Panipat

Panipat (pronunciation ) is a historic city in Haryana, India. It is 90 km north of Delhi and 169 km south of Chandigarh on NH-1. The three major battles fought in 1526, 1556 and 1761 took place near the city. The city is famous in India as the "City of Weavers" and "Textile City". It is also known as the "cast-off capital" due to being "the global centre for recycling textiles".[3]

This article is about the municipality in India. For its namesake district, see Panipat district. For the film, see Panipat (film).

Panipat
City
The Historical City in India
Nickname(s): 
Battle City
Panipat
Location in Haryana, India
Panipat
Panipat (India)
Coordinates: 29.39°N 76.97°E / 29.39; 76.97
Country India
StateHaryana
DistrictPanipat
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • BodyPanipat Municipal Corporation
 • MayorAvneet Kaur (BJP)
Area
 • Total56 km2 (22 sq mi)
Elevation
219 m (719 ft)
Population
 (2011)[2]
 • Total295,970
 • Density5,300/km2 (14,000/sq mi)
Language
 • OfficialHindi
 • RegionalHaryanvi
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
132103
Telephone code0180
ISO 3166 codeIN-HR
Vehicle registrationHR-06 (Private Vehicles) HR-67 (Commercial Vehicles)
Websitehttp://panipat.gov.in

...

History
Statue of the Hindu Emperor of Delhi in 1556 Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, at Panipat, who lost his life in the Second Battle of Panipat
Main articles: Battle of Panipat (1526), Battle of Panipat (1556), and Battle of Panipat (1761)

Panipat district was carved out from the erstwhile Karnal district on 1 November 1989. On 24 July 1991 it was again merged with Karnal district. On 1 January 1992, it again became a separate district. According to the legend, Panipat was one of the five cities (prasthas) founded by the Pandava brothers during the times of the Mahabharata; its historic name was Pandavaprastha (Sanskrit: पाण्डवप्रस्थ, lit. city of Pandavas) Panipat was the scene of three pivotal battles in Indian history. Panipat is first recorded in the Mahabharata as one of the five villages that the Pandavas demanded from Duryodhana. The five villages are the "panch pat":

  • Panaprastha (now known as Panipat)
  • Swarnaprastha (now known as Sonipat)
  • Indraprastha (now known as Delhi)
  • Vyaghraprastha (now known as Baghpat)
  • Tilaprastha (now known as Tilpat)

The First Battle of Panipat was fought on 21 April 1526 between Ibrahim Lodhi, the Afghan Sultan of Delhi, and the Turko-Mongol warlord Babur, who later established Mughal rule in Northern Indian subcontinent. Babur's force defeated Ibrahim's much larger force of over one lakh (one hundred thousand) soldiers. This first battle of Panipat thus ended the 'Lodi Rule' established by Bahlul Lodhi in Delhi. This battle marked the beginning of Mughal rule in India.

The Second Battle of Panipat was fought on 5 November 1556 between the forces of Akbar and Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, the last Hindu emperor of Delhi.[4][5] Hem Chandra, who had captured states like Agra and Delhi defeating Akbar's army and declared himself as independent king after a coronation on 7 October 1556 at Purana Qila in Delhi, had a large army, and initially his forces were winning, but suddenly he was struck by an arrow in the eye and fell unconscious. On not seeing him in his howdah on the back of an elephant, his army fled. The unconscious Hemu was carried to Akbar's camp where Bairam Khan beheaded him.[6] His head was sent to Kabul to be hanged outside Delhi Darwaza, and his torso was hanged outside Purana Quila in Delhi. The place of martyrdom of Raja Hemu is now a famous shrine in Panipat.

Panipat is listed in the Ain-i-Akbari as a pargana under Delhi sarkar, producing a revenue of 10,756,647 dams for the imperial treasury and supplying a force of 1000 infantry and 100 cavalry. It had a brick fort at the time which was also mentioned.[7]

The Third Battle of Panipat was fought on 14 January 1761 between the Maratha Empire and the Afghan and Baloch invaders. The Maratha Empire forces were led by Sadashivrao Bhau and the Afghans were led by Ahmad Shah Abdali. The Afghans had a total strength of 110,000 soldiers, and the Marathas had 75,000 soldiers and 100,000 pilgrims. The Maratha soldiers were unable to get food because of non-cooperation of other empires of India. Both the sides fought their heart out. The Afghans were supported by Najib-ud-Daula and Shuja-ud-Daula for the supply of food, and the Maratha had pilgrims along with them, who were unable to fight, including female pilgrims. On 14 January, over 100,000 soldiers died resulting in the victory for the Afghans. However, after the victory, the Afghans facing a hostile North India, retreated to Afghanistan to avoid casualties. This battle served as a precursor for the East India Company to establish Company rule in India as most of North and Northwest Indian princely states were weakened.[8]

Geography

Panipat is located at 29.39°N 76.97°E / 29.39; 76.97.[9] It has an average elevation of 219 metres (718 feet).

