Pan-European Picnic

The Pan-European Picnic (German: Paneuropäisches Picknick; Hungarian: páneurópai piknik; Slovak: Paneurópsky piknik) was a peace demonstration held on the Austrian-Hungarian border near Sopron, Hungary on 19 August 1989. The opening of the border gate between Austria and Hungary at the Pan-European Picnic set in motion a peaceful chain reaction, at the end of which there was no longer a GDR, the Iron Curtain fell apart and the Eastern Bloc had disintegrated. The communist governments and the Warsaw Pact subsequently dissolved. That ended the Cold War.[1][2][3]

Border crossing which was the site of the Pan-European Picnic

The idea of opening the border at a ceremony came from Otto von Habsburg and was brought up by him to Miklós Németh, the then Hungarian Prime Minister, who also promoted the idea.[4]

Otto von Habsburg

The Pan-European Picnic itself developed from a meeting between Ferenc Mészáros of the Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) and the President of the Paneuropean Union Otto von Habsburg in June 1989. The local organisation in Sopron took over the Hungarian Democratic Forum, the other contacts were made via Habsburg and the Hungarian Minister of State Imre Pozsgay.[5][6] The Austrian Paneuropean Union took care of advertising the event with leaflets that were distributed in Hungary. The patrons of the picnic, Habsburg and Pozsgay, who were not present at the event, saw the planned event as an opportunity to test Mikhail Gorbachev's reaction to an opening of the border on the Iron Curtain.[7][8][9]

At the picnic several hundred East German citizens overran the old wooden gate, reaching Austria unhindered by the border guards around Árpád Bella. It was the largest mass exodus since the Berlin Wall was built in 1961. The Hungarian borders were opened on 11 September, and the Berlin Wall fell on 9 November.[10][11][12][13]

Background

In 1989, the situation in Central Europe was tense. Despite dictatorial governments, the people in Eastern Bloc countries demanded democratic elections, freedom of speech, and the withdrawal of Soviet troops. The Iron Curtain and its physical manifestations in heavily guarded border fences and crossings, e.g. as seen in Czechoslovakia and in East Germany, were a dominant factor in the movement to unite Europe. Although some countries, such as East Germany, had a hard-line Communist power structure, others, such as Hungary, took a reform-oriented approach. Supported by Mikhail Gorbachev's new policies, the reformist Communist countries' leadership accepted the necessity for change (→ Perestroika). Non-governmental organisations and new political parties played a sizable role in the movement towards a democratic, multiparty system. That year, round-table discussions were held in several Central European countries to develop a consensus on changing the political system. In February formal discussions began in Warsaw and on 4 April the Polish Round Table Agreement was signed, legalising Solidarity and scheduling parliamentary elections for 4 June. Solidarity's victory surpassed all expectations.[14]

In this whole context, there were individual organisations in the west that were constantly trying to get in touch with the people in the east or to find ways to weaken the communist system. Like the Austrian branch of the Paneuropean Union, whose president Karl von Habsburg had been since 1986. Under his responsibility, attempts were made to sustainably support the opposition and freedom movements in Central and Eastern Europe, and the Paneuropa Union participated intensively in the political events in what was then Czechoslovakia, Hungary, then Yugoslavia and the Baltic States. But in public opinion in the West as well as in the East, nobody thought of the possibility of a quick dissolution of the communist structures in the East. The Iron Curtain was strictly guarded and fully intact until August 1989, even if individual technical systems were dismantled.[15][16]

According to its files, the Hungarian State Security Service had known since July 10, 1989 that an event was planned at the border on the basis of a suggestion from Otto Habsburg. He informed the Hungarian domestic secret service on July 31, 1989 about preparations for this event. The operational group of the Ministry for State Security of the GDR (- the presence of the Stasi in Hungary) had information about the Pan-European Picnic, but their officers did not react either and the Stasi had no choice but to organise the return transport of the abandoned vehicles.[17]

Developments in Hungary

Beginning in 1989, the Hungarian government claimed that it opened refugee camps for Romanian citizens that supposedly crossed the Hungarian-Romanian border near Debrecen. The government further claimed that in the early summer of 1989, thirty to forty thousand people sought asylum in Hungary. Although the Hungarian government had been bound by a bilateral agreement to return the refugees to Romania, Hungary signed the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (CRSR) in 1989.

