School shooting

A school shooting is an attack at an educational institution, such as a primary school, secondary school, or university, involving the use of firearms. Many school shootings are also categorized as mass shootings due to multiple casualties.[1][2] The phenomenon is most widespread in the United States, which has the highest number of school-related shootings,[3][4] but school shootings have taken place in many countries across the world.

According to studies, factors behind school shooting include family dysfunction, lack of family supervision, ready access to firearms, and mental illness among many other psychological issues. Among the topmost motives of attackers were: bullying/persecution/threatened (75%) and revenge (61%), while 54% reported having numerous reasons.[5] The remaining motives included an attempt to solve a problem (34%), suicide or depression (27%), and seeking attention or recognition (24%).

School shootings have sparked a political debate over gun violence, zero tolerance policies, gun rights and gun control.

Profiling

The United States Secret Service published the results from a study regarding 37 school shooting incidents, involving 41 individuals in the United States from December 1974 through May 2000.[6] In a previous report of 18 school shootings by the FBI, they released a profile that described shooters as middle-class, lonely/alienated, awkward, Caucasian males who had access to guns.[7] The most recent report cautioned against the assumption that a perpetrator can be identified by a certain 'type' or profile. The results from the study indicated that perpetrators came from varying backgrounds, making a singular profile difficult when identifying possible assailant.[6][8] For example, some perpetrators were children of divorce, lived in foster homes, or came from intact nuclear families. The majority of individuals had rarely or never gotten into trouble at school and had a healthy social life. Some, such as Alan Lipman, have warned against the dearth of empirical validity of profiling methods.

Family dynamics

One assumption into the catalytic causes of school shootings comes from the "non-traditional" household perspective, which focuses on how family structure and family stability are related to child outcomes.[9] Broadly speaking, proponents of this hypothesis claim that family structures such as single mothers,[10] same-sex parents,[11] extended family, or cohabitation[12] are more harmful to the development of a child's mental well-being, than heterosexual, married parents (often equated with the idea of a nuclear family). This perspective is found to back federal efforts such as the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996[13] and US federal tax incentives.[14]

However, these assumptions on the detrimental effects of "non-traditional" family structures have repeatedly been shown to be false flags, with the true issues lying within socio-economic realities.[15][16] Longitudinal research has shown the robust, positive effects of higher incomes and higher education levels on child well-being and emotional development, which reflects on the family stability, and not family structure.[17] Further, proponents of this hypothesis often cite family statistics for those who commit crimes, but leave out how these compare to other populations, including the general population. For example, a 2009 survey conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) revealed that substance abuse amongst children raised by single mothers was higher than children raised by their biological parents. However, the percentage of substance abuse amongst children raised by single-mothers was not only remarkably low (5.4%), but also only 1.2% higher than children raised by both their parents.[18] Those rates reveal to be even smaller when compared to other demographics of the same time period. According surveys commissioned by to the National Institute on Drug Abuse between 20 and 30% of teenagers used/abused illicit substances, a much higher rate than single-mother households.[19] Another example of poorly cited statistics to further this narrative can be found in children who have lost at least one parent. In the U.S., the rate of parental death before age 16 is 8%. The rate of parental death is disproportionately high for prisoners (30–50%), however, it is also disproportionately high for high-performing scientists (26%) and US presidents (34%). Harvard's Baker Foundation Professor, Emerita, Dr. Teresa M. Amabile states, "Those kinds of events can crush a child, they can lead to a lot of problems; they can lead to substance abuse, they can lead to various forms of emotional illness. They can also lead to incredible resilience and almost superhuman behaviors, seemingly, if people can come through those experiences intact. I don’t know if we—we being the field in general—have discovered what the keys are, what makes the difference for kids."[20] Understanding that socio-economic factors have greater effects on child development and emotional stability have led many to argue that single-parent and other non-traditional households should be afforded equivalent incentives by the state, as are afforded married households, and that focussing on family structure rather than family stability derails efforts to understand the realities of mass-shooters.

Parental supervision

“Studies have found that within offenders’ families, there is frequently a lack of supervision, low emotional closeness, and intimacy”.[21] In a 2018 publication, Dr. George S. Everly, Jr, of The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health outlined an accumulation of seven, recurring themes that warrant consideration regarding school shooters.[22] One factor is that school shooters tended to isolate themselves, and "exhibited an obsessive quality that often led to detailed planning, but ironically they seemed to lack an understanding of the consequences of their behavior and thus may have a history of adverse encounters with law enforcement." A criticism in the media of past shooters was questioning how so much planning could commence without alerting the parents or guardians to their efforts. However, this has proven to be as difficult of a question to answer as anticipating any of the past school shootings.

Data from the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, covering decades of US school shootings, reveals that 68% of shooters obtained weapons from their home or the home of a relative. Since 1999, out of 145 US school shootings committed by children/adolescents, 80% of the guns used were taken from their homes or relative's home.[23] The availability of firearms has direct effect on the probability of initiating a school shooting. This has led many to question whether parents should be held criminally negligent for their children's gun-related crimes. By 2018, a total of four parents were convicted of failing to lock up the guns that were used to shoot up US schools by their children.[23] Such incidents may also lead to nationwide discussion on gun laws.[24]

The FBI offer a guide for helping to identify potential school shooters, The School Shooter: A Threat Assessment Perspective.[25]

"Student 'Rules the Roost'" "The parents set few or no limits on the child's conduct, and regularly give in to his demands. The student insists on an inordinate degree of privacy, and parents have little information about his activities, school life, friends, or other relationships. The parents seem intimidated by their child. They may fear he will attack them physically if they confront or frustrate him, or they may be unwilling to face an emotional outburst, or they may be afraid that upsetting the child will spark an emotional crisis. Traditional family roles are reversed: for example, the child acts as if he were the authority figure, while parents act as if they were the children."

"No Limits or Monitoring of TV and Internet" "Parents do not supervise, limit or monitor the student's television watching or his use of the Internet. The student may have a TV in his own room or is otherwise free without any limits to spend as much time as he likes watching violent or otherwise inappropriate shows. The student spends a great deal of time watching television rather than in activities with family or friends. Similarly, parents do not monitor computer use or Internet access. The student may know much more about computers than the parents do, and the computer may be considered off limits to the parents while the student is secretive about his computer use, which may involve violent games or Internet research on violence, weapons, or other disturbing subjects."

This last passage includes the archaic notion that violent video games leads to school shootings. The FBI offer three cautions with their guide, 1) No trait or characteristic should be considered in isolation or given more weight than the others, 2) One bad day may not reflect a student's real personality or usual behavior, and 3) Many of these traits and behaviors are seen in adolescents with other, non-violent, issues.

Daniel Schechter, Clinical Psychiatrist, wrote that for a baby to develop into a troubled adolescent who then turns lethally violent, a convergence of multiple interacting factors must occur, that is "every bit as complicated...as it is for a tornado to form on a beautiful spring day in Kansas".[26] Thus, reinforcing the issue that school shooters do not necessarily come from "bad" parents. No more than they could come from attentive, educated, negligent, single, married, abusive, or loving parents.

Younger age

According to Raine (2002), immaturity is one of many identified factors increasing the likelihood of an individual committing criminal acts of violence and outbursts of aggression.[27] This fact is supported by findings on brain development occurring as individuals age from birth.

According to the Australian-based Raising children network and Centre for Adolescent Health (and a number of other sources[28]): the main change occurring in the developing brain during adolescence is the (so-called) pruning of unused connections in thinking and processing. While this is occurring within the brain, retained connections are strengthened. Synaptic pruning occurs because the nervous system in humans develops by firstly, the over-producing of parts of the nervous system, axons, neurons, and synapses, to then later in the development of the nervous system, make the superfluous parts redundant, i.e. pruning (or apoptosis, otherwise known as cell death).[29] These changes occur in certain parts of the brain firstly; the pre-frontal cortex, the brain location where decision-making occurs, is the concluding area for development. While the pre-frontal cortex is developing, children and teenagers might possibly rely more on the brain part known as the amygdala; involving thinking that is more emotionally active, including aggression and impulsiveness. As a consequence each individual is more likely to want to make riskier choices, and to do so more frequently.[30]

Steinberg (2004)[31] identified the fact of adolescents taking more risks, typically, than adults; Deakin et al. (2004) and Overman et al. (2004) indicate a decline in risk taking from adolescence to adulthood; and Steinberg (2005), Figner et al. (2009), and Burnett et al. (2010) identified adolescent age individuals as more likely to take risks than young children and adults.[32]

School bullying

Dorothy Espelage of the University of Florida notes that 8 percent of bullying victims become "angry, and aggressively so." She added, "They become very angry, they may act out aggressively online. They may not hit back, but they definitely ruminate."[33]

"Bullying is common in schools and seemed to play a role in the lives of many of the school shooters".[34] A typical bullying interaction consists of three parts, the offender/bully, a victim, and one or more bystanders. This formula of three enables the bully to easily create public humiliation for their victim. Students who are bullied tend to develop behavioral problems, depression, less self-control and poorer social skills, and to do worse in school.[35] Once humiliated, victims never want to be a victim again and try to regain their image by joining groups. Often, they are rejected by their peers and follow through by restoring justice in what they see as an unjust situation. Their plan for restoration many times results in violence as shown by the school shooters. 75% of school shooters had been bullied or left behind evidence of having been victims of bullying, including Nathan Ferris, Edmar Aparecido Freitas, Brian Head, Seung-Hui Cho, Wellington Menezes Oliveira, Jeff Weise, Eric Hainstock, Charles Andrew Williams, Nikolas Cruz, Dimitrios Pagourtzis, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold.

Notoriety

Shooting massacres in English-speaking countries often occur close together in time.[36] In the summer of 1966, two major stories broke: Richard Speck murdered eight women on a single night in Chicago, and Charles Whitman shot and killed 15 people from a clocktower at the University of Texas in Austin. Neither was seeking fame, but with the new television news climate, they received it anyway. Seeing this, 18-year-old Robert Benjamin Smith bought a gun, and on November 12, 1966, he killed four women and a toddler inside the Rose-Mar College of Beauty in Mesa, Arizona. “I wanted to get known, just wanted to get myself a name,” explained Smith. He had hoped to kill nearly ten times as many people, but had arrived at the beauty college campus too early. Upon his arrest, he was without remorse, saying simply, “I wanted people to know who I was.”[37] Towers, et al. (2015), found a small, but significant temporary increase in the probability of a second school shooting within 2 weeks after a known school shooting, which was only slightly smaller than the probability of repeats after mass killings involving firearms. However, much more work is needed with greater scope on investigations, to understand whether this is a real phenomenon or not. Some attribute this to copycat behavior,[38][39] which can be correlated with the level of media exposure.[40][41] In these copycat shootings, oftentimes the perpetrators see a past school shooter as an idol, so they want to carry out an even more destructive, murderous shooting in hopes of gaining recognition or respect.[42] Some mass murderers study media reports of previous killers.[43]

Recent premeditative writings were presented according to court documents and showed Joshua O'Connor wrote that he wanted the "death count to be as high as possible so that the shooting would be infamous". O'Connor was arrested before he was able to carry out his plan.[44] Infamy and notoriety, "a desire to be remembered" has been reported as the leading reason for planned shootings by most perpetrators who were taken alive either pre or post shooting.

Injustice collectors

In a 2015 New Republic essay, Columbine author Dave Cullen describes a subset of school shooters (and other mass murderers) known as "injustice collectors", or people who "never forget, never forgive, [and] never let go" before they strike out. The essay describes and expands on the work of retired FBI profiler Mary Ellen O'Toole, who has published a peer-reviewed journal article on the subject.[45] It also quotes Gary Noesner, who helped create and lead the FBI's hostage negotiation unit, and served as Chief Negotiator for ten years.[46]

Mental illness

The degree to which mental illness does or does not contribute to school shootings has been debated in society.

Although the vast majority of mentally ill individuals are non-violent,[47] some evidence has suggested that mental illness or mental health symptoms are nearly universal among school shooters. A 2002 report by the US Secret Service and US Department of Education found evidence that a majority of school shooters displayed evidence of mental health symptoms, often undiagnosed or untreated.[48] Criminologists Fox and DeLateur note that mental illness is only part of the issue, however, and mass shooters tend to externalize their problems, blaming others and are unlikely to seek psychiatric help, even if available.[49] According to an article written on gun violence and mental illness, the existence of violence as an outlet for the mentally ill is quite prominent in some instances (Swanson et al., 2015). The article lists from a study that 12% of people with serious mental illness had committed minor or serious violence within the last year, compared to 2% of people without illness committing those same acts.[50] Other scholars have concluded that mass murderers display a common constellation of chronic mental health symptoms, chronic anger or antisocial traits, and a tendency to blame others for problems.[51] However, they note that attempting to "profile" school shooters with such a constellation of traits will likely result in many false positives as many individuals with such a profile do not engage in violent behaviors.

