Pornography addiction

Pornography addiction is an addiction model of compulsive sexual activity with concurrent use of pornographic material, despite negative consequences to one's physical, mental, social, or financial well-being. Neither the DSM-5 nor the ICD-11 classify pornography as a mental disorder or addiction.

Addiction and dependence glossary[1][2][3][4]
  • addiction – a biopsychosocial disorder characterized by persistent use of drugs (including alcohol) despite substantial harm and adverse consequences
  • addictive behavior – a behavior that is both rewarding and reinforcing
  • addictive drug – a drug that is both rewarding and reinforcing
  • dependence – an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus (e.g., drug intake)
  • drug sensitization or reverse tolerance – the escalating effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose
  • drug withdrawal – symptoms that occur upon cessation of repeated drug use
  • physical dependence – dependence that involves persistent physical–somatic withdrawal symptoms (e.g., fatigue and delirium tremens)
  • psychological dependence – dependence that involves emotional–motivational withdrawal symptoms (e.g., dysphoria and anhedonia)
  • reinforcing stimuli – stimuli that increase the probability of repeating behaviors paired with them
  • rewarding stimuli – stimuli that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive and desirable or as something to approach
  • sensitization – an amplified response to a stimulus resulting from repeated exposure to it
  • substance use disorder – a condition in which the use of substances leads to clinically and functionally significant impairment or distress
  • tolerance – the diminishing effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose

Problematic Internet pornography viewing is viewing of Internet pornography that is problematic for an individual due to personal or social reasons, including excessive time spent viewing pornography instead of interacting with others. Individuals may report depression, social isolation, career loss, decreased productivity, or financial consequences as a result of their excessive Internet pornography viewing impeding their social life.[5][6]

Symptoms and diagnosis

Universally accepted diagnostic criteria do not exist for pornography addiction or problematic pornography viewing.[5] Pornography addiction is often defined operationally by the frequency of pornography viewing and negative consequences.[7] The only diagnostic criteria for a behavioral addiction in the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders are for pathological gambling, and they are similar to those for substance abuse and dependence, such as preoccupation with the behavior, diminished ability to control the behavior, tolerance, withdrawal, and adverse psychosocial consequences. Diagnostic criteria have been proposed for other behavioral addictions, and these are usually also based on established diagnoses for substance abuse and dependence.[8]

A proposed diagnosis for hypersexual disorder includes pornography as a subtype of this disorder. It included such criteria as time consumed by sexual activity interfering with obligations, repetitive engagement in sexual activity in response to stress, repeated failed attempts to reduce these behaviors, and distress or impairment of life functioning.[9] A study on problematic Internet pornography viewing used the criteria of viewing Internet pornography more than three times a week during some weeks, and viewing causing difficulty in general life functioning.[5]

According to the American Society of Addiction Medicine, some psychological and behavioral changes characteristic of addiction brain changes include addictive cravings, impulsiveness, weakened executive function, desensitization, and dysphoria.[10] BOLD fMRI results have shown that individuals diagnosed with compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) show enhanced cue reactivity in brain regions associated traditionally with drug-cue reactivity.[11] These regions include the amygdala and the ventral striatum. Men without CSB who had a long history of viewing pornography exhibited a less intense response to pornographic images in the left ventral putamen, possibly suggestive of desensitization.[11] ASAMs position is inconsistent with the American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors, and Therapists, who cite strong evidence against such classification, describing ASAM as not informed by "accurate human sexuality knowledge".[12]

Diagnostic status

The status of pornography addiction as an addictive disorder, rather than simply a compulsivity, has been hotly contested.[13][14] Furthermore, research suggests that the use of a pornography addiction label may indicate a socially (as opposed to clinically) driven nosology [6]

It is worth considering whether the apparent epidemic of self-diagnosed pornography addicts seeking help today perhaps represents the ready uptake of a relatively new way to describe one’s problematic behaviour, and not the development of a modern disease entity whose description should dictate its treatment.[6]

Kris Taylor, Nosology and metaphor: How pornography viewers make sense of pornography addiction

In November 2016, the American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors and Therapists (AASECT) issued a position statement on sex/porn addiction which states that AASECT "does not find sufficient empirical evidence to support the classification of sex addiction or porn addiction as a mental health disorder, and does not find the sexual addiction training and treatment methods and educational pedagogies to be adequately informed by accurate human sexuality knowledge. Therefore, it is the position of AASECT that linking problems related to sexual urges, thoughts or behaviors to a porn/sexual addiction process cannot be advanced by AASECT as a standard of practice for sexuality education delivery, counseling or therapy."