The financial situation was difficult in Hungary, and Prime Minister Miklós Németh decided that his government could not afford to maintain automated border control along the border with Austria; spare parts would come from the West and were paid for in hard currency.[18] Németh believed it was no longer necessary to secure the borders; Hungarians were allowed to travel freely, and the government did not intend to continue fortifying the country's western borders. At the border between East and West Berlin several hundred people were killed, with border guards ordered to shoot escapees. The last person shot to death was Chris Gueffroy, in February 1989. On 27 June Austrian Foreign Minister Alois Mock and his Hungarian counterpart, Gyula Horn, cut the border fence about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from this spot (a symbolic act highlighting Hungary's decision to dismantle its border surveillance, which had begun on 2 May).[19][20][21][22]

East Germans, who often spent their summer holidays on Lake Balaton (where they could meet relatives and friends from West Germany), remained in Hungary during the summer of 1989.

On 20 June Otto von Habsburg, heir apparent of the House of Habsburg and member of the European Parliament from 1979 to 1999, addressed an audience at the university of Debrecen about Europe without borders and the European Parliament elections' impact on Central Europe. His speech was followed by a dinner, at which two representatives of the conservative Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) party (Mária Filep and Ferenc Mészáros) suggested a picnic for local residents at the Austro-Hungarian border to celebrate the bonds between Austrians and Hungarians.[18]

Although the national leadership of the MDF had reservations, Filep (supported by local Fidesz and MDF groups) recruited participants and searched for a suitable location. She wanted to include guests at the "common destiny camp", a gathering of intellectuals and opposition activists from Central and Eastern European countries in Martonvásár (not far from Lake Balaton) scheduled to end date on 20 August. The site chosen for the picnic was on Bratislava Road in Sopron, a border crossing since 1922.

The gathering was intended as an informal meeting of Austrians and Hungarians at the border meadow. Permission to open the border station for three hours was granted, so pedestrians from both countries could experience Europe without borders. Its organisers recruited Otto von Habsburg and Imre Pozsgay, a reformist member of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (MSzMP) and Minister of State, as patrons of the event.

Former Prime Minister Miklós Németh explained in 1989, a 2014 documentary, that the picnic offered the Hungarian government a way out of a situation which had arisen with East German tourists holidaying in Hungary that summer:[18]

No one of us forecast it that during the summer [of 1989] we will have another hot potato in our hands, namely the German refugee problem. I got the first news that, interestingly, after the 2–3 weeks long holiday, some of the GDR citizens decided to stay, and it was clear to me, that this is now very, very serious. In Budapest, around the Lake Balaton, all the camping sites were fully, fully packed, even along the road, without any facilities around them, of course. End of September, and the cold weather arrives, we did not have facilities to provide, these people will die here, frozen, during the winter. So, why didn't I just send them home? For years we were obliged to pick up East Germans and send them [home] on special airplanes, organised by the infamous Stasi, to take them home, in many cases to prison or serious harassment. We couldn't keep doing that, certainly not with 100,000 people. We had to find a clear solution. We could not keep them here, and we could not send them back. The only remaining option was the unthinkable: to somehow send them to the west, but this was bound to provoke not only Honecker and his regime in East Germany, but also the hard-liners in Moscow, so what to do, what to do?

Under East German law, citizens were required to request permission to travel to the West; they saw the picnic as an opportunity to act. The destiny of these approximately 100,000 people was the top news story in prime-time news broadcasts for several months, showing Europe the urgent need to find a suitable way out. The East German rulers, planning to celebrate the 40th birthday of East Germany on 7 October 1989, were keen to hide the problems and were silent about the mass exodus of their own people.