Demographics

As per 2011 census, the city had a population of 294,292.[2] Panipat's urban agglomeration had a population of 295,970. The literacy rate was about 83%.[10]

Landmarks

Hemu's Samadhi Sthal
Main article: Hemu's Samadhi Sthal

The wounded Hemu was captured by Shah Quli Khan in the Second Battle of Panipat and carried to the Mughal camp at Shodapur on Jind Road at Panipat.[11] According to Badayuni,[12] Bairam Khan asked Akbar to behead Hemu so that he could earn the title of Ghazi. Akbar replied, "He is already dead, if he had any strength for a duel, I would have killed him." After Akbar's refusal Hemu's body was denied honour by the Mughal battle tradition and was unceremoniously beheaded by Bairam Khan. Hemu's head was sent to Kabul where it was hung outside the Delhi Darwaza while his body was placed in a gibbet outside Purana Quila in Delhi to terrorise his supporters, who were mainly his subjects, both the Muslims and Hindus.[13]

Ibrahim Lodhi's Tomb
Main article: Ibrahim Lodhi's Tomb

It was one of Sher Shah Suri's dying regrets that he could never fulfill his intention of erecting a tomb to the fallen monarch Ibrahim Lodhi. Much later, in 1866, the British relocated the tomb which was just a simple grave during construction of the Grand Trunk Road and added a platform to it with an inscription highlighting Ibrahim Lodhi's death in the Battle of Panipat.[14][15][16]

Babur's Kabuli Bagh Mosque
Main article: Kabuli Bagh Mosque

The garden of Kabuli Bagh along with the Kabuli Bagh Mosque and a tank were built by Babur after the First Battle of Panipat to commemorate his victory over Ibrahim Lodhi. Some years later when Humayun defeated Sher Shah Suri near Panipat, he added a masonry Platform to it and called it 'Chabutra" Fateh Mubarak, bearing the inscription 934 Hijri (1557 CE). These buildings and the garden still exist under the name of Kabuli Bagh called so after Babur's wife – Mussammat Kabuli begum.

Kala Amb
Main article: Kala Amb

According to tradition, the site 8 km from Panipat and 42 km from Karnal, where Sadashiv Rao Bhau commanded his Maratha forces during the third battle of Panipat was marked by a black Mango Tree (Kala Amb) which has since disappeared. The dark colour of its foliage was probably the origin of the name. The site has a brick Pillar with an iron rod and the structure is surrounded by an iron fence. The site is being developed and beautified by a society presided over by the Governor of Haryana.

Panipat Syndrome

The term ‘'Panipat Syndrome'’ has entered the lexicon as the lack of strategic thinking, preparedness and decisive action by Indian leaders thus allowing an invading army to enter well inside their territory. This is based on the fact that in the three battles fought here, the defending armies were decisively defeated each time. It was coined by Air Commodore Jasjit Singh.[17][18][19][20]

Connectivity

National Highway 44 (India) is a major road network that connects Panipat to Grand Trunk road network.[21]

Panipat is connected to all major Indian cities via Panipat Junction railway station[22]

References
  1. "Panipat City".
  2. "Panipat City Population Census 2011". www.census2011.co.in.
  3. "Panipat, the global centre for recycling textiles, is fading". The Economist. 7 September 2017.
  4. Richards, John F., ed. (1995) [1993]. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge History of India (7th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 13. ISBN 9780521566032. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  5. Kolff, Dirk H. A. (2002). Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850. Cambridge University Press. p. 163. ISBN 9780521523059. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  6. Abdul Quadir Badayuni, Muntkhib-ul-Tawarikh, Volume 1, page 6
  7. Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak; Jarrett, Henry Sullivan (translator) (1891). The Ain-i-Akbari. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal. p. 285. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  8. The third battle of Panipat
  9. "Maps, Weather, and Airports for Panipat, India". www.fallingrain.com.
  10. "Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  11. Chandra, Satish (2004). Medieval India: From Sultanate To The Mughals: Part I: Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526). Har-Anand Publications. pp. 91–93. ISBN 9788124110669.
  12. Abdul Quadir Badayuni, Muntkhib-ul-Tawarikh, Volume 1, page 6
  13. George Bruce Malleson (2001). Akbar and the rise of the Mughal Empire. Genesis Publishing Pvt. Ltd. p. 71. ISBN 9788177551785.
  14. "Tomb of Ibrahim Lodi". Archived from the original on 14 May 2008.
  15. "Ibrahim Lodhi's Tomb in Panipat India". www.india9.com.
  16. The tale of the missing Lodi tomb The Hindu, 4 Jul 2005.
  17. http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/books-and-more-the-indian-army-and-the-panipat-syndrome-1157996
  18. "Raja Mandala: Breaking the Panipat syndrome". 4 October 2016.
  19. "Why India suffers from the Panipat Syndrome".
  20. http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/indian-defence-philosophy-a-no-win-concept/
  21. Battle of Panipat commute to Delhi
  22. "Arrivals at Panipat Junction". indiarailinfo. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
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