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) includes a new section for behavioral addictions, but includes only one disorder: pathological gambling.[15] One other behavioral addiction, internet gaming disorder, appears in the conditions proposed for further study in DSM-5.[15] Psychiatrists cited a lack of research support for refusing to include other behavioral disorders at this time.[15]

Porn addiction is not a diagnosis in DSM-5 (or any previous version).[16][17][18] "Viewing pornography online" is mentioned verbatim in the DSM-5,[15] but it is not considered a mental disorder either.[16][17][18]

When the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) was being drafted, experts considered a proposed diagnostic addiction called hypersexual disorder, which also included a pornography subtype. But in the end, reviewers determined that there wasn't enough evidence to include hypersexual disorder or its subtypes in the 2013 edition.[16]

Kirsten Weir, Is pornography addictive?

A number of studies have found neurological markers of addiction in internet porn users,[19][20][21] which is consistent with a large body of research finding similar markers in other kinds of problematic internet users.[20] Yet other studies found that critical biomarkers of addiction were missing,[22] and most addiction biomarkers have never been demonstrated for pornography.[23]

The International Classification of Disorders 11 (ICD-11) rejected "pornography addiction". Specifically, the World Health Organization (WHO) wrote: "Based on the limited current data, it would therefore seem premature to include [pornography viewing] in ICD-11."[24]

Introductory psychology textbook authors Coon, Mitterer and Martini, passingly mentioning NoFap, speak of pornography as a "supernormal stimulus" but use the model of compulsion rather than addiction.[25]

Treatment

Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been suggested as a possible effective treatment for pornography addiction based on its success with internet addicts, though no clinical trials have been performed to assess effectiveness among pornography addicts as of 2012.[26] Acceptance and commitment therapy has also been shown to be a potentially effective treatment for problematic internet pornography viewing.[5]

Online pornography

Some clinicians and support organizations recommend voluntary use of Internet content-control software, internet monitoring, or both, to manage online pornography use.[27][28][29]

Sex researcher Alvin Cooper and colleagues suggested several reasons for using filters as a therapeutic measure, including curbing accessibility that facilitates problematic behavior and encouraging clients to develop coping and relapse prevention strategies.[27] Cognitive therapist Mary Anne Layden suggested that filters may be useful in maintaining environmental control.[29] Internet behavior researcher David Delmonico stated that, despite their limitations, filters may serve as a "frontline of protection."[28]

Medications

Studies of those with non-paraphilic expressions of hypersexuality have hypothesized that various mood disorders, as defined in the DSM, may occur more frequently in sexually compulsive men.[30][31][32]

Compulsive sexual behavior has been treated with antidepressants including SSRIs and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, naltrexone, a medication used to inhibit reward mechanisms in opiate or alcohol addictions, other mood-stabilizers, and anti-androgens.

Epidemiology

There is only one representative sample (published in 2017) to date concerning distress about sex video use.[33] They found that of 10,131 women surveyed, 0.5% of women agreed with the statement that they were "addicted" to pornography; 1.2% (of 4,218 who viewed) when limited to women who say they viewed sex films. The comparable figure limiting to men who view sex films was 4.4%. This was without any clinical screening that should eliminate primary disorders (e.g., depression) or religious-based concerns, so these should be considered high-end estimates for potential disorders, if any exist.