In a re-enacted scene in Anders Østergaard's documentary 1989, Prime Minister Németh tells an aide, "Gyuri, I think this could actually be a very good thing. I think it would be good if some of the East Germans used this opportunity and fled." "Fled?" "Yes. And we would not interfere with it." "I see." Németh explained in the documentary:[18]

This was really a great opportunity to us to assess the Russians' reactions, to test the tolerance of the Soviet Union. So we sent out an order to the border troops: "Please instruct your guards, if you see any East Germans on the border, let them pass. Do not intervene."

The first information about the pan-European picnic appears on July 10, 1989 in the files of the Hungarian State Security Service. The Hajdú-Bihar District State Security Service informed headquarters that the thought was raised during a visit by Otto von Habsburg to Debrecen on June 20, 1989 - in the middle of a discussion with local leaders of the Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF). "To arrange a so-called" bacon roast "at the Austro-Hungarian border in August or September 1989 and then repeat it every month." "The MDF accepted Otto von Habsburg's suggestion and the Presidium commissioned a member to organize the event." The Hungarian Defense Against Internal Reaction, informed on July 31, 1989, informed their superiors about the pan-European picnic in Sopron.[23]

The Austria Paneuropa Union, which was under the leadership of Karl von Habsburg, distributed thousands of leaflets inviting people to a picnic near the border near Sopron. Radio Freies Europa also drew attention to the event. Many of the GDR citizens understood the message and came here.[24] The advertised motto of the event was also “Dismantle and take with you”, so every visitor was allowed to cut off a piece of the barbed wire and take it with them.[25][26][27] According to a Stasi spy, leaflets were also attached to parked cars at the Formula 1 Grand Prix near Budapest in early August.[28] It is unclear who distributed all the leaflets up to Lake Balaton, and in some cases it is assumed that the West German BND was involved.[29][30] The East German secret service Stasi was warned by a report by the East German ambassador in Budapest on August 11, 1989 about the planned picnic and the opening of the border, but no countermeasures were taken.[31]

Picnic events

In a symbolic gesture agreed to by Austria and Hungary, a border gate on the road from Sankt Margarethen im Burgenland, Austria to Sopronkőhida, Hungary was to be opened for three hours on 19 August. Otto von Habsburg was represented at the picnic by his daughter Walpurga von Habsburg, who gave his greetings.[32][33][34]

Shortly before 3 p.m., the first 20 to 30 GDR citizens arrived at the border gate that was still guarded and secured by armed forces. The gate was torn open and the mostly young GDR citizens ran to the Austrian side, where some journalists and a camera team from an Austrian broadcaster were waiting. During the picnic and the "symbolic" opening of the border, the refugees overcame the iron curtain in three waves. It was the largest refugee movement from East Germany to date since the Berlin Wall was built. The news of the mass exodus spread very quickly. The Hungarian border guards reacted calmly to the emerging mass exodus and did not intervene. The then leading border officer Árpád Bella contributed significantly to this. In addition, thousands of GDR citizens waited a little further away for the chance to cross the border, because they did not believe in the opening of the border and did not trust the events. Therefore, only a few hundred people passed the border that day.[35][36][37]

Prime Minister Németh said in 1989,[18] "I was in my office all day, I was nervous, very nervous. Luckily, there was no knocking on my door by the Soviet ambassador, no telephone calls from Moscow."