McGinty and colleagues conducted a study to find out if people tended to associate the violence of school shootings with mental illness, at the expense of other factors such as the availability of high-capacity magazines.[52] Nearly 2,000 participants read a news piece on a shooting in which the shooter is diagnosed as having a mental illness and who used high capacity magazines. One group read an article that presented only the facts of the case. A different group read an article about the same shooting, but in it the author advocated for gun restrictions for people with mental illness. Another group read about the shooting in an article that suggested the proposal to ban large-capacity magazines, which acted to advocate that shootings could stem from a societal problem rather than an individual problem. The control group did not read anything. Participants were then all asked to fill in a questionnaire asking about their views on gun control and whether they thought there should be restrictions on high-capacity magazines. 71% of the control group thought that gun restrictions should be applied to people with mental illness, and nearly 80% of participants who read the articles agreed. Despite the fact that the article exposed the readers to both the mental illness of the shooter, and the fact that the shooter used high-capacity magazines, participants advocated more for gun restrictions on people with mental illness rather than bans on high-capacity magazines. This suggests that people believe mental illness is the culprit for school shootings in lieu of the accessibility of guns or other environmental factors. The authors expressed concern that proposals to target gun control laws at people with mental illness do not take into account the complex nature of the relationship between serious mental illness and violence, much of which is due to additional factors such as substance abuse. However, the link is unclear since research has shown that violence in mentally ill people occurs more in interpersonal environments.[53]

It is also mentionable that school size can play a role on the presence of shooter mental health concerns. In a presented study from researchers Baird, Roellke & Zeifman from the Social Science Journal, it is presented that school size and level of attention given to students can precede violent actions, as students who commit mass shootings in larger schools are likely to have transitioned from smaller schools. This adds important nuance to the idea that larger schools are more prone to mass violence by showing that the stress associated with losing the personal support given in a smaller community is a weight on students.[54]

A 2016 opinion piece concluded that 22% of mass murders are committed by people who suffer from a serious mental illness, and 78% do not. This study also concluded that many people with mental illnesses do not engage in violence against others and that most violent behavior is due to factors other than mental illness.[55]

Aftereffects

After experiencing the threat of a school shooting, as well as the changes in the school via countermeasures, students continue to experience the trauma . In several peer‐reviewed articles on mental health consequences of school shootings by Lowe & Galea, it is shown that mass shootings can bring on the onset of PTSD and continued depression. In the cities that are home to these kind of events, the town can experience continued paranoia and an exaggerated sense of fear. Lowe & Galea continue to say that continued research is necessary to pinpoint the exact mental symptoms that occur in the victims of school shootings.[56]

Violent video games theory

It has long been debated whether there exists a correlation between school shooting perpetrators and the type of media they consume. A popular profile for school shooters is someone who has been exposed to or enjoys playing violent video games. However, this profile is considered by many researchers to be misguided or erroneous. Ferguson (2009) has argued that a third variable of gender explains the illusory correlation between video game use and the type of people who conduct school shootings. Ferguson explains that the majority of school shooters are young males, who are considerably more aggressive than the rest of the population. A majority of gamers are also young males. Thus, it appears likely that the view that school shooters are often people who play violent video games is more simply explained by the third variable of gender.

The idea of profiling school shooters by the video games they play comes from the belief that playing violent video games increases a person's aggression level, which in turn, can cause people to perpetrate extreme acts of violence, such as a school shooting. There is little to no data supporting this hypothesis (Ferguson, 2009) but it has become a vivid profile used by the media since the Columbine Massacre in 1999.

A summation of past research on video game violence finds that video games have little to no effect on aggression (Anderson, 2004; Ferguson, 2007 & Spencer, 2009). Again, this supports the idea that although it is a popular opinion to link school shooters to being violent video gamers; this misconception is often attributable to third variables and has not been supported by research on the connection between aggression and gaming.

Taking influences from literature

One of the infamous books, the 1977 novel Rage by Stephen King (written under the pseudonym Richard Bachman), was linked to five school shootings and hostage situations that took place between 1988 and 1997;[57][58][59][60] the most recent of these, Heath High School shooting in 1997, was ultimately influential in King's decision to pull the book out of print for good.[61]

School shootings are a "modern phenomenon". There were scattered instances of gunmen or bombers attacking schools in the years before the Frontier Middle School shooting in Moses Lake, Washington in 1996, "but they were lower profile", according to journalist Malcolm Gladwell in 2015.[62] Beginning in the late 1990s, there has been a steep increase in the frequency of school shootings across the globe.[63] In the United States specifically, the most recent trend has been downward following the spikes of the 1990s, yet at the same time they are trending towards a higher likelihood of being premeditated and executed with a strict plan in mind.[64]

A study by Northeastern University found that "four times the number of children were killed in schools in the early 1990s than today".[65]

On August 27, 2018, NPR reported that a U.S. Education Department report, released earlier in the year, for the 2015–2016 school year said "nearly 240 schools ... reported at least 1 incident involving a school-related shooting". However, when NPR researched this 'claim', it could confirm only 11 actual incidents.[66]

By region

In the Virginia Tech shooting of 2007, student Seung-Hui Cho killed 32 people on Virginia Tech's campus.

Africa

The following is a list of incidents of shootings that occurred in schools in Africa.

Name Location Date Death toll Notes
Soweto school Soweto, South Africa September 19, 1994 0 An 18-year-old student shot and wounded seven of his schoolmates with a rifle, after he had been reprimanded. The youth then escaped in his father's car.[67]
Soweto school Soweto, South Africa July 29, 1999 3 Teacher Charles Raboroko shot and killed three of his colleagues in the staffroom at Anchor Comprehensive High School in Soweto. When he tried to escape he was hindered by angry students outside the school, whereupon he hid in a classroom, where he was later arrested by police. Raboroko was said to have borne a grudge against one of his victims, Henry Lebea, whom he killed with five shots in the head.[68][69]
Welkom school Welkom, Free State, South Africa August 31, 2009 2 (including the perpetrator) Jaco Stiglingh, a teacher at Gimnasium High School in Welkom, South Africa shot and killed deputy principal Johan Liebenberg, 53, inside his office before turning the gun on himself and committing suicide.[70]
Ngqeleni school Ngqeleni,
Eastern Cape,
South Africa
January 26, 2010 2 (including the perpetrator) After an argument a 25-year-old man shot and seriously wounded his girlfriend, who was working as a clerk at Jongingaba Junior-Secondary School. A 12-year-old girl was also killed inside a classroom by a stray bullet, before the gunman tried to escape. He was later caught and killed by an angry mob.[71]
Spes Bona High School Cape Town, South Africa May 14, 2013 1 17-year-old Enrico Martin was shot in the head while he was entering Spes Bona High School. He later died in a hospital. Authorities believe that the attack was gang-related. No arrests have been made.[72][73]
Yobe State school shooting Mamudo, Nigeria July 6, 2013 42 42 people were fatally shot while 6 were injured.
Garissa University College attack Garissa, Kenya April 3, 2015 147 Somali Al-Shabaab militants killed 147 students at Garissa University College.[74]

Asia

The following is a list of incidents of shootings that occurred in schools in Asia.

Name Location Date Death toll Notes
Li Shing Junior High SchoolTaipei, TaiwanJanuary 26, 19627Tsui Yin, a 41-year-old former physical education teacher at Li Shing junior high school in Taipei, shot and killed the principal, the principal's wife and five other faculty members with a pistol, in revenge for his dismissal. He wounded three others, among them the principal's daughter, before escaping in a taxi. He was arrested and sentenced to death.[75][76]
Ma'alot massacreMa'alot, IsraelMay 15, 197425The Ma'alot massacre was a terrorist attack carried out by the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine at the Netiv Meir elementary school in the town of Ma'alot. It included a two-day hostage-taking of 115 people which ended in the deaths of over 25 hostages.
Sana'a massacreSana'a, YemenMarch 30, 19978The Sana'a massacre was a school massacre that occurred in Sana'a, Yemen. Mohammad Ahman al-Naziri, 48, attacked hundreds of pupils at two schools, killing six children and two adults with an assault rifle. Naziri, whose five children attended the Tala'i school, alleged that one of his daughters had been raped by the school administrator. No evidence was found of this. Naziri was sentenced to death the next day and executed on April 5, 1997.[77]
University of the Philippines shootingQuezon City, PhilippinesFebruary 19, 19991A student was shot dead by a fraternity member after being mistaken for a member of a rival fraternity.
Longzhou County Middle School shootingLongzhou County, ChinaOctober 19, 19991 (the perpetrator)After spending the afternoon drinking, school guard Liang Yongcheng walked into a students' dormitory at a middle school in Longzhou county and threatened to kill everybody who tried to stop him. He eventually committed suicide, but not before shooting a teacher and six students with a hunting rifle.[78]
Number 34 Middle SchoolLanzhou, ChinaSeptember 26, 20022 (including the perpetrator)Yang Zhengming, who worked as a mini-bus driver for Number 34 Middle School in Lanzhou, killed a teacher and wounded two others at the school with a hunting rifle, one of the wounded being his former girlfriend. Police finally shot him dead after negotiating with him for two hours while he was standing on the roof and threatening to commit suicide.[79][80]
Pak Phanang school shootingNakhon Si Thammarat, ThailandJune 6, 2003217-year-old Anatcha Boonkwan killed two and injured four of his fellow students after losing a fist-fight with one of his classmates.[81]
Niutoushan Primary School shootingGuangde County, ChinaOctober 5, 2005018 people, among them 16 children, were injured when Liu Shibing shot them with six home-made guns at Niutoushan Primary School in Guangde.[82]
Beirut Arab University shootingBeirut, LebanonJanuary 25, 20074Four people were shot dead in clashes between pro- and anti-government activists, and about 200 were hurt in the violence that flared after a scuffle between students at a Beirut university. The opposition accused the government camp of starting the riots and the four dead included two Hezbollah students, who were fired at from rooftops.
Euro International school shootingGurgaon, IndiaDecember 12, 20071A shooting occurred at Euro International, a private secondary school in Gurgaon, Haryana, India. The gunmen were students 14-year-old Akash Yadav and 13-year-old Vikas Yadav, who shot and killed a 14-year-old student.[83]
Mercaz HaRav shootingJerusalem, IsraelMarch 6, 20089 (including the perpetrator)Alaa Abu Dhein, an Israeli Arabic yeshiva bus driver, entered the Mercaz HaRav yeshiva with guns blazing, killing eight and wounding seven, before being shot dead himself by a part-time student. This incident, as do many massacres in the Levant, soon took on racial and religious overtones, pitting Palestinians and Israeli Arabs against Jews.[84][85][86]
Azerbaijan State Oil Academy shootingBaku, AzerbaijanApril 30, 200913 (including the perpetrator)29-year-old Farda Gadirov opened fire with a Makarov PM semi-automatic pistol inside the school building of Azerbaijan State Oil Academy, killing 12 people, and wounding 13 others. He committed suicide by shooting himself in the head.[87][88][89]
Xuwen school shootingXuwen, Guangdong, ChinaOctober 27, 20111A 16-year-old student was shot and killed at the entrance gate of a public school.[90][91]
2014 Peshawar school attackPeshawar, PakistanDecember 16, 2014145A group of nine Taliban gunmen stormed the Army Public School, shooting and lobbing grenades.[92]

Canada

This article is listed in chronological order and provides additional details of incidents in which a firearm was discharged at a school in Canada, including incidents of shootings on a school bus. Mass killings in Canada are covered by a List of massacres in Canada.