Most studies of rates use a convenience sample. One study of a convenience sample of 9,265 people found that 1% of Internet users have concerns about their Internet use and 17% of users meet criteria for problematic sexual compulsivity, meaning they score above one standard deviation of the mean on the Kalichman Sexual Compulsivity Scale.[34] A survey of 84 college-age males found that 2060% of a sample of college-age males who use pornography found it to be problematic.[35] Research on internet addiction disorder indicates rates may range from 1.5 to 8.2% in Europeans and Americans.[36]

Society and culture

Support groups

Twelve-step programs such as Sex Addicts Anonymous (SAA), Sexaholics Anonymous (SA), Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous (SLAA), Sexual Recovery Anonymous (SRA) and Sexual Compulsives Anonymous (SCA) are fellowships of men and women who share their experience, strength and hope with each other so they may overcome their common problem and help others recover from addiction or dependency, by using the 12 steps of AA and other recovery tools.

NoFap is an online community founded in 2011.[37] It serves as a support group for those who wish to avoid the use of pornography, masturbation, and/or sexual intercourse.[38][39] Recent peer-reviewed data highlighted considerable misogyny and poor understanding of sexual relationships in this online community.[40]

There is also a PornFree reddit group which focuses on giving up porn rather than masturbation.[41][42]

Additionally, Fight the New Drug, a Salt Lake City based non-profit, is a non-religious and non-legislative organization, which seeks to inform and educate individuals regarding pornography usage with science and personal stories. It is aimed at the youth demographic to raise awareness of potential problems with pornography

Celebrate Recovery (CR) is a Christian inter-denominational 12 step program with about 35,000 available groups and is open to any person who is struggling with life's bad habits, hurts, and hang-ups. CR was started in 1991 at Saddleback Church in CA, and the CR program is based on the 8 Beatitudes from Christ's sermon on the Mountain, and Twelve-step programs from Alcoholics Anonymous.

Political and religious motivation

According to professor E.T.M. Laan, a sexologist working for the Academic Medical Center, it is usually the American religious right which claims the existence of pornography addiction and such claims are rare among sexologists.[43]

A meta-analysis showed a correlation between a person being religious and perceiving themself as having a pornography addiction, possibly due to people using pornography despite their religion prohibiting it.[44][45]

Mainstream media

In 2013, American actor Joseph Gordon-Levitt wrote, directed, and starred in the comedy-drama film Don Jon, in which the protagonist is addicted to pornography.[46] In an interview to promote the film, Gordon-Levitt discussed what he referred to as the "fundamental difference between a human being and an image on a screen".[47]

In his 2014 autobiography, American actor Terry Crews talked about his long-standing pornography addiction, which he said had seriously affected his marriage and life and which he was only able to overcome after entering rehab in 2009.[48] He now takes an active role in speaking out about pornography addiction and its impact.[49][50][51]

In 2015, English comedian Russell Brand appeared in videos by American anti-pornography group Fight the New Drug, in which he discussed pornography and its harmful effects.[52] Later that year, American actress Rashida Jones produced the documentary Hot Girls Wanted, which gave an in-depth look into the exploitation of women in the pornography industry.[53]

In 2016, American comedian Chris Rock and his wife Malaak Compton divorced after 20 years of marriage,[54] which Rock attributed to his infidelity and pornography addiction.[55] He later discussed the details of his pornography addiction in his 2018 stand-up comedy special Tamborine.[56]

French actress Juliette Binoche, English actor Hugh Grant, American actor Josh Radnor, and English actress Emma Thompson have also spoken out against pornography.[57][58]