More than 600 East Germans fled to the West. The then very extensive media coverage made it clear to the Eastern European population that, on the one hand, the Iron Curtain had partially broken open and, on the other hand, the Soviet Union was not intervening and the governments in the East were increasingly losing power due to indecisive action.[38][39][40]

Erich Honecker, who lost control in summer 1989

East Germany's Erich Honecker told the Daily Mirror about the picnic, "Habsburg distributed pamphlets right up to the Polish border, inviting East German holiday-makers to a picnic. When they came to the picnic, they were given presents, food, and Deutsche Marks, before being persuaded to go over to the West." Through this statement, the astonished public became even more aware of the powerlessness of the hitherto brutal rulers in their own area.[41][42]

In Budapest and around Lake Balaton, thousands of East Germans hesitated to cross the border. Over the next few days, the Hungarian government increased the number of guards patrolling its western border and a relatively small number of refugees reached the West. Another picnic spontaneously planned by an employee of the West German television station ZDF for August 23, 1989 was sturdily finished by the Hungarian security forces at the border.[43]

The Pan-European Picnic was organised by four Hungarian opposition parties: the Hungarian Democratic Forum, the Alliance of Free Democrats, Fidesz, and the Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party. Its patrons were Christian Social Union in Bavaria, MEP Otto von Habsburg (head of the house of Habsburg and claimant of the Austro-Hungarian throne) and Hungarian Minister of State and reformer Imre Pozsgay.

Later developments

The Hungarian government normalised border controls after the picnic. In August, 6,923 people were arrested at the border; of those, 5,527 or 80 percent were East Germans. The Hungarian government feared that laxness would lead to hard-liners assuming control in the Kremlin, leading to a coup d'état against Gorbachev. During the night of 21–22 August Kurt-Werner Schulz, a 36-year-old East German from Weimar, was killed. Németh said later:[18]

We decided to get back to the rule books on the border control, but at the same time, we, or I, created a trap for myself [...] One of the advisers quite clearly told me, "Look, this is a very risky business now, Miklos, do you know what this means? It means that from now on every single murder will be your fault. Do you understand?" I felt ashamed that it had happened. I made the conclusion in one sentence: "We are opening up".

On 22 August Németh flew by helicopter to Bonn to meet with West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Kohl's foreign secretary, Hans-Dietrich Genscher. There, Németh "dropped a bomb on their table":[18]

Esteemed Chancellor, an important decision has been made in Budapest. Returning the refugees to East Germany is out of the question. We shall open the border, and by mid-September, all East Germans should be able to leave our country... I will never forget his eyes. Kohl, the big boy, was moved to tears.

Németh assured Kohl that the Hungarians would handle the border situation, and compliance by Gorbachev was unnecessary. Kohl telephoned Gorbachev, informing him of Németh's decision, and Gorbachev assured Kohl that the Hungarian premier "was a good man". On 11 September the border was opened, and 30,000 East Germans fled to the West.[18]

Walter Momper, ruling mayor of Berlin in 1989, expected the Berlin Wall to open and said: "We expected that one day the storm would come across the border from behind, actually, since Otto von Habsburg and the Pan-Europa-Union had the pan-European picnic on the border between Hungary and Austria on August 19, 1989 in Sopron. Hundreds of them came. It was stupid that people from the GDR should cross the border via Hungary and Austria. if there was a border crossing directly with them."[44]

After the East German regime tried to block the Hungarian route, thousands fled to the West via Czechoslovakia and there was a massive popular uprising. On 17 October Honecker was relieved as head of state, and on 9 November the gates to West Berlin were opened.[18]

Today
Pan-European Picnic monument by Miklós Melocco

The picnic site is commemorated with a monument by Miklós Melocco, a bell from the city of Debrecen, a pagoda from the Association of Japanese–Hungarian Friendship, and a wooden monument unveiled by the organisers in 1991.

In 1996 a ten metre high stainless steel sculpture by the sculptor Gabriela von Habsburg was erected in Fertőrákos near Sopron. It symbolizes a set up piece of barbed wire, which from a distance has the shape of a cross.

In 2009, EU Commission President José Manuel Barroso paid tribute to the “peaceful picnic on the Austro-Hungarian border near Sopron”, which “helped to change the course of European history”. This event led to the "iron curtain briefly opening" and thus contributed to its "final fall and the reunification of Germany". This marks the beginning of the end of the division of Europe through the Cold War.[45]

The Pan-European Picnic is considered a significant milestone on the road to German reunification, and commemorative ceremonies are held annually on 19 August at the border. In 2009 Angela Merkel (who grew up in East Germany) attended festivities commemorating the picnic's 20th anniversary, thanking the Hungarians for their courage and foresight: "Two enslaved nations together broke down the walls of enslavement... and Hungarians gave wings to East Germans' desire for freedom."[46] Hungarian President László Sólyom unveiled a white marble monument in memory of those who risked their lives to cross the Iron Curtain,[46] and Swedish Foreign Minister Carl Bildt said: "We must remain an open Europe of open societies and open minds, open to others beyond our present boundaries".[46]

In August 2019, Chancellor Merkel and Hungary's Prime Minister Viktor Orbán recalled the Pan-European Picnic that took place 30 years ago and its importance for the subsequent fall of the Berlin Wall.[47][48]

On the northeast corner of the Reichstag building in Berlin, a memorial plaque commemorates the pan-European picnic.

See also

Literature
  • Stefan Karner/ Philipp Lesiak: Der erste Stein aus der Berliner Mauer. Das Paneuropäische Picknick 1989, Graz: Leykam 2019 (Kriegsfolgen-Forschung; 30), ISBN 978-3-7011-0414-7.

References
  1. Thomas Roser: DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln (German - Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: Die Presse 16 August 2018.
  2. Martin Nejezchleba "Als in Ungarn die Berliner Mauer fiel" In: Berliner Morgenpost, 19.9.2019.
  3. Interview with Walter Momper, 9.11.2019
  4. Miklós Németh in Interview, Austrian TV - ORF "Report", 25 June 2019.
  5. Hilde Szabo: Die Berliner Mauer begann im Burgenland zu bröckeln (The Berlin Wall began to crumble in Burgenland - German), in Wiener Zeitung 16 August 1999.
  6. Otmar Lahodynsky: Paneuropäisches Picknick: Die Generalprobe für den Mauerfall (Pan-European picnic: the dress rehearsal for the fall of the Berlin Wall - German), in: Profil 9 August 2014.
  7. Thomas Roser: DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln (German - Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: Die Presse 16 August 2018.
  8. "Der 19. August 1989 war ein Test für Gorbatschows" (German - 19 August 1989 was a test for Gorbachev), in: FAZ 19 August 2009.
  9. Anat Kalman "Eine europäische Zukunft im Geiste Otto von Habsburg" In: Budapester Zeitung, 3.11.2019.
  10. The picnic that changed European History, DE: DW Akademie, 19 August 2014, retrieved 23 May 2015.
  11. "A World-changing European picnic", The Vienna Review, 1 September 2009, archived from the original on 5 July 2018, retrieved 23 May 2015.
  12. Paneuropäisches Picknick - Page of the German Federal Government
  13. Karl Grammer "Tor zur Freiheit stand plötzlich weit offen" In: Kronen Zeitung, 19.8.2019.
  14. Walesa, Lech (1991), The Struggle and the Triumph: An Autobiography, Arcade, pp. 157–74, ISBN 1-55970-221-4.
  15. Andreas Rödder: Deutschland einig Vaterland – Die Geschichte der Wiedervereinigung (2009)
  16. Otmar Lahodynsky "Eiserner Vorhang: Picknick an der Grenze" in Profil, 13 Juni 2019.
  17. György Gyarmati, Krisztina Slachta: Das Vorspiel für die Grenzöffnung. Budapest 2014, pp 89.
  18. Østergaard, Anders (10 November 2014). "1989". Yle (broadcast). FI: Magic Hour Films, First Hand Films.
  19. "Sopron, Hungary: the picnic that changed the world", The Daily Telegraph, UK, 19 August 2014, retrieved 23 May 2015.
  20. "Hungary's peaceful revolution: cutting the fence and changing History", Spiegel Online, 29 May 2009, retrieved 23 May 2015.
  21. Miklós Németh in Interview with Peter Bognar, Grenzöffnung 1989: „Es gab keinen Protest aus Moskau“ (German - Border opening in 1989: There was no protest from Moscow), in: Die Presse 18 August 2014.
  22. Hans Werner Scheidl "Der „Ostblock“ beginnt zu bröckeln" In: Die Presse 2.5.2014.
  23. György Gyarmati, Krisztina Slachta: Das Vorspiel für die Grenzöffnung. Budapest 2014, p 89.
  24. Hilde Szabo: Die Berliner Mauer begann im Burgenland zu bröckeln. In: Wiener Zeitung. 16 August 1999; Otmar Lahodynsky: Paneuropäisches Picknick: Die Generalprobe für den Mauerfall. Profil.at, 9 August 2014; Ludwig Greven: Und dann ging das Tor auf. zeit.de, 19 August 2014.
  25. Paneuropäisches Picknick St. Margarethen 1989
  26. Kathrin Lauer "«Paneuropäisches Picknick»: Wie DDR-Bürger den Mauerfall probten" In: Stimme, 19 August 2014.
  27. "I knew the Hungarians wouldn't shoot GDR citizens"
  28. György Gyarmati, Krisztina Slachta: Das Vorspiel für die Grenzöffnung. Budapest 2014, pp 173.
  29. Vor 30 Jahren: Das Loch im Eisernen Vorhang
  30. Paneuropäisches Picknick: Die Generalprobe für den Mauerfall
  31. György Gyarmati, Krisztina Slachta: Das Vorspiel für die Grenzöffnung. Budapest 2014, pp 169.
  32. Christoph Gunkel "Flucht beim Grenz-Picknick 1989. "Es hätte auch ein Blutbad werden können"" In: Der Spiegel, 19.8.2019.
  33. Marcel Burckhardt "Ein Picknick für die Freiheit" In: Badische Zeitung, 19.8.2019.
  34. Bettina Hartmann "Einmal Ungarn – und nie mehr zurück" In: Suttgarter Nachrichten, 19.8.2014.
  35. Torsten Hampel: Der Durchbruch. In: Der Tagesspiegel. 19 August 2014.
  36. Florian Richter "Flucht in den Westen: "Sie haben die Erde geküsst" In: Wiener Zeitung, 20.8.2019.
  37. A Hungarian border guard, 600 East Germans and a picnic that split the Iron Curtain - The Irish Times
  38. Hilde Szabo: Die Berliner Mauer begann im Burgenland zu bröckeln (The Berlin Wall began to crumble in Burgenland - German), in Wiener Zeitung 16 August 1999; Otmar Lahodynsky: Paneuropäisches Picknick: Die Generalprobe für den Mauerfall (Pan-European picnic: the dress rehearsal for the fall of the Berlin Wall - German), in: Profil 9 August 2014.
  39. Thomas Roser: DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln (German - Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: Die Presse 16 August 2018.
  40. Der 19. August 1989 war ein Test für Gorbatschows“ (German - August 19, 1989 was a test for Gorbachev), in: FAZ 19 August 2009.
  41. Elisalex Henckel "Ich wusste, die Ungarn würden nicht auf DDR-Bürger schießen" In: Die Welt, 20.8.2009.
  42. Marcel Burckhardt "Ein Picknick für die Freiheit" In: Badische Zeitung, 19.8.2019.
  43. György Gyarmati, Krisztina Slachta: Das Vorspiel für die Grenzöffnung. Budapest 2014, pp 91.
  44. Interview with Walter Momper, 9.11.2019
  45. "Der 19. August 1989 war ein Test Gorbatschows." In: FAZ 19 August 2009.
  46. "Hungary marks 1989 freedom event". BBC. 19 August 2009.
  47. "Merkel: "Deutschland wird dies Ungarn nicht vergessen"" In: Süddeutsche Zeitung, 19 August 2019 - Paneuropäisches Picknick 1989
  48. Speech by Merkel

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