NameLocationDateYearDeath tollNotes
Markdale School shootingMarkdale, OntarioAugust 2518841 (the perpetrator)The 28-year-old head teacher, William Norris wounded Fanny Ford, a teacher who had rejected his advances, with three shots. He then fatally shot himself through the head.[93][94][95]
Kingston School shootingKingston, OntarioApril 2819021Beatrice Holland, a 14-year-old student, is shot and killed by a fellow student at the Frontenac School. The shooter, 15-year-old Eric Sharp, fled the scene but later turned himself in to the police.[96]
Altona schoolhouse shootingAltona, ManitobaOctober 1019022 (including the perpetrator)Henry J. Toews, a schoolteacher, confronted on the road three school trustees with whom he had some problems, drew a revolver, and shot all of them. Toews then returned to the schoolhouse and shot three female students who were the children of the trustees before turning the gun on himself. One of the students died and the shooter died months later.[97][98]
Ross Sheppard High School shootingEdmonton, AlbertaMarch 161959119-year-old Stan Williamson opened fire with a .22 caliber rifle inside a crowded corridor of Ross Sheppard High School, killing 16-year-old Howard Gates and wounding five teenage girls. The shooting ended when three 18-year-old students held the gunman down until he could be arrested by police.[99]
Centennial Secondary School shootingBrampton, OntarioMay 2819753 (including the perpetrator)16-year-old gunman Michael Slobodian shot and killed a fellow student and a teacher, and injured 13 other students before turning the gun on himself and committing suicide in a school hallway.[100] Slobodian is the first recorded high-school aged school shooter in the country.
St. Pius X High School shootingOttawa, OntarioOctober 2719753 (including the perpetrator)Robert Poulin, an 18-year-old St. Pius student, opened fire on his classmates with a shotgun, killing one and wounding five before turning the gun on himself and committing suicide. Poulin had raped and stabbed his 17-year-old friend Kim Rabot to death prior to the shooting. A book entitled Rape of a Normal Mind was written about the incident.[100]
Sturgeon Creek High School Shooting[101]Winnipeg, ManitobaOctober19781A 17-year-old student shot a 16-year-old to death, allegedly for ridiculing the American rock band Kiss. He was arrested and found not guilty of first-degree murder by reason of insanity.[100]
Weston Collegiate InstituteToronto, Ontario19890The school principal escorted a group of trespassers off school property. They returned an hour later and when confronted by the principal a male (19) shot at him while fleeing the property. No one was injured. A fence around the perimeter was later erected due to this incident.[102]
École Polytechnique massacreMontreal, QuebecDecember 6198915 (including the perpetrator)25-year-old Marc Lépine, armed with a legally obtained semi-automatic rifle and a hunting knife, embarked on a shooting spree throughout the school, killing fourteen women and injuring ten other women and four men before killing himself.[100]
Concordia University massacreMontreal, QuebecAugust 2419924Dr. Valery Fabrikant, a 52-year-old former associate professor of mechanical engineering at Concordia, shot and killed four of his ex-colleagues and wounded a fifth before being subdued by two people he took hostage and being arrested by police.[100]
W. R. Myers High School shootingTaber, AlbertaApril 2819991A 14-year-old student, Todd Cameron Smith, walked into his school and randomly shot at three students, killing one named Jason Lang and injuring another before being arrested.[103] This shooting took place only eight days after the Columbine High School massacre and is widely believed to have been a copycat crime.
Bramalea Secondary SchoolBrampton, OntarioDecember 1020041On December 10, 2004, a gunman shot 47-year-old grade 10 teacher Aysegul Candir in the head multiple times in a Bramalea Secondary School parking lot. Mrs. Candir was pronounced dead in hospital later in the day.[104] Peel Regional Police would later apprehend Candir's 62-year-old husband, Erhun, and charge him with murder. The incident was considered as a domestic dispute, and even though the school was locked down for most of the day, students were never in harm's way.
Dawson College shootingMontreal, QuebecSeptember 1320062 (including the perpetrator)25-year-old Kimveer Gill began shooting outside the de Maisonneuve Boulevard entrance to the school, hitting several students and visitors, and moved towards the atrium by the cafeteria on the main floor, where he shot dozens of additional victims.[105][106] The shooter later committed suicide by shooting himself in the head after being shot in the arm by police.[107] One victim died at the scene, while another 19 were injured, eight of whom were listed in critical condition with six requiring surgery.[108][109][110]
C. W. Jefferys Collegiate Institute shootingToronto, OntarioMay 2320071Two 17-year-old Canadian citizens, whom the media can not identify under the provisions of Canada's Youth Criminal Justice Act, were arrested on May 27, 2007, and charged with the first-degree murder of a 15-year-old student at the C. W. Jefferys Collegiate Institute. Prior to one of the arrests, police had taken the unusual step of obtaining a judicial order to publish one suspect's name and photograph as he was considered armed and dangerous. The media reported his identity and photo, then had to take the stories off their websites after he was arrested hours later.[100]
Bendale Business and Technical Institute shootingToronto, OntarioSeptember 1620080A 16-year-old boy was shot in the chest in the school's parking lot following an altercation involving several people. The victim was hospitalized in critical condition. On September 17, 2008, Toronto Police announced it had made two arrests in the case; 18-year-old Mark Deicsics was charged with armed robbery.[111]
Central Technical School shootingToronto, OntarioSeptember 3020100At least one gunshot was fired from a handgun following a confrontation between four students, causing a victim to suffer a graze wound to his temple. The school was placed under lock down, and two 17-year-olds were charged by police, one with charges related to the shooting, and the other with conspiracy.[112][113]
Les Racines de vie MontessoriGatineau, QuebecApril 520132 (including the perpetrator)A gunman killed one man and himself at a small daycare. There were 53 children present at the school, which is divided between two houses. Daycare staff at the houses, 225 and 229 Gamelin St., called 911 at 10:27 a.m. about a man threatening people. Police arrived and found one man dead with a shotgun beside him, apparently a suicide. A second dead man was found soon after. Police have identified one of the dead as Robert Charron but have not named him the shooter.[114]
York University shootingToronto, OntarioMarch 620140One woman was shot and suffered non-life-threatening injuries and another woman received minor non-gun-related injuries from the suspect during a shooting that took place at the University Student Centre. Kemon Edwards, 22, is alleged to have been carrying a gun that accidentally discharged in the crowded student center around 10:45 p.m. during the weekly pub night at the Underground, which is connected to the cafeteria. He faced 17 charges including discharging a firearm, careless use of a firearm and aggravated assault.[115]
La Loche shootingsLa Loche, SaskatchewanJanuary 2220164Two people were killed and seven others were injured when a 17-year-old student opened fire inside of the La Loche Community School. Prior to the school shooting, the suspect shot dead two of his cousins at a home. The suspect was apprehended and is currently in custody.[116]

Europe

People and candles in front of Kauhajoki School of Hospitality (in Kauhajoki, Finland) one day after a tragic shooting incident in 2008.

The following is a list of incidents of shootings that occurred at schools in Europe.

NameLocationDateYearDeath tollNotes
Bremen school shootingBremen, GermanyJune 2019135 (4 by gunfire)[117]29-year-old unemployed teacher Heinz Schmidt indiscriminately shot at students and teachers, killing four girls and wounding more than twenty others before being subdued by school staff. A fifth girl also died during the incident when she fell down a staircase.[118]
Wilno school massacreWilno, Second Polish Republic
(now Vilnius, Lithuania)
May 619255 (including both perpetrators)A student of Joachim Lelewel High School, Stanisław Ławrynowicz, fired shots and detonated a hand grenade which killed him, two students and a teacher while sitting Matura (final exams). His friend, Janusz Obrąbalski attempted to detonate another grenade, which turned out to be faulty. Obrąbalski then committed suicide by shooting himself in the head. A bomb left by the two was later found in one of the classrooms.
Kungälv school shootingKungälv, SwedenMarch 419611A 17-year-old student fired fifteen bullets into a crowd at a school dance at Kungälvs Läroverk (aka Thorildskolan), killing one student and wounding six others before escaping. He turned himself in to local police the following morning and was arrested.
Cologne school massacreCologne, GermanyJune 11196411 (including the perpetrator)[119]42-year-old Walter Seifert attacked numerous students and adults with a home-made flamethrower, killing eight students before murdering his last two victims, both female teachers, with a spear. He then swallowed parathion, and died the following day.
St John's School Dundee, United Kingdom November 1 1967 1 Armed with a shotgun, Robert Mone entered a girls' needlework class at St John's School. He subjected the 14- and 15-year-old pupils and their pregnant teacher, Nanette Hanson, to a 1 12-hour ordeal, before shooting Hanson dead, raping one girl, and sexually assaulting another.[120]
Zadar school shootingZadar, YugoslaviaOctober1972219-year-old student Milorad Vulinović shot and killed two of his professors using his father's stolen gun.[121]
Eppstein school shootingEppstein, GermanyJune 319836 (including the perpetrator)34-year-old Czech refugee Karel Charva opened fire in a sixth-grade classroom, first shooting and wounding the teacher, then killing three students and injuring fourteen others. He then killed a teacher and a police officer who tried to intervene before committing suicide. An additional thirty children suffered from shock during the incident.
Ferres Comprehensive SchoolHigham Ferrers, England, United KingdomJanuary 619880Three months after he was expelled, Darren Fowler returned to his former school, Ferres Comprehensive School, shooting and wounding two teachers and two pupils before he was overpowered by staff.[122]
Raumanmeri school shootingRauma, FinlandJanuary 2419892Two students were fatally shot by a 14-year-old student at the Raumanmeri secondary school. The shooter had claimed to be a victim of bullying.[123]
Aarhus University shootingAarhus, DenmarkApril 519943 (including the perpetrator)35-year-old student Flemming Nielsen shot and killed two people and wounded two others with a sawed-off shotgun before taking his own life.[124]
Dunblane massacreDunblane, United KingdomMarch 13199619 (including the perpetrator and the unborn child)43-year-old Thomas Hamilton opened fire in a gymnasium, killing sixteen children and one adult and injuring fifteen others before committing suicide. It remains the deadliest attack on children in British history.[125]

A ban on the ownership of handguns was introduced in the United Kingdom (with the exception of Northern Ireland) following the massacre.[126]