See also

References

  1. Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–375. ISBN 9780071481274.
  2. Nestler EJ (December 2013). "Cellular basis of memory for addiction". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 15 (4): 431–443. PMC 3898681. PMID 24459410. Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type [nucleus accumbens] neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.41. ... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict.
  3. "Glossary of Terms". Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Department of Neuroscience. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  4. Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). "Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction". New England Journal of Medicine. 374 (4): 363–371. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1511480. PMC 6135257. PMID 26816013. Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Depending on the level of severity, this disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe.
    Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance-use disorder.
  5. Twohig, M. P.; Crosby, J. M. (2010). "Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a Treatment for Problematic Internet Pornography Viewing". Behavior Therapy. 41 (3): 285–295. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2009.06.002. PMID 20569778.
  6. Taylor, Kris (May 7, 2019). "Nosology and metaphor: How pornography viewers make sense of pornography addiction". Sexualities. 23 (4): 609–629. doi:10.1177/1363460719842136. S2CID 164221337.
  7. Duffy, A; Dawson, DL; das Nair, R (May 2016). "Pornography Addiction in Adults: A Systematic Review of Definitions and Reported Impact" (PDF). The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 13 (5): 760–77. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.03.002. PMID 27114191.
  8. Grant, J. E.; Potenza, M. N.; Weinstein, A.; Gorelick, D. A. (2010). "Introduction to Behavioral Addictions". The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 36 (5): 233–241. doi:10.3109/00952990.2010.491884. PMC 3164585. PMID 20560821.
  9. Kafka, M. P. (2009). "Hypersexual Disorder: A Proposed Diagnosis for DSM-V" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 39 (2): 377–400. doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9574-7. PMID 19937105. S2CID 2190694.
  10. "ASAM Definition of Addiction". 19 April 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  11. Kraus, Shane W.; Voon, Valerie; Potenza, Marc N. (December 2016). "Should compulsive sexual behavior be considered an addiction?". Addiction (Abingdon, England). 111 (12): 2097–2106. doi:10.1111/add.13297. ISSN 0965-2140. PMC 4990495. PMID 26893127.
  12. "AASECT Position on Sex Addiction". April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  13. Steele, V.; Prause, N.; Staley, C.; Fong, G. W. (2013). "Sexual Desire, not Hypersexuality, is Related to Neurophysiological Responses Elicited by Sexual Images". Socioaffective Neuroscience of Psychology. 3: 20770. doi:10.3402/snp.v3i0.20770. PMC 3960022. PMID 24693355.
  14. Hilton, Donald L. (21 February 2014). "'High desire', or 'merely' an addiction? A response to Steele et al". Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology. 4 (1): 23833. doi:10.3402/snp.v4.23833. PMC 3975913. PMID 24707350.
  15. American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 481, 797–798. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8. In addition to the substance-related disorders, this chapter also includes gambling disorder, reflecting evidence that gambling behaviors activate reward systems similar to those activated by drugs of abuse and produce some behavioral symptoms that appear comparable to those produced by the substance use disorders. Other excessive behavioral patterns, such as Internet gaming, have also been described, but the research on these and other behavioral syndromes is less clear. Thus, groups of repetitive behaviors, which some term behavioral addictions, with such subcategories as "sex addiction," "exercise addiction," or "shopping addiction," are not included because at this time there is insufficient peer-reviewed evidence to establish the diagnostic criteria and course descriptions needed to identify these behaviors as mental disorders. ... Excessive use of the Internet not involving playing of online games (e.g., excessive use of social media, such as Facebook; viewing pornography online) is not considered analogous to Internet gaming disorder, and future research on other excessive uses of the Internet would need to follow similar guidelines as suggested herein. Excessive gambling online may qualify for a separate diagnosis of gambling disorder.
  16. Weir, Kirsten (April 2014). "Is pornography addictive?". Monitor on Psychology. 45 (4): 46. ISSN 1529-4978. OCLC 612512821. Archived from the original on 2014-04-05.
  17. Allez, Glyn Hudson, ed. (4 June 2014). "Chapter Ten. The pleasure, the power, and the perils of Internet pornography". Sexual Diversity and Sexual Offending: Research, Assessment, and Clinical Treatment in Psychosexual Therapy. Karnac Books. p. 161. ISBN 978-1-78181-368-3. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  18. Since it is neither of two behavioral addictions mentioned above.
  19. Kraus, Shane W; Voon, Valerie; Potenza, Marc N (2015-09-22). "Neurobiology of Compulsive Sexual Behavior: Emerging Science". Neuropsychopharmacology. 41 (1): 385–386. doi:10.1038/npp.2015.300. ISSN 0893-133X. PMC 4677151. PMID 26657963.
  20. Brand, Matthias; Young, Kimberly S.; Laier, Christian; Wölfling, Klaus; Potenza, Marc N. (2016-12-01). "Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 71: 252–266. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033. PMID 27590829.
  21. Kühn, S.; Gallinat, J. (2016-01-01). "Neurobiological Basis of Hypersexuality". In Zahr, Natalie M.; Peterson, Eric T. (eds.). Imaging the Addicted Brain. International Review of Neurobiology. Imaging the Addicted Brain. 129. pp. 67–83. doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2016.04.002. ISBN 9780128039144. PMID 27503448.
  22. Prause, Nicole; Steele, Vaughn R.; Staley, Cameron; Sabatinelli, Dean; Hajcak, Greg (2015). "Modulation of late positive potentials by sexual images in problem users and controls inconsistent with 'porn addiction'". Biological Psychology. 109: 192–199. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.06.005. PMID 26095441. S2CID 1446388.
  23. Prause, Nicole; Janssen, Erick; Georgiadis, Janniko; Finn, Peter; Pfaus, James (2017). "Data do not support sex as addictive". The Lancet Psychiatry. 4 (12): 899. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30441-8. PMID 29179928.
  24. Grant, J. (2014). "Impulse control disorders and 'behavioural addictions' in the ICD‐11". World Psychiatry. 13 (2): 125–127. doi:10.1002/wps.20115. PMC 4102276. PMID 24890056.
  25. Coon, Dennis; Mitterer, John O.; Martini, Tanya S. (5 December 2016). Psychology: Modules for Active Learning. Cengage Learning. pp. 413–414. ISBN 978-1-337-51708-9.
  26. Laier, Christian. Cybersex addiction: Craving and cognitive processes. Diss. Universität Duisburg-Essen, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften» Ingenieurwissenschaften-Campus Duisburg» Abteilung Informatik und Angewandte Kognitionswissenschaft, 2012.
  27. Cooper, Alvin; Putnam, Dana E.; Planchon, Lynn A.; Boies, Sylvain C. (1999). "Online sexual compulsivity: Getting tangled in the net". Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity. 6 (2): 79–104. doi:10.1080/10720169908400182.
  28. Delmonico, David L. (1997). "Cybersex: High tech sex addiction". Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity. 4 (2): 159–167. doi:10.1080/10720169708400139.
  29. Layden, Mary Anne (September 2005). "Cyber Sex Addiction" (PDF). Advances in Cognitive Therapy: 1–2, 4–5.
  30. Kafka, M.P., & Hennen, J. (2002). A DSM IV axis I comorbidity study of males (n¼120) with paraphilias and paraphilia-related disorders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. 14. 349–366.
  31. Kafka, M.P., & Prentky, R.A. (1994). Preliminary observations of DSM III-R axis I comorbidity in men with paraphilias and paraphilia-related disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 55. 481–487.
  32. Kafka, M.P., & Prentky, R.A. (1998). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in males with paraphilias and paraphilia-related disorders: a comorbidity study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998; 59:388–396.
  33. Rissel, C; Richters, J.; de Visser, R.; McKee, A.; Yeung, A. (2017). "A profile of pornography users in australia: Findings from the second australian study of health and relationships". The Journal of Sex Research. 54 (2): 227–240. doi:10.1080/00224499.2016.1191597. hdl:10453/48993. PMID 27419739. S2CID 11724798.
  34. Cooper A.; Delmonico D. L.; Burg R. (2000). "Cybersex user, abusers, and compulsives". Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity. 7 (1–2): 5–29. doi:10.1080/10720160008400205. S2CID 144124065.
  35. Twohig, M. P.; Crosby, J. M.; Cox, J. M. (2009). "Viewing Internet Pornography: For Whom is it Problematic, How, and Why?". Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity. 16 (4): 253–266. doi:10.1080/10720160903300788. S2CID 144495292.
  36. Weinstein, A.; Lejoyeux, M. (2010). "Internet Addiction or Excessive Internet Use". The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 36 (5): 277–283. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1025.8525. doi:10.3109/00952990.2010.491880. PMID 20545603. S2CID 17713327.
  37. "NoFap " About". NoFap LLC. Retrieved 22 May 2015. NoFap was originally founded by Alexander Rhodes on June 20, 2011 as a forum on the social media platform 'Reddit' and has since grown to become much more.
  38. Cowell, Tom (17 September 2013). "No fapping, please, it's making us ill". The Telegraph. London, England: Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  39. McMahon, Tamsin (20 January 2014). "Will quitting porn improve your life?: A growing 'NoFap' movement of young men are saying no to porn and masturbation". Maclean's. Toronto, Canada: Rogers Media. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  40. Taylor, K.; Jackson, S. (2018). "'I want that power back': Discourses of masculinity within an online pornography abstinence forum". Sexualities. 21 (4): 621–639. doi:10.1177/1363460717740248. S2CID 149306706.
  41. Hosie, Rachel (3 May 2017). "Inside the community of men who have given up porn". The Independent. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  42. "Man deletes 18 terabyte porn collection to try and end his addiction". The Independent. 2017-08-15. Retrieved 2020-01-31.
  43. Casper van der Veen (17 August 2016). "'Erectieproblemen bij jongeren door porno op internet' - NRC". Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  44. "Science Stopped Believing in Porn Addiction, You Should Too". Psychology Today. Retrieved 2018-11-26.
  45. Grubbs, Joshua B.; Perry, Samuel L.; Wilt, Joshua A.; Reid, Rory C. (2018-08-03). "Pornography Problems Due to Moral Incongruence: An Integrative Model with a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 48 (2): 397–415. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1248-x. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 30076491. S2CID 51911309.
  46. "Don Jon".
  47. Minow, Nell. "Joseph Gordon-Levitt discusses "Don Jon" - Interviews". Roger Ebert. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  48. "No One Wants To Be With The Marlboro Man: Terry Crews On 'Manhood'". NPR.org. May 17, 2014.
  49. "Terry Crews' New Book Details Struggle With Porn Addiction - Black America Web". Black America Web. May 27, 2014. Archived from the original on May 28, 2014.
  50. ABC News (2016-02-25). "Terry Crews Says Porn Addiction Nearly Ruined His Life". ABC News.
  51. Brandon Griggs, CNN (February 24, 2016). "Terry Crews: Porn addiction 'messed up my life'". CNN.
  52. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5kvzamjQW9M
  53. "Hot Girls Wanted".
  54. Corriston, Michele (December 28, 2014). "Chris Rock & Wife Malaak Compton-Rock Split". People. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
  55. Bitette, Nicole (August 23, 2016). "Chris Rock, Malaak Compton finalize divorce after 20 years of marriage". New York Daily News. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  56. Sharf, Zach (February 14, 2018). "Chris Rock Gets Brutally Honest About Porn Addiction and Cheating on His Wife: 'I Wasn't a Good Husband'". Indiewire.com. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  57. "7 Hollywood Stars Who Are Speaking Out Against Porn". 2017-08-10.
  58. "5 Celebrities Who Hate Porn". 2015-03-19.

Further reading

  • Klein, M. (2017). His Porn, Her Pain: Confronting America’s Porn Panic With Honest Talk About Sex (ISBN 1440842868) Praeger
  • Cooper, Al (2002). Sex and the Internet: A Guidebook for Clinicians (ISBN 1-58391-355-6) Routledge
  • P. Williamson, S. Kisser (1989). Answers In the Heart: Daily Meditations for Men and Women Recovering from Sex Addiction (ISBN 978-0-89486-568-8) Hazelden
  • Patrick Carnes (2001). Out of the Shadows: Understanding Sexual Addiction (ISBN 978-1-56838-621-8) Hazelden
  • Sex Addicts Anonymous (ISBN 0-9768313-1-7)
  • Rosenberg, Matthew (1999). “Understanding, Assessing, and Treating Sexual Offenders: Tools for the Therapist, downloadable version on stopoffending.com
  • "Science of Arousal and Relationships".
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.