). Broadview Press. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-1-55481-313-1. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  59. Greg Barton; Paul Weller; Ihsan Yilmaz (18 December 2014). The Muslim World and Politics in Transition: Creative Contributions of the Gülen Movement. A&C Black. pp. 28–. ISBN 978-1-4411-5873-4. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  60. Schwarz, Adam; Paris, Jonathan (1999). The Politics of Post-Suharto Indonesia. ISBN 9780876092477. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  61. "Kompas Group Is Back on TV, This Time With Local Partners". The Jakarta Globe. 9 September 2011. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  62. "Iran Media Guide". FRONTLINE - Tehran Bureau. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  63. Shahidi, Hossein (11 May 2007). Journalism in Iran. ISBN 9780203961964. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  64. Dwan, David (April 2009). "The Irish Times, book review". The London Standard. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014. Today, the Irish Times is one of Ireland's most authoritative journals – the newspaper of record for political and intellectual elites from Mayo to Monkstown. Mark O'Brien provides a detailed and colourful account of this transformation. His history of the Irish Times is also the story of modern Ireland: it tracks the newspaper's sceptical response to the emergence of the Free State in 1922 and the declaration of the Republic in 1949; it also examines its fractious relationship with the nation's governments and political figureheads from Eamon de Valera (whom the paper repeatedly compared to Hitler) to Bertie Ahern.
  65. Israel — Hebrew- and English-Language Media Guide Open Source Center (16 September 2008)
  66. Levey, Gregory (21 August 2008). "Pushing right-wing American politics — in Israel". Salon. Retrieved 24 January 2014. In the past few months, Haaretz, Israel's paper of record, has run a series of articles expressing misgivings about outside influence.
  67. Rosen, Brant (11 May 2010). "Alan Dershowitz and the Politics of Desperation". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 24 January 2014. Recent polling, alongside articles in both the New York Times and the Israeli paper of record, Ha'aretz, indicate that the American Jewish community no longer feels represented by our so-called representatives - if we ever did.
  68. Gorenberg, Gershom (September 2002). "The Thin Green Line". Mother Jones. Retrieved 24 January 2014. In late January, the declaration ran as an ad in Ha'aretz, the national paper of record...
  69. Israely, Jeff; Macleod, Scott (1 June 2003). "Editing Out Criticism". Time. Archived from the original on 27 March 2013.
  70. Grove, Lloyd (6 February 1998). "Diplomatic Affinity". Los Angeles Times.
  71. Buckman, Robert T. (28 August 2013). Latin America 2013. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 247. ISBN 978-1475804775.
  72. Surlin, Stuart H.; Soderlund, Walter C. (1990). Mass Media and the Caribbean. Taylor & Francis. p. 20. ISBN 9782881244476.
  73. Merrill, John C. (June 2000). "Les quotidiens de référence dans le monde" (PDF). Les cahiers du journalisme (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  74. "Mainichi shimbun | Japanese newspaper". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 March 2018. ... it appears with its rival on most experts’ lists of the world’s greatest newspapers.
  75. - Retrieved 14 March 2005. Archived 17 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  76. Benesch, Susan (21 March 2013). "The Kenyan Elections: Peace Happened". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 10 October 2013. Kenya's newspaper of record, the Daily Nation, published a banner headline "Never Again" over an editorial with a sharp, eloquent warning
  77. Purs, Aldis; Plakans, Andrejs (2 May 2017). Historical Dictionary of Latvia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 90. ISBN 9781538102213.
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  81. University of California. "The Netherlands Semester and Academic Year 2011-12 Program Guide" (PDF). Education Abroad Program. p. 31. Retrieved 10 April 2019. NRC Handelsblad is a serious newspaper of record; as is De Volkskrant, which is read by many students.
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  97. by ZS Law. "An interview with Kruna Savović published in Danas, Serbian daily newspaper of record | ZS". Zslaw.rs. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  98. "Grigorev Commentary in Politika: Serbs Vote is Pragmatic". The Bulletin Arcadia University. 1 February 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2016. ... wrote a commentary in the Jan. 26 issue of Politika, the Serbian newspaper of record and the oldest daily in the Balkans.
  99. Phillips, Lindsay (18 December 2002). "Spanish and U.S. Relationship During the "War on Terror"". EU Notes — Texas A&M University. Archived from the original on 15 June 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  100. "President's Interview with Al-Arabiya Receives Good Coverage in Sweden". Retrieved 10 October 2013. Paper of record Dagens Nyheter gave limited coverage, on the paper's website.
  101. "Immigrants outraged over Sweden's racial profiling". The Standard. 15 March 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013. Dagens Nyheter, Sweden's paper of record.
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  104. "Reports: Israel to apologize for flotilla raid". Archived from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  105. "The UK's 'other paper of record'". BBC News. 19 January 2004. Retrieved 21 March 2009.
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  109. "On The Washington Post and the 'newspaper of record' epithet". POLITICO. 2015.
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