ROC de LeijgraafVeghel, NetherlandsDecember 719990A 17-year-old student opened fire at ROC de Leijgraaf school, wounding three students and one teacher. One student was critically injured. It was the first school shooting in the history of the Netherlands.[127][128]
Erfurt massacreErfurt, GermanyApril 26200217 (including the perpetrator)19-year-old Robert Steinhäuser began shooting through his former school, targeting teachers and faculty members. Twelve teachers and one administrator were killed, along with two students and a police officer; only one other person was injured. The shooter then committed suicide.[129]
Coburg shootingCoburg, GermanyJuly 320031 (the perpetrator)A 16-year-old student, known only as Florian K., shot and wounded his teacher and an intervening school psychiatrist before taking his own life.[130]
Terra CollegeThe Hague, NetherlandsJanuary20041A student shot the school principal, Hans van Wieren, in the head.
Rötz school shootingRötz, GermanyMarch 720050After being ordered to leave the classroom, a 14-year-old student returned with a gun and threatened the life of the 35-year-old class teacher. During a struggle the weapon was fired and taken from the student. Investigators' findings state that the student did not intend to kill the teacher, but himself. No one was injured.[131]
Geschwister Scholl School attackEmsdetten, GermanyNovember 2020061 (the perpetrator)18-year-old Bastian Bosse, a former student of the school, fired several shots with two sawed-off rifles and a caplock pistol and also threw several homemade smoke bombs before killing himself. The incident ended with no other fatalities, with 37 people being injured, including four students who suffered gunshot wounds, one teacher wounded by being hit in the face with a smoke bomb, sixteen police officers who suffered from smoke inhalation, and the school custodian who was shot in the abdomen inside the school.[132]
Jokela school shootingTuusula, FinlandNovember 720079 (including the perpetrator)18-year-old Pekka-Eric Auvinen opened fire in the school's main hallway, killing six students, school principal Helena Kalmi, and the school nurse before shooting and wounding himself in a suicide attempt; he later died at a hospital. One other person suffered gunshot wounds, and eleven people were injured by shattering glass while escaping from the school building. The day before the incident, Auvinen posted a video on YouTube predicting the massacre at the school.[133][134]
Kauhajoki school shootingKauhajoki, FinlandSeptember 23200811 (including the perpetrator)22-year-old student Matti Juhani Saari entered the school via the basement and opened fire in a classroom he attended before setting it on fire with homemade Molotov cocktails and then fleeing the scene. Nine students and one staff member died in the incident. A woman was shot in the head and critically wounded, but survived after having two operations, while ten other students sustained minor injuries such as sprains and cuts from broken glass. Authorities eventually found Saari, who had shot himself but was still alive; he died a short time later. It was assumed that the Jokela case, the previous year (above), inspired Saari to commit the massacre.[135]
Winnenden school shootingWinnenden, GermanyMarch 11200916 (including the perpetrator)17-year-old Tim Kretschmer, a former student of the school, opened fire in two classrooms and a chemistry laboratory, killing nine and injuring seven others. He then successfully escaped the school, killing two female teachers in the process. Afterwards, he shot and killed the caretaker of a psychiatric facility and then carjacked a motorist, who drove him into another town before escaping unharmed. The shooter opened fire in a car showroom after unsuccessfully trying to steal a car, killing two and injuring two others. He then committed suicide after a brief shootout with police.[136][137]
OAED Vocational College shootingAthens, GreeceApril 1020091 (the perpetrator)19-year-old Dimitris Patmanidis shot and wounded a student and two workers from a nearby technical company before shooting and wounding himself in the head in a suicide attempt. He died later at a hospital.[138]
Kanebogen Elementary School shootingHarstad, NorwayApril 2820090A nine-year-old student fired a shotgun in schoolyard; however, nobody was injured in the incident. The shooter was disarmed and subdued by a female teacher, but due to his age, he wasn't tried for the crime, although his father was fined for not keeping the shotgun, a rifle, and ammunition according to Norwegian rules. This was the first Norwegian school shooting.[139]
University of Pécs shootingPécs, HungaryNovember 2620091A 23-year-old student entered the building of the university's biophysics research institute and opened fire in the classroom, killing one man. In earlier reports, two people were reported to be in critical condition and a third in serious condition.[140]
Toulouse school shootingToulouse, FranceMarch 1920125 (including the perpetrator)23-year-old Mohammed Merah opened fire at a Jewish day school, killing three schoolchildren and a teacher. The incident was the last of three terrorist attacks against French soldiers and Jewish civilians, occurring in an eight-day span. The shooter was later shot and killed by police after a massive three-day manhunt and a 30-hour standoff at his home.[141]
2014 Moscow school shootingMoscow, RussiaFebruary 320142High school student Sergey Gordeyev, armed with two rifles, forced his way past a security guard, took hostages, and killed his geography teacher. He then killed a police officer and wounded another who arrived at the scene. He later released the hostages and was captured by the police after his father came to the school.
2014 Viljandi school shootingViljandi, EstoniaOctober 2720141A 15-year-old boy killed his German language teacher with a gun in Paalalinna school. All students were evacuated in school hall and police arrested the shooter. As of now, it remains unclear as to why the shooting took place.
2015 Joan Fuster school shootingBarcelona, SpainApril 2020151A 13-year-old boy armed with a crossbow and a machete killed a teacher and injured 4. The first ever student to organize a school shooting in Spain had a breakdown when his PE teacher managed to talk with him, then proceeded to sit in a classroom until the police arrived. Under Spanish law, the boy is exempt from legal responsibility because he's under 14.
Tocqueville high school shootingGrasse, FranceMarch 1620170A 16-year-old boy, armed with a rifle, two handguns, a revolver and two grenades opened fire at Alexis de Tocqueville high school in Grasse in southern France. A total of five people were injured, four students and the school's principal. Anti-terrorist commandos were sent to the scene and the shooter was arrested. The perpetrator was revealed to be a student of the school, and his Facebook and YouTube accounts showed that he was interested in the Columbine massacre and watched videos on how to make homemade weapons.[142]
Shadrinsk school shootingShadrinsk, RussiaMarch 2120180A 13-year-old girl opened fire with a gas pistol at her school in Russia's Kurgan region, injuring seven seventh graders. The victims suffered bruises and scrapes.[143]
Barabinsk college shootingBarabinsk, RussiaMay 1020181 (the perpetrator)A college student shot another student with a double-barreled shotgun and shot himself.[144]
Kerch Polytechnic College massacreKerch, CrimeaOctober 17201821 (including the perpetrator)A bomb exploded on the first floor and then Vladislav Roslyakov, an 18-year-old boy, started shooting people in the college's dining room on the second floor. A total of 21 people died and over 50 people were injured.[145]
2019 Brześć Kujawski school attackBrześć Kujawski, PolandMay 272019018-year-old former student known only as Marek N. detonated explosives then he shot and wounded 2 people[146] in an apparent Columbine-style attack at Władysław Łokietek Elementary School.

Mexico

The following is a list of incidents of shootings that occurred at schools in Mexico.

NameLocationDateYearDeath tollNotes
Iztapalapa school shootingMexico City, MexicoMay 1320041A 13-year-old middle-schooler, Alejandro, accidentally shot classmate, Dalia Gómez, in the head at Instituto Angel del Campo. The wound caused a significant neurological injury and immediately left her in a coma. She was later declared brain dead and died a week later in a hospital. Alejandro allegedly took the gun to school to show it to his friends.[147]
Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl school shootingCiudad Nezahualcóyotl, Estado de MéxicoFebruary 720050A middle-school student accidentally shot a female classmate in the leg with a .25 caliber weapon. She was not reported in critical condition.[148]
Winston Churchill school shootingMexico City, MexicoJune 1320071Fernando Marcelo Martínez González, a father of a student, entered the school near the time that the school was supposed to start. He shot and killed the preschool principal Carla Jiménez Baños with a 9 mm pistol. This came after the school let Fernando and his ex-wife know that they would not allow their son to go to the school because they believed that the situation at home was affecting other students as well.[149]
Chihuahua School ShootingChihuahua, ChihuahuaOctober 120102 (including the perpetrator)When 2 policemen attended a call of a violent argument in Primaria Benito Juarez, they were forced to put their weapons down after the perpetrator took the vice-principal hostage and aimed a gun at her head. Soon after, he murdered her and he committed suicide after being surrounded by officials.[150]
Ciudad Juárez school shootingCiudad Juárez, ChihuahuaAugust 2420111Two cars drove up to an elementary school at around noontime, as parents were waiting for their children to be released from school. The men in the cars started firing assault rifles, killing one man, and wounding four women and one man. The elementary school was placed on lock-down and students were released after the situation was being handled. While the motive of the attack is reported to be unknown, schools in the Ciudad Juárez area have reported receiving threats and extortion demands in the past.[151]
Ciudad Juárez school shootingCiudad Juárez, ChihuahuaJanuary 1220121A 30-year-old man was killed by being shot nine times in front of children at an elementary school as they were leaving for the day. The shooting induced panic from parents of children, some of whom witnessed the shooting. The gunman was unidentified, as of 2012.[152]
Atizapán school shootingAtizapán de Zaragoza, Estado de MéxicoMay 62014113-year-old Ricardo Ordonez was shot and killed at a school. 15-year-old Édgar Yoevani was arrested.[153]
Monterrey school shootingMonterrey, Nuevo LeónJanuary 1820172 (including the perpetrator)Colegio Americano del Noreste 2017 shootings 15-year-old Federico Guevara Elizondo committed suicide after shooting 2 students and a teacher. The teacher died more than 2 months later in hospital.[154]
Conalep 106 school shootingAzcapotzalco, Mexico CityMarch 2520170A teenage student accidentally shot a classmate.[155]
UNAM school shootingMexico City, MexicoFebruary 23201822 drug dealers that operated within the Ciudad Universitaria were apparently shot by two drug dealers from opposing cartels. The two victims, of ages 20 and 29, died the same day in a medical clinic. They had no relation to the institution.[156]
Los Mochis school shootingLos Mochis, SinaloaFebruary 2520181An armed group of hitmen approached Joel Medina, director of operations at the local police department and law student at the time at Autonomous University of Sinaloa, and shot him to death inside his vehicle while arriving to the parking lot of the university's installations. The suspects were later engaged in a gunfight against police forces and 2 hitmen were allegedly killed.[157]
Huixquilucan school shootingHuixquilucan, Estado de MéxicoApril 1120180After a heated discussion between two students at Telesecundaria No. 0399 "Lic. Alfredo del Mazo", a student pulled out a pistol and shot at the stomach of another student. The perpetrator fled the scene to his home where he committed suicide as he was believed to be in extreme regret. The victim survived the attack.[158]
Cd. Victoria school shootingCiudad Victoria, TamaulipasApril 2420181At Preparatoria Federalizada No. 1 "Marte R. Gómez", a failed kidnapping attempt led an unknown number of shooters to descend from a vehicle and shoot at students inside the school facility. 3 males, one of them dead, and 2 females were shot.[159]
Nicolas Romero school shootingCiudad Nicolás Romero, Estado de MexicoFebruary 1220191The events occurred in the Juana de Asbaje middle school in municipality ofCiudad Nicolás Romero, located in the outskirts of Mexico city. A 13-year-old boy was shot by accident by a classmate who was demonstrating a .22 caliber pistol to him. The student was taken into custody by local authorities.[160]
San Andrés Huaxpaltepec school shootingSan Andrés Huaxpaltepec, OaxacaFebruary 2120191At an elementary school in a small community in the southern regions of the state of Oaxaca, gunmen entered the installation and killed a teacher at gunpoint in front of some of the school's students. The reasons of why he was targeted are unknown.[161]
UAZ school shootingZacatecas, ZacatecasApril 1020191A 22-year-old student was shot 8 times by one gunman. The attack was targeted directly at her.[162]
Colegio Cervantes shootingTorreón, CoahuilaJanuary 1020202 (including the perpetrator)An 11-year-old student used two guns to shoot two teachers and three students, killing one teacher and himself.[163] The school periodically participates in Operativo Mochila (Operation Backpack), and it is unclear how he got the guns into the school.[164] The newspaper El Universal reported that the shooter was influenced by a video game and had stated on a Facebook group that he wanted to duplicate the 2017 Monterrey school shooting.[165] He was dressed in a white T-shirt and suspenders, reminiscent of Eric Harris in the Columbine High School massacre.[166]

Oceania

The following is a list of incidents of shootings that occurred in the Oceanic region.

Name Location Date Death toll Notes
Waikino Schoolhouse shooting New Zealand October 19, 1923 2 Two children killed and nine wounded, including the headmaster, by John Higgins. This is the first and only school shooting to occur in New Zealand.[167]
Orara High SchoolCoffs Harbour, AustraliaJune 19, 19910A student brought a rifle to school injuring 2 teachers and 1 student. The shooter was tackled to the ground by fellow students. This was the first known school shooting to occur in Australia.[168]
Banksia Park High School Adelaide, Australia March 31, 1993 0 A student brought a shotgun and rifle to school. The shooter fired two shots and the school was evacuated. The student remained in the school till coaxed out by police.[169]
La Trobe University shootingMelbourne, AustraliaAugust 3, 19991A student opened fire in a La Trobe University campus restaurant that he used to be employed by, killing the restaurant's manager. Other patrons were injured.[170]
Monash University shootingMelbourne, AustraliaOctober 21, 20022A student shot his classmates and teacher, killing two and injuring five. It took place at Monash University in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[171]
Tomaree High SchoolSalamander Bay, AustraliaApril 3, 20030The shooter threw petrol bombs before opening fire, seriously wounding 2 students.[172]
Modbury High SchoolAdelaide, AustraliaMay 7, 20120A Year 8 student took a revolver on school grounds, firing shots; nobody was injured.[173]

South America

The following is a list of incidents of shootings that occurred in South American schools.

Name Location Date Death toll Notes
Limeira school shootingLimeira, BrazilMarch 6, 20011During an argument with his girlfriend's brother a 16-year-old student drew a pistol and began shooting at his high school, hitting three students nearby, one of them fatally.[174]
Carmen de Patagones school shootingCarmen de Patagones, ArgentinaSeptember 28, 20044Four students killed and five wounded by a 15-year-old student in a town 620 miles south of Buenos Aires.[175]
Realengo massacreRio de Janeiro, BrazilApril 7, 201113 (including the perpetrator)A former student (23) fatally shot 12 people inside the school and committed suicide after being shot down by a policeman.[176]
Goyases School ShootingGoiania, BrazilOctober 20, 20172A student of the Goyases Private School fatally shot 2 classmates and caused 4 injuries, tried to commit suicide but was convinced not to do it by a teacher, being arrested right after the crime.[177]
Medianeira School ShootingParaná, BrazilSeptember 28, 20180Two teenagers, 15, entered armed and shot against classmates of the João Manoel Mondrone State College in Medianeira, western Paraná, 60 km from Foz do Iguaçu. According to police, two students were injured, one of them, aged 15, severely, with a shot in the back, near the spine, the other, 18, was hit by a scratch in one of the legs.[178]
Suzano Massacre Suzano, São Paulo, Brazil March 13, 2019 10 (including the perpetrators) Two men entered the school and shot two staff and then proceeded to attack the students, killing at least six students, and wounding at least ten others. Both committed suicide before the police's arrival.[179]

United States

School shootings are a "uniquely American crisis", according to The Washington Post in 2018.[180] School shootings are considered an "overwhelmingly American" phenomenon due to the availability of firearms in the United States.[62] Kids at U.S. schools have active shooter drills.[181] According to USA Today, in 2019 “about 95% of public schools now have students and teachers practice huddling in silence, hiding from an imaginary gunman.”[181]

Between the 1999 Columbine High School massacre in Colorado and the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in Connecticut, there were 31 school shootings in the United States and 14 in the rest of the world combined.[4] Between 2000 and 2010, counting incidents from 37 countries in which someone was injured or killed on school grounds, with two or more victims, and not counting “single homicides, off-campus homicides, killings caused by government actions, militaries, terrorists or militants”, the number of such incidents in the United States was one less than in the other 36 countries combined; in the vast majority of the United States incidents, perpetrators used guns.[3][182]

The United States Federal government tracks school shootings, and as noted above, a U.S. Education Department report, released earlier in the year, for the 2015–2016 school year said "nearly 240 schools ... reported at least 1 incident involving a school-related shooting". NPR independently evaluated this claim and only confirmed 11 of the 240 cited incidents.[66] Addressing school shootings in the United States was made more difficult by the passage by United States Congress of the Dickey Amendment in 1996, which mandated that no Centers for Disease Control and Prevention funds “may be used to advocate or promote gun control”, although this does not mean the CDC has stopped researching gun violence.[183][184][185] Instead, Congress relies on independent research done by non-partisan organizations for getting data on gun violence in the United States.

Between the 1999 Columbine High School massacre and the 2018 Santa Fe High School shooting in Texas, more than 214,000 students experienced gun violence at 216 schools, and at least 141 children, educators and other people were killed and another 284 were injured. 38% of the students who experienced school shootings were African American although African American students were 16.6% of the school population.[186] Schools in at least 36 states and the District of Columbia have experienced a shooting.[180]

Many school shootings in the United States result in one non-fatal injury.[187] The type of firearm most commonly used in school shootings in the United States is the handgun. Three school shootings (the 1999 Columbine High School massacre in Colorado, the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in Connecticut, and the 2018 Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Florida), accounted for 43% of the fatalities; the type of firearm used in the most lethal school shootings was the rifle.[180] High-capacity magazines, which allow the perpetrator to fire dozens of rounds without having to reload, were used in the Columbine High School massacre and the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.[188]

70% of the perpetrators of school shootings were under the age of 18, with the median age of 16. More than 85% of the perpetrators of school shootings obtained their firearms from their own homes or from friends or relatives.[186] Targeted school shootings, those occurring for example in the context of a feud, were about three times as common as those that appeared indiscriminate. Most perpetrators of school shootings exhibited no signs of debilitating mental disorder, such as psychosis or schizophrenia, although most mass killers typically have or exhibit signs of depression. On the other hand, Eric Harris was almost certainly a psychopath as noted by the FBI.[180] Between the 1999 Columbine High School massacre in Colorado and 2015, "more than 40 people" were "charged with Columbine-style plots;" almost all were white male teenagers and almost all had studied the Columbine attack or cited the Columbine perpetrators Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold as inspiration.[189]

At least 68 schools that experienced a school shooting employed a police officer or security guard; in all but a few, the shooting ended before any intercession. Security guards or resource officers were present during four of the five school shooting incidents with the highest number of dead or injured: the 1999 Columbine High School massacre in Colorado, the 2018 Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, the 2018 Marshall County High School shooting in Kentucky, and the 2001 Santana High School shooting in California.[180][190]

There were 11 firearm-related events that occurred at a school or campus in the first 23 days of 2018.[191] As of May 2018, more people, including students and teachers, were killed in 2018 in schools in the United States than were killed in military service for the United States, including both combat and non-combat military service, according to an analysis by The Washington Post.[192][193][194] In terms of the year-to-date number of individual deadly school shootings incidents in the United States, early 2018 was much higher than 2017, with 16 in 2018 and four in 2017, through May;[193] the year-to-day through May number of incidents was the highest since 1999.[186] As of May 2018, thirteen school shootings took place on K–12 school property in 2018 that resulted in firearm-related injuries or deaths, including 32 killed and 65 injured, according to Education Week.[195][196][197] 22 school shootings where someone was hurt or killed occurred in the United States in the first 20 weeks of 2018, according to CNN.[198]

List of school shootings in the United States

As of October 2018, the ten deadliest school shootings in the United States since the 1999 Columbine High School massacre in Colorado in which 13 were killed were the:

Other infamous school shootings that occurred in the United States include the 1966 University of Texas tower shooting in Austin in which 16 were killed, the 2001 Santana High School shooting in Santee, California in which two were killed, and the 2018 Marshall County High School shooting in Benton, Kentucky in which two were killed.[200][187][201]

Studies of United States school shootings

During 1996, the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) together with the US Department of Education and the United States Department of Justice, published a review of deaths related to schools occurring as a result of violence, including explicitly "unintentional firearm-related death", for the academic years 1992–1993 and 1993–1994.[202] A second study (Anderson; Kaufman; Simon 2001), a continuation from the 1996 study, was published December 5, and covered the period 1994–1999.[203]

A United States Secret Service study concluded that schools were placing false hope in physical security, when they should be paying more attention to the pre-attack behaviors of students. Zero-tolerance policies and metal detectors "are unlikely to be helpful," the Secret Service researchers found. The researchers focused on questions concerning the reliance on SWAT teams when most attacks are over before police arrive, profiling of students who show warning signs in the absence of a definitive profile, expulsion of students for minor infractions when expulsion is the spark that push some to return to school with a gun, buying software not based on school shooting studies to evaluate threats although killers rarely make direct threats, and reliance on metal detectors and police officers in schools when shooters often make no effort to conceal their weapons.[204]

In May 2002, the Secret Service published a report that examined 37 U.S. school shootings. They had the following findings:

  • Incidents of targeted violence at school were rarely sudden, impulsive acts.
  • Prior to most incidents, other people knew about the attacker's idea or plan to attack.
  • Most attackers did not threaten their targets directly prior to advancing the attack.
  • There is no accurate or useful profile of students who engaged in targeted school violence.
  • Most attackers engaged in some behavior prior to the incident that caused others concern or indicated a need for help.
  • Most attackers had difficulty coping with significant losses or personal failures. Moreover, many had considered or attempted suicide.
  • Many attackers felt bullied, persecuted, or injured by others prior to the attack.
  • Most attackers had access to and had used weapons prior to the attack.
  • In many cases, other students were involved in some capacity.
  • Despite prompt law enforcement responses, most shooting incidents were stopped by means other than law enforcement intervention.[205]

Cultural references

Californian punk rock group The Offspring has created two songs about school shootings in the United States. In "Come Out and Play" (1994), the focus is on clashing school gangs,[206] lamenting that "[kids] are getting weapons with the greatest of ease", "It goes down the same as a thousand before / No one's getting smarter / No one's learning the score / A never ending spree of death and violence and hate". In the 2008 song "Hammerhead", a campus gunman thinks he is a soldier in a warzone.[206][207] One of the more provocative songs to come out of the Parkland, Fla. high school shooting was “thoughts & prayers” from politically charged alternative artist/rapper grandson (born Jordan Benjamin).[208] “No thoughts and no prayers can bring back what’s no longer there/ The silent are damned/the body count is on your hands”; the song is a critique of politicians sending out their “thoughts and prayers” to the victims of the Feb 14 attack at Marjory Stoneman Douglas high school and other mass shootings, accompanied by what he perceives as a consistent resistance to gun control laws.[209]

The song Pumped Up Kicks, by the band Foster the People, was inspired by the Columbine High School massacre.

Political impact

School shootings and other mass killings have had a major political impact. Governments have discussed gun-control laws, to increase time for background checks. Also, bulletproof school supplies have been created, including backpacks,[210] desks, bullet-resistant door panels,[210] and classroom whiteboards (or bulletin boards) which reinforce walls or slide across doors to deflect bullets.[211] Another organization that has proposed possible solutions to school shootings is the National Rifle Association (NRA), to allow teachers to carry weapons on school grounds as a means of protecting themselves and others. So far, ten states have already introduced legislation to allow weapons on school property with eighteen states already allowing guns to be carried on school grounds, but not without constraints. Most states also require the gun carriers to receive advance permission from the districts' superintendents or trustees. "In New York State, written permission from the school is required in order to carry a firearm on school grounds."[212]

Due to the political impact, this has spurred some to press for more stringent gun control laws. In the United States, the National Rifle Association is opposed to such laws, and some groups have called for fewer gun control laws, citing cases of armed students ending shootings and halting further loss of life, and claiming that the prohibitions against carrying a gun in schools do not deter the gunmen.[213][214] One such example is the Mercaz HaRav Massacre, where the attacker was stopped by a student, Yitzhak Dadon, who shot him with his personal firearm which he lawfully carried concealed. At a Virginia law school, there is a disputed claim that three students retrieved pistols from their cars and stopped the attacker without firing a shot.[215] Also, at a Mississippi high school, the vice principal retrieved a firearm from his vehicle and then eventually stopped the attacker as he was driving away from the school.[216] In other cases, such as shootings at Columbine and Red Lake High Schools, the presence of an armed police officer did little to nothing to prevent the killings.[190]

The Gun-Free Schools Act was passed in 1994 in response to gun related violence in schools, so many school systems started adopting the Zero-Tolerance Law. The Gun-Free Schools Act required people to be expelled from the school for a year. By the year of 1997 the Zero-Tolerance for any type of weapon was implemented by more than 90 percent of U.S public schools.[217]

Police response and countermeasures

Analysis of the Columbine school shooting and other incidents where first responders waited for backup has resulted in changed recommendations regarding what bystanders and first responders should do. An analysis of 84 mass shooting cases in the US from 2000 to 2010 found that the average response time by police was 3 minutes.[218] In most instances that exceeds the time the shooter is engaged in killing. While immediate action may be extremely dangerous, it may save lives which would be lost if people involved in the situation remain passive, or a police response is delayed until overwhelming force can be deployed. It is recommended by the department of homeland security that civilians involved in the incident take active steps to evacuate, hide, or counter the shooter and that individual law enforcement officers present or first arriving at the scene attempt immediately to engage the shooter. In many instances, immediate action by civilians or law enforcement has saved lives.[218]

College and university response and countermeasures

The Massengill Report was an after-action report created in the wake of the Virginia Tech shooting, which brought national attention to the need for colleges and universities to take concerning behavior and threats seriously. It has led to the creation of hundreds of behavioral intervention teams which help access and co-ordinate institutional responses to behavioral concerns on college and university campuses.

School countermeasures

Armed classrooms

There has been considerable policy discussion about how to help prevent school and other types of mass shootings. One suggestion that has come up is the idea to allow firearms in the classroom. "Since the issue of arming teachers is a relatively new topic, it has received little empirical study. Therefore, most of the literature does not come from peer reviewed sources but rather published news reports. In addition, most of these reports are not objective and clearly appear to support a specific side of the debate."[219] So far, data has been inconclusive as to whether or not arming teachers would have any sort of benefit for schools. For years, some areas in the US have allowed "armed classrooms" to deter (or truncate) future attacks by changing helpless victims into armed defenders. Advocates of arming teachers claim that it will reduce fatalities in school shootings, but many others disagree.

Many teachers have had their concerns with the idea of armed classrooms. "One teacher stated that although she is pro-gun, she does not feel as though she could maintain gun safety on school grounds (Reuters, 2012). Teachers expressed the fear that bigger students could overpower them, take the weapon, and then use it against the teacher or other students." Some members of the armed forces have also had concerns with armed classrooms. Police forces in Texas brought up the potential for teachers to leave a gun where a student could retrieve and use it. "They are further concerned that if every teacher had a gun, there would be an unnecessarily large number of guns in schools (even including elementary schools). This large number of guns could lead to accidental shootings, especially those involving younger children who do not understand what guns do."

To diminish school shootings there are many preventive measures that can be taken such as:

  • Installing wireless panic alarms to alert law enforcement.
  • Limiting points of entry with security guarding them.
  • Strategically placing telephones for emergencies so police are always reachable at any point in the campus.[220]
  • Employing school psychologists to monitor and provide mental health services for those that need help.[221]
  • Coordinating a response plan between local police and schools in the event of a threat.[222]

In a 2013 research report published by the Center for Homicide Research, they find that many also reject the idea of having armed classrooms due to what is termed the "weapons effect", which is the phenomenon in which simply being in the presence of a weapon can increase feelings of aggression. "In Berkowitz & LaPage's (1967) examination of this effect, students who were in the presence of a gun reported higher levels of aggressive feelings towards other students and gave more violent evaluations of other students' performance on a simple task in the form of electric shocks. This finding points to possible negative outcomes for students exposed to guns in the classroom (Simons & Turner, 1974; Turner & Simons, 1976)."[219]

In 2008, Harrold Independent School District in Texas became the first public school district in the U.S. to allow teachers with state-issued firearm-carry permits to carry their arms in the classroom; special additional training and ricochet-resistant ammunition were required for participating teachers.[223] Students at the University of Utah have been allowed to carry concealed pistols (so long as they possess the appropriate state license) since a State Supreme Court decision in 2006.[224][225] In addition to Utah, Wisconsin and Mississippi each have legislation that allow students, faculty and employees with the proper permit, to carry concealed weapons on their public university's campuses.[226][227] Colorado and Oregon state courts have ruled in favor of Campus Carry laws by denying their universities' proposals to ban guns on campus, ruling that the UC Board of Regents and the Oregon University System did not have the authority to ban weapons on campus.[228][229] A selective ban was then re-instated, wherein Oregon state universities enacted a ban on guns in school building and sporting events or by anyone contracted with the university in question.[230] A commentary in the conservative National Review Online argues that the armed school approach for preventing school attacks, while new in the US, has been used successfully for many years in Israel and Thailand.[231] Teachers and school officials in Israel are allowed and encouraged to carry firearms if they have former military experience in the IDF, which almost all do. Statistics on what percentage of teachers are actually armed are unavailable and in Israel, for example, the intent is to counter politically motivated terrorist attacks on high value, soft targets, not personal defense against, or protection from, unbalanced individual students.

The National Rifle Association has explicitly called for placing armed guards in all American schools.[232] However, Steven Strauss, a faculty member at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government, offered a preliminary calculation that placing armed guards in every American school might cost as much as $15 billion/year, and perhaps only save 10 lives per year (at a cost of $1.5 billion/life saved).[233]

Preventive measures

Because of the increase in guns in the United States, many schools and local communities are taking it into their own hands by providing young students with early gun safety courses to make them aware of the dangers these objects actually are, also to prevent school shootings. According to Katherine A. Fowler, PhD, at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. An average 1,297 children die (two children per 100,000) and 5,790 are treated for injuries caused by guns each year, the study reported. Six percent of these deaths were accidental, 38% were suicides, 53% were homicides and the remaining 3% were from legal intervention or undetermined reasons. Guns injured children at a rate of 8 per 100,000 children, but this rate is likely considerably higher because of unreported injuries.[234]

A preventive measure proposed for stopping school shooting has been focused on securing firearms in the home. A shooting in Sparks, Nevada on October 21, 2013, left a teacher and the shooter, a twelve-year-old student, dead with two seriously injured. The handgun used in the shooting had been taken from the shooter's home. Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Red Lake High School in Red Lake, Minnesota in 2005, and Heath High School in West Paducah, Kentucky in 1997 also involved legal guns taken from the home.

A 2000 study of firearm storage in the United States found that "from the homes with children and firearms, 55% reported to have one or more firearms in an unlocked place". 43% reported keeping guns without a trigger lock in an unlocked place. In 2005 a study was done on adult firearm storage practices in the United States found that over 1.69 million youth under age 18 are living in homes with loaded and unlocked firearms. Also, 73% of children under age 10 living in homes with guns reported knowing the location of their parents' firearms.[235]

Most states have Child Access Prevention Laws—laws designed to prevent children from accessing firearms. Each state varies in the degree of the severity of these laws. The toughest laws enforce criminal liability when a minor achieves access to a carelessly stored firearm. The weakest forbid people from directly providing a firearm to a minor. There is also a wide range of laws that fall in between the two extremes. One example is a law that enforces criminal liability for carelessly stored firearms, but only where the minor uses the firearm and causes death or serious injury. An example of a weaker law is a law that enforces liability only in the event of reckless, knowing or deliberate behavior by the adult.[236]

In 2019, the United States Secret Service released an analysis of targeted school violence, concluding the best practice for prevention was forming a "multidisciplinary threat assessment team, in conjunction with the appropriate policies, tools, and training".[237] An earlier report published in 2018 concluded there was no single profile of a student attacker, and emphasized the importance of the threat assessment process instead. The threat assessment process described includes gathering information about student behaviors, negative or stressful events, and what resources are available for the student to overcome those challenges.[238]

Countermeasures

In 2015 Southwestern High School in Shelbyville, Indiana, was portrayed as possibly the "safest school in America". The school has been used as a "Safe School Flagship" of possible countermeasures to an active shooter.[239]

  • All teachers have lanyards with a panic button that alerts police.[240]
  • Classrooms have automatically locking "hardened doors", and windows have "hardened exterior glass" to deflect bullets and physical attack.[240]
  • Cameras, described as "military-grade", that feed video directly to Shelby County Sheriff's Office[239] are mounted throughout the school.[240]
  • Smoke canisters mounted in the roof of corridors can be remotely discharged to slow a shooter's movement.[240]

Other countermeasures include tools like doorjambs, rapidly-deployable tourniquets, and ballistic protection systems like the CoverMe-Seat.[241]

In 2019, Fruitport High School in Michigan became the first school in the U.S. to be rebuilt with concrete barriers in hallways for students to hide from bullets. The BBC also reports the “hallways are curved to prevent a shooter from having a clear line of sight during any potential attack.” Classrooms have been redesigned so students can hide more easily.[242] Costing $48 million to rebuild, Bob Szymoniak, Fruitport High School's superintendent, believes these alterations will become part of the structure of all U.S. schools. "These are design elements that are naturally part of buildings going into the future."[242]

The STOP School Violence Act is pending legislation to provide funding grants to schools to be used for implementing security measures.[243][244][245]

See also

References

  1. Vossekuil, Bryan; et al. (2004). The Final Report and Findings of the Safe School Initiative (PDF). Washington, DC: United States Secret Service. p. 4.
  2. "Mass Shootings Are Contagious". Live Science. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
  3. Foxman, Simone; King, Ritchie (December 14, 2012). "How school killings in the US stack up against 36 other countries put together". Quartz. Atlantic Media. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
  4. Wolfe-Wylie, William (December 14, 2012). "Interactive: School shootings around the world since 1996". Postmedia Network. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
  5. http://Www.Fbi.Gov, United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (January 1969). School Shooter: A Quick Reference Guide. United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crimes (U.S.).
  6. Vossekuil, Bryan; Fein, Robert; Reddy, Marisa; Borum, Randy; Modzeleski, William (2004). The Final Report and Findings of the Safe School Initiative: Implications for the Prevention of School Attacks in the United States (PDF). Washington, DC: United States Secret Service and United States Department of Education. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
  7. "What Decades Of Covering School Shootings Has Taught Me". NPR.org. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  8. "The Final Report and Findings of the Safe School Initiative" (PDF). U.S. Department of Education. May 1, 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 13, 2007. Retrieved April 19, 2007.
  9. Brown, S. L. (October 2010). "Marriage and Child Wellbeing". Journal of Marriage and the Family. 72 (5): 1059–1077. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00750.x. PMC 3091824. PMID 21566730.
  10. "Catholic Perspectives on Parenting". December 2017.
  11. "SBC Statement Opposing Same-Sex Marriage". June 2015.
  12. Manning, Wendy D.; Lamb, Kathleen A. (February 2004). "Adolescent Well‐Being in Cohabiting, Married, and Single‐Parent Families". Journal of Marriage and Family. 65 (4): 876–893. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00876.x.
  13. "PRWORA". November 23, 2015.
  14. "Internal Revenue Bulletin 2018-10". March 5, 2018.
  15. "Consequences of Growing Up Poor | RSF". russellsage.org. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
  16. "Growing Up with a Single Parent – What Hurts, What Helps". 1995.
  17. "Cohabitation, marriage, relationship stability and child outcomes: an update". July 2011. Archived from the original on December 25, 2019. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
  18. "National Survey on Drug Use and Health". https://nsduhweb.rti.org/respweb/homepage.cfm. 2009. External link in |website= (help)
  19. "Drug Abuse Statistics, NIDA". 1997–2014.
  20. "Creativity in Context". 1996.
  21. Gerard, F.J.; Whitefield, K.C.; Porter, L.E.; Browne, K.D. (2015). "Offender and Offence Characteristics of School Shooting Incidents" (PDF). Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling. 13: 24. doi:10.1002/jip.1439.
  22. "Profiling School Shooters". March 2018.
  23. "The gun's not in the closet". August 2018.
  24. "Government Vows to Take Action Following Kauhajoki Shootings". YLE. Retrieved September 23, 2008.
  25. "The School Shooter". 1999.
  26. "Forecasting Aggression: Toward a New Interdisciplinary Understanding of What Makes Some Troubled Youth Turn Violent". Dana.org. February 2011.
  27. Raine, A (2002) – Biological Basis for Crime in Crime: Public Policies for Crime control (J.Q. Wilson & J. Petersilia) p. 23 ICS Press 2002 Accessed February 20, 2018
  28. , and Accessed February 20, 2018 (1st shown at an earlier date)
  29. Feinberg, Irwin – Why synaptic pruning is important for the developing brain Scientific American Accessed February 15, 2018
  30. Raising children network, in collaboration with, the Centre for Adolescent Health – Brain development: Teenagers Australian parenting website Accessed February 15, 2018
  31. Steinberg, L (2004) – Risk taking in adolescence: what changes, and why? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Accessed February 20, 2018
  32. Bjork, James M.; Pardini, Dustin A. (2015). "Who are those "risk-taking adolescents"? Individual differences in developmental neuroimaging research". Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. 11: 56–64. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2014.07.008. PMC 4324055. PMID 25176616.
  33. Swaak, Taylor (February 25, 2018). "How We Talk about Bullying After School Shootings Can Be Dangerous".
  34. Lanata, John C. (March–April 2003). "Behind the scenes.: A closer look at the school shooters". Sheriff. 55 (2): 22–26. Archived from the original on February 14, 2015.
  35. "Addressing Bullying in Schools". Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
  36. Yukich, Joshua; Towers, Sherry; Gomez-Lievano, Andres; Khan, Maryam; Mubayi, Anuj; Castillo-Chavez, Carlos (2015). "Contagion in Mass Killings and School Shootings". PLOS ONE. 10 (7): e0117259. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1017259T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117259. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4489652. PMID 26135941.
  37. "The story of the first copycat mass shooter". November 7, 2016.
  38. Mullen, Paul quoted in Hannon K 1997, "Copycats to Blame for Massacres Says Expert", Courier Mail, March 4, 1997.
  39. Cantor; Mullen; Alpers (2000). "Mass homicide: the civil massacre". J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 28 (1): 55–63. PMID 10774842.
  40. Phillips, D. P. (1980). "Airplane accidents, murder, and the mass media: Towards a theory of imitation and suggestion". Social Forces. 58 (4): 1001–1024. doi:10.1093/sf/58.4.1001.
  41. Cialdini, Robert 2001. Influence: Science and Practice 4th Ed. Allyn and Bacon, pp. 121–130.
  42. Robertz, Frank (2007). "Deadly Dreams: What Motivates School Shootings?". Scientificamerican.com. Scientific American. 18: 52–59. doi:10.1038/scientificamericanmind0807-52.
  43. "Term Paper Proposal". Journal of Mass Media Ethics. 1993. Archived from the original on August 7, 2007.
  44. "Student Suspected in Washington State School Shooting Plot". Associated Press. February 14, 2018.
  45. O'Toole, Mary Ellen (September 1, 2014). "The Dangerous Injustice Collector: Behaviors of Someone Who Never Forgets, Never Forgives, Never Lets Go, and Strikes Back!". Violence and Gender. 1 (3): 97–99. doi:10.1089/vio.2014.1509.
  46. Cullen, Dave (August 31, 2015). "Inside the Warped Mind of Vester Flanagan and Other Shooters". The New Republic. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
  47. Stuart, H (June 2003). "Violence and mental illness: an overview". World Psychiatry. 2 (2): 121–124. PMC 1525086. PMID 16946914.
  48. ""Safe School Initiative"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 4, 2009. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
  49. Peters, Justin (December 19, 2013). "Everything You Think You Know about Mass Murder Is Wrong". Slate.
  50. Gold & Simon. "Gun Violence and Mental Illness. Vol. First edition". Oxford Academic. American Psychiatric Association Publishing. Retrieved April 5, 2020. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (CC BY 3.0) license.
  51. Ferguson, Christopher J.; Coulson, Mark; Barnett, Jane (January 1, 2011). "Psychological Profiles of School Shooters: Positive Directions and One Big Wrong Turn". Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations. 11 (2): 141–158. doi:10.1080/15332586.2011.581523. S2CID 143967040.
  52. McGinty, Emma E.; Webster, Daniel W.; Barry, Colleen L. (May 2013). "Effects of News Media Messages About Mass Shootings on Attitudes Toward Persons With Serious Mental Illness and Public Support for Gun Control Policies". American Journal of Psychiatry. 170 (5): 494–501. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13010014. PMID 23511486.
  53. Rosenberg, Jessica (March 2014). "Mass Shootings and Mental Health Policy". Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare. 41 (1): 107–121.
  54. Baird, Roellke, & Zeifman (2017). "Alone and adrift: The association between mass school shootings, school size, and student support". Social Science Journal. 54 (3): 261–270. doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2017.01.009. S2CID 152233412.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  55. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 24, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2018.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  56. Draucker, Claire-Burke (2020). "The mental health consequences of mass school shootings: What do we need to know?". Journal of Advanced Nursing. Wiley. 76 (2): 423–425. doi:10.1111/jan.14258. PMID 31713890.
  57. "Hijack Tied to Teen Classroom Siege". The Press-Courier. Oxnard. Associated Press. April 27, 1988.
  58. "Kentucky Youth Frees 11 Hostages and Surrenders". The New York Times. McKee, KY. Associated Press. September 18, 1989.
  59. Buckley, Jerry (October 31, 1993). "The Tragedy in Room 108". U.S. News and World Report.
  60. AP (August 25, 1997). "Loukaitis trial starts today". Ellensburg Daily Record. Seattle. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
  61. King, Stephen (May 26, 1999). "Stephen King's Keynote Address, Vermont Library Conference, VEMA Annual Meeting". horrorking.com.
  62. Gladwell, Malcolm (October 19, 2015). "Thresholds of Violence, How school shootings catch on". The New Yorker. Retrieved April 1, 2017. School shootings are a modern phenomenon. There were scattered instances of gunmen or bombers attacking schools in the years before Barry Loukaitis, but they were lower profile. School shootings mostly involve young white men. And, not surprisingly, given the ready availability of firearms in the United States, the phenomenon is overwhelmingly American.
  63. Robertz, Frank (2007). "Deadly Dreams". Scientific American Mind. 18 (4): 52–59. doi:10.1038/scientificamericanmind0807-52.
  64. Robertz, Frank (2007). "Deadly Dreams". Scientific American Mind. Scientific American. 18 (4): 52–59. doi:10.1038/scientificamericanmind0807-52.
  65. "Schools are safer than they were in the 90s, and school shootings are not more common than they used to be, researchers say". Retrieved March 30, 2018.
  66. "The School Shootings That Weren't". NPR.org. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
  67. Amok wegen Rüge, Blick (September 20, 1994)
  68. Teacher's wife knew colleague would kill, Independent Online (July 29, 1999) Archived August 21, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  69. School shooting 'like a horror movie' , Independent Online (July 30, 1999) Archived August 21, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  70. "School teacher shoots deputy principal". Thetimes.co.za. Archived from the original on September 1, 2009. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
  71. Girl, 12, shot dead at school Archived January 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, News24 (January 26, 2010)
  72. "Schoolboy knifed: pupils describe attack". IOL News. October 4, 2013. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
  73. "Pupil dies after school shooting". EWN. May 14, 2013. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
  74. "Inside Garissa University College dorm's scene of slaughter". CNN News. April 3, 2015.
  75. Admits killing 7 for revenge, Pacific Stars and Stripes (January 27, 1962)
  76. Teacher who slew 7 denied wish to see pupil perform, Toledo Blade (July 26, 1962)
  77. "Yemen – Gunman goes on shooting spree in schools". Aparchive.com.
  78. School guard injures seven in shooting spree, Guelph Mercury (October 26, 1999) Archived November 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  79. Two dead in school shooting in northwest China city Archived October 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, China Daily (September 27, 2002)
  80. Driver shoots teacher in China campus killing Archived July 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, muzi.com (September 27, 2002)
  81. Gagliardi, Jason (January 15, 2004). "Gangs Not the Only Schoolyard Killers". South China Morning Post. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
  82. 18 people wounded in school shooting in Anhui, Xinhua (October 13, 2005) Archived November 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  83. Boy shoots classmate dead in Gurgaon school, Reuters (December 11, 2007)
  84. "Eight killed at Jerusalem school", BBC News Online, March 6, 2008
  85. Terror Attack At Jerusalem Seminary – Merkaz HaRav Yeshiva – 8 Dead National Terror Alert Response Center, March 6, 2008
  86. Jerusalem seminary attacked UPI, March 6, 2008 Archived March 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  87. "Azerbaijan gunman kills 12 at university". CNN.com. April 30, 2009. Archived from the original on May 3, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
  88. "Academy mass shooting". April 30, 2009. Archived from the original on December 15, 2010.
  89. "Ekspert basqında 'Makarov' dan istifadə olunmasına şübhə edir" (in Azerbaijani). Azadliq.org. April 30, 2009. Archived from the original on May 3, 2009. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
  90. "", CNN, October 27, 2011
  91. "", Sina, October 27, 2011. (in Chinese)
  92. Walsh, Declan (December 17, 2014). "Pakistani Taliban Attack on Peshawar School Leaves 145 Dead". New York Times. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
  93. Hubbert, Mildred Young (1988). Markdale, the Crossroads of Grey. Canada: Markdale Historical Society. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-9693531-0-2.
  94. Markdale Standard (Markdale, Ont.), August 28, 1884, p. 4, column 1
  95. Highl, Grey. "Norris, M. (Died on 25 Aug 1884)". Archived from the original on January 15, 2015. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
  96. "Shot By Schoolmate Frontenac School, Kingston, Scene of a Tragedy. Boy Killed Girl Pupil". News.google.ca. April 29, 1902. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
  97. "Manitobia" (PDF). Manitobia.ca. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
  98. "The Altona school shooting of 1902 – Spectator Tribune". March 15, 2013.
  99. "Homes for Sale in Edmonton". YEGisHome.ca. Archived from the original on August 25, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  100. "Shooting violence in Canadian schools 1975–2007". The Star. Toronto. May 23, 2007. Archived from the original on November 23, 2007.
  101. Martin, Nick (January 19, 2013). "When school shootings were unthinkable". Winnipeg Free Press.
  102. Muschert, Glenn W.; Sumiala, Johanna (2012). School Shootings: Mediatized Violence in a Global Age. Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 9781780529196 via Google Books.
  103. "One dead, one wounded in Alberta school shooting". CBC News. November 10, 1999. Archived from the original on May 22, 2007.
  104. Mitchell, Bob (January 23, 2007). "Wife lived in fear, murder trial told". thestar.com. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
  105. "The Montreal Killer Was a Death-Obsessed Goth". Toronto Daily News. September 14, 2006. Archived from the original on February 24, 2009. Retrieved September 15, 2006.
  106. "Two gunmen open fire at Dawson College". The Gazette. September 13, 2006. Archived from the original on October 21, 2006. Retrieved September 13, 2006.
  107. "Montreal gunman killed himself: autopsy". CBC. September 14, 2006. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved September 15, 2006.
  108. "Communiques" (Press release). Service de police de la ville de Montréal. September 13, 2006.
  109. "Update 7 – Gunman kills one, wounds 19 at Montreal college". Reuters. September 13, 2006. Archived from the original on February 4, 2008. Retrieved September 14, 2006.
  110. "Woman, gunman dead in Montreal school rampage". CBC News. September 13, 2006. Archived from the original on October 23, 2006. Retrieved September 13, 2006.
  111. "Teen shot, injured at Canadian high school". USA Today. September 16, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
  112. "High school locked down after gun fired". Toronto Star. September 30, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
  113. "School shooting suspect faces 10 charges". CBC News. October 6, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
  114. "Gatineau police ID 1 of 2 men dead in daycare shooting". CBC News. April 5, 2013. Archived from the original on April 5, 2013. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
  115. Pagliaro, Jennifer (March 14, 2014). "Six people arrested in York University shooting". Toronto Star. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
  116. "5 dead following school shooting in La Loche, Sask., Trudeau says". CBC Canada. January 22, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  117. Der Massenmord in der Mädchenschule, Prager Tagblatt (June 21, 1913)
  118. Kills 3, wounds 17 in a classroom, The New York Times (June 21, 1913)
  119. "Wie lebende Fackeln stürzten Kinder ins Freie" (in German). Hamburger Abendblatt. June 12, 1964. Archived from the original on February 10, 2013.
  120. Moncur, James (November 2, 2007). "Tribute To Teacher Killed By Monster Mone". dailyrecord. Retrieved September 29, 2019.
  121. "38 godina od ubojstva Vice Vlatkovića i Gojka Matuline" (in Croatian). Zadarski list. October 4, 2010.
  122. "Boy Rambo gets life". The Glasgow Herald. June 25, 1988. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
  123. "School Shootings Rare in Finland". YLE. November 7, 2007. Retrieved November 7, 2007.
  124. Drabssager – 1994 Archived October 15, 2015, at the Wayback Machine(Danish)
  125. Hodgson, Martin (June 5, 2008). "Murray describes fight to cope with trauma of Dunblane school killings". The Guardian. London. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
  126. "New Year gun amnesty planned". BBC News. December 27, 2002. Retrieved July 14, 2009.
  127. "Student shoots four at Dutch school". BBC News. December 7, 1999.
  128. "School shooting suspect's family arrested". BBC News. December 9, 1999.
  129. Brave teacher stopped gun rampage, CNN, April 27, 2002 Archived June 22, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  130. Paterson, Tony (July 3, 2003). "Pupil kills himself in school shooting". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2009.
  131. "Bayrischer Schüler schießt mit Revolver auf Lehrer" (in German). Handelsblatt. March 7, 2005.
  132. 18-jähriger Amokläufer verteilte Bomben im Schulgebäude ("18-year old madman distributed bombs in school building"), Spiegel Online.
  133. "Teen gunman dead from critical injuries who opened fire on Finnish classmates". CNN. November 7, 2007. Archived from the original on November 9, 2007. Retrieved November 7, 2007.
  134. "Fatal shooting at Finnish school". BBC News. November 7, 2007. Retrieved November 7, 2007.
  135. Cser, Attila (September 23, 2008). "Gunman kills 10, self in Finnish school shooting". Reuters. Retrieved September 24, 2008. The killer, 22-year-old Matti Saari, started a fire in the school and then shot himself in the head. He died later in Tampere University Hospital.
  136. "'German school gunman 'kills 15'". BBC News. March 11, 2009. Retrieved March 11, 2009.
  137. "German Police Say School Shooting Kills at Least Nine". Deutsche Welle. March 11, 2009. Retrieved March 11, 2009.
  138. "Greek gunman dies after shooting". BBC. news.bbc.co.uk. April 10, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009.
  139. "Nine-year-old fires shotgun at Norwegian school". April 28, 2009.
  140. "Pécsi egyetemi lövöldözés – ma kezdődik G. Ákos büntetőpere". Pécsi Napilap. December 15, 2010. Archived from the original on January 4, 2011.
  141. Chazan, David (March 22, 2012). "Toulouse school shootings traumatise French Jews". Bbc.co.uk.
  142. "France school shooting: Teenage boy arrested after four hurt". bbc.co.uk. March 16, 2017.
  143. "Russian Schoolgirl Shoots Classmates With Gas Pistol, Seven Injured". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. March 21, 2018.
  144. "'Теперь я над вами подшучу': появились детали стрельбы в российской школе".
  145. "Crimea attack: College shooting kills 19". BBC News. October 17, 2018.
  146. "Strzelanina w Brześciu Kujawskim. Kim jest sprawca, Marek N.?".
  147. "Declaran con muerte cerebral a la menor baleada; no hay esperanzas de que se recupere". La Jornada. May 18, 2004. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
  148. "Evidencia asesinato en colegio deficiente control de armas". El Universal. June 19, 2007. Archived from the original on May 20, 2018. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
  149. "Consterna asesinato de directora de escuela en la Guadalupe Inn". La Jornada. June 14, 2007. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
  150. "Ex policía arma balacera en escuela de Chihuahua". El Siglo de Torreón. October 1, 2010. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
  151. "1 Dead, 5 Wounded In Mexico Border School Shooting". Huffington Post. August 25, 2011. Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
  152. "Man gunned down at elementary school in Juarez". CNN. January 12, 2012. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
  153. "De un balazo mata joven de 15 años a compañero en salón de clases". La Policiaca. May 6, 2014.
  154. "Mexico: Teacher Wounded in January School Shooting Dies". The New York Times. March 29, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  155. "Estos son algunos tiroteos registrados en escuelas de México". Noticieros Televisa (in Spanish). January 10, 2020. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
  156. "Balacera en la UNAM". Excélsior. February 24, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
  157. "Sicarios matan a director operativo de policía". M-X.com.mx. February 25, 2018. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
  158. "Estudiante de telesecundaria del Edomex dispara a un compañero, huye y luego se suicida". Proceso. April 22, 2018. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
  159. "Tiroteados cinco estudiantes en un instituto de bachillerato de Ciudad Victoria". El País. April 24, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
  160. "Por accidente, un menor asesina de un balazo a su compañero". Tribuna. February 13, 2019. Archived from the original on March 2, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
  161. "Asesinan a balazos a maestro enfrente de sus alumnos en Oaxaca". Debate. February 21, 2019. Archived from the original on March 2, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
  162. "Matan a tiros a alumna dentro de Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas". Milenio (in Spanish). April 10, 2019. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  163. Alumno mata a una maestra y hiere a cuatro personas en colegio de Torreón, luego se suicida By Maria Luisa Vivas, Proceso, January 10, 2020
  164. Tiroteo en colegio deja 2 muertos en Torreón, Coahuila Diario de Morelos, January 10, 2020
  165. Videojuego "Natural Selection" influyo al menor del tiroteo: gobernador El Universal, January 10, 2020
  166. Alumno de Torreón usó vestimenta semejante a la de un autor de la matanza de Columbine en 1999 Aristegui Noticias, January 10, 2020
  167. Anderson, Charles (December 23, 2012). "Murder in a small Kiwi school". SundayStar-Times. p. A10. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
  168. "Student Shoots Three Outside His School". Apnewsarchive.com.
  169. "Everyday life in SA in the 1990s, part 2". adelaidenow.com.au. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
  170. Rees, Margaret (October 29, 2002). "Two students killed in Australian university shooting". World Socialist Website.
  171. "Two shot dead, five wounded at Monash Uni". Sydney Morning Herald. October 21, 2012.
  172. "Sydney Morning Herald – news". April 3, 2003.
  173. "Shot fired from gun taken to Modbury High School". The Advertiser. May 11, 2012.
  174. School shootings raise questions in Brazil, The Daily Courier (March 11, 2001)
  175. "Crisis Management: The Case of School Shootings – Case Study: "Islas Malvinas" Middle School" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 14, 2012.
  176. "Brazil school shooting: Rio de Janeiro gunman kills 12". BBC News. April 7, 2011.
  177. "Brazilian schoolboy shoots classmates". Bbc.com. October 20, 2017. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
  178. "Brazil school shooting: Paraná two students hurt two". g1.com. September 28, 2018. Retrieved October 22, 2018.
  179. "At least 8 people were killed in a school shooting in Brazil". CNN. March 13, 2019.
  180. Woodrow Cox, John; Rich, Steven (March 25, 2018). "Scarred by school shootings". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
  181. "My school's lockdown drills, active shooter training are security theater. Yours are, too". USA Today. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
  182. Erickson, Amanda (February 18, 2018). "This is how common school shootings are in America". Chicago Tribune. The Washington Post. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
  183. "National Violent Death Reporting System|NVDRS|Violence Prevention|Injury Center|CDC". cdc.gov. September 19, 2018. Retrieved November 2, 2018.
  184. "Stats of the States – Firearm Mortality". cdc.gov. May 1, 2018. Retrieved November 2, 2018.
  185. "About School Violence". cdc.gov. November 1, 2018. Retrieved November 2, 2018.
  186. Woodrow Cox, John; Rich, Steven; Chiu, Allyson; Muyskens, John; Ulmanu, Monica (May 18, 2018). "School shootings". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
  187. Wilson, Chris (February 22, 2018). "This Chart Shows the Number of School Shooting Victims Since Sandy Hook". Time. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  188. McKelvey, Tara (November 7, 2017). "Why are US mass shootings getting more deadly?". BBC News. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  189. Drash, Wayne (November 3, 2015). "The massacre that didn't happen". CNN. Archived from the original on April 2, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2017. The suspects are almost always white male teenagers who have studied the Colorado high school massacre or cite the killers as inspiration. In the 16 years since the attack in Littleton, Colorado, more than 40 people have been charged with Columbine-style plots, according to searches of news accounts.
  190. Terkel, Amanda (December 5, 2013). "Columbine High School Had Armed Guard During Massacre In 1999". HuffPost. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  191. "A Look At All 11 School Shootings That Took Place In The First 23 Days Of 2018". NPR. January 24, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  192. Bump, Philip (May 18, 2018). "2018 has been deadlier for schoolchildren than service members". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 20, 2018. More people have been killed at schools this year than have been killed while serving in the military.
  193. Sommerfeldt, Chris (May 18, 2018). "This year has been deadlier for American students than American military members". New York Daily News. Retrieved May 19, 2018. More people have been murdered in schools so far this year than have been killed while serving in the U.S. military, according to depressing statistics...The number of individual school shootings is also much higher this year, with 16 deadly incidents across the country so far. Last year, there had been four fatal school shootings during the same period.
  194. Gstalter, Morgan (May 18, 2018). "More people have died in schools than military service members in 2018: report". The Hill. Retrieved May 19, 2018. A new analysis by The Washington Post found that more people have been killed at schools so far in 2018 than have been killed while serving in the U.S. military, based on data from Defense Department news releases.
  195. Blad, Evie; Peele, Holly; Decker, Stacey; Kim, Hyon-Young (May 21, 2018). "School Shootings This Year: How Many and Where". Education Week. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  196. Fattal, Isabel (February 14, 2018). "Another School Shooting—But Who's Counting?". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  197. Farber, Madeline; Szathmary, Zoe (May 19, 2018). "Recent school shootings in the US". Fox News. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  198. Ahmed, Saeed; Walker, Christina (May 18, 2018). "There has been, on average, 1 school shooting every week this year". CNN. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  199. "By the numbers: The 10 deadliest school shootings since Columbine". Axios. May 18, 2018. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  200. Reuters staff (February 14, 2018). "Factbox: Major school shootings in the United States". Reuters. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
  201. Krishnakumar, Priya (May 18, 2018). "Since Sandy Hook, a gun has been fired on school grounds nearly once a week". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
  202. SP Kachur, GM Stennies, KE Powell, W Modzeleski (1996) (sourced from Anderson; Kaufman; Simon 2001) Accessed February 24, 2018
  203. M. Anderson; J. Kaufman; T.R. Simon (December 5, 2001)- School-Associated Violent Deaths in the United States, 1994–1999 Journal of the American Medical Association 2001;286(21):2695–2702. doi:10.1001/jama.286.21.2695 Accessed February 24, 2018
  204. "Deadly Lessons: School Shooters Tell Why" (PDF). Chicago Sun-Times. October 15–16, 2000. Retrieved April 8, 2006.
  205. Vossekuil, B; Fein R; Reddy M; Borum R; Modzeleski W (2002). The Final Report and Findings of the Safe School Initiative: Implications for the Prevention of School Attacks in the United States (PDF). National Threat Assessment Center, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, Safe and Drug-Free Schools Program and U.S. Secret Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 17, 2003. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
  206. Geoff Boucher (June 15, 2008). "Why don't you get a job?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
  207. "Hammerhead by The Offspring". Song Facts. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
  208. "Grandson Signs With Fueled By Ramen Following His Powerful Post-Parkland Theme, 'Thoughts & Prayers'". Billboard. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  209. "Grandson Signs With Fueled By Ramen Following His Powerful Post-Parkland Theme, 'Thoughts & Prayers'". Billboard. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  210. "Bulletproof school supplies get low grades from safety experts". NBCnews.com. August 21, 2013. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
  211. "How bulletproof whiteboards can protect classrooms" (sliding across doors). MSN.com. September 16, 2013. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
  212. "Teachers with Guns: Firearms Discharges by Schoolteachers, 1980–2012". Homicidecenter.org. August 2013. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 1, 2017.
  213. Puryear, Eric (April 30, 2008). "A discussion of the reasoning behind gun free zone, 2007–2008". Retrieved May 4, 2012.
  214. "Issue 8: The debate on gun policies in U.S. and midwest newspapers – Berkeley Media Studies Group". Bmsg.org.
  215. Clines, Francis. "3 Slain at Law School; Student Is Held". New York Times. January 17, 2002.
  216. Wickman, Forrest. "Do Armed Citizens Stop Mass Shootings?" Slate. December 18, 2012.
  217. "Zero Tolerance for School Violence". CQ Researcher by CQ Press. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
  218. Erica Goode (April 6, 2013). "In Shift, Police Advise Taking an Active Role to Counter Mass Attacks". The New York Times. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
  219. "Teachers with Guns: Firearms Discharges by School teachers, 1980–2012" (PDF). Homicidecenter.org. 2013. p. 3. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  220. Morris, Robert; Duplechain, Rosalind (2002). "New Ways To Stop Bullying". Monitor on Psychology. 33 (9): 64.
  221. "Now Is The Time" (PDF). Whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  222. Robertz, Frank (August 1, 2007). "Deadly Dreams". Scientific American.
  223. McKinley Jr., James C. (August 28, 2008). "In Texas School, Teachers Carry Books and Guns". The New York Times.
  224. "Guns on college campuses allowed in U.S. state Utah". Int. Her. Trib. The Associated Press. March 29, 2009. Archived from the original on December 19, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
  225. Lott, John (September 9, 2006). "Utah Supreme Court Shoots down University of Utah Gun Ban". Johnrlott.blogspot.com. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
  226. "U of Wisconsin Prepares for New Concealed Carry Law". Campus Safety Magazine. September 7, 2011. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
  227. "Mississippi Passes New Campus Gun Laws". Daily Mississippian. February 19, 2012. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  228. Whaley, Monte (March 5, 2012). "Colorado Supreme Court affirms that CU students with permits can carry concealed guns on campus". The Denver Post. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
  229. Graves, Bill (September 28, 2011). "Oregon Court of Appeals rejects university system's ban on guns on campus". The Oregonian. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
  230. "Oregon University System Policy on Firearms" (PDF). March 2, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 4, 2012.
  231. Kopel, Dave (September 2, 2004). "Follow the Leader: Israel and Thailand set an example by arming teachers". National Review. Archived from the original on January 7, 2010.
  232. Lichtblau, Eric; Rich, Motoko (December 21, 2012). "N.R.A. Calls for Armed Guards at Schools". The New York Times.
  233. "Five Concerns About Armed Guards in Schools". Huffington Post. January 13, 2013.
  234. Tara, Haelle (June 19, 2017). "Children Are Dying Because Of Americans' Denial About Guns".
  235. "Preventing school shootings starts with gun safety at home". Christian Science Monitor. October 31, 2013.
  236. Randich, Cheri (December 10, 2012). "Description of State Child Access Prevention Laws" (PDF). Law & Justice. Retrieved May 21, 2018.<
  237. National Threat Assessment Center, United States Secret Service (November 2019). Protecting America's Schools: A U.S. Secret Service Analysis of Targeted School Violence (PDF) (Report). U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved February 24, 2020.
  238. National Threat Assessment Center, United States Secret Service (July 2018). Enhancing School Safety Using a Threat Assessment Model: An Operational Guide for Preventing Targeted School Violence (PDF) (Report). U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 20, 2020. Retrieved February 24, 2020.
  239. "Indiana Sheriffs Set New Standard in School Safety". indianasheriffs.org. Indiana Sheriffs Association. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
  240. Hockenberry, John (October 8, 2015). "Is This the Safest School in America?". The Takeaway. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
  241. "Tired of mass shootings, man creates a chair that turns into bulletproof vest". April 13, 2018.
  242. "US school rebuilt with bulletproof barriers and curved corridors". BBC. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  243. Baumann, Beth. "Everything You Need to Know About the STOP School Violence Act".
  244. http://www.washingtontimes.com, The Washington Times. "House OKs Stop School Violence Act; FBI's David Bowdich testifies on Nikolas Cruz failures to Senate".
  245. "House Passes School-Safety Bill on One-Month Anniversary of Parkland – National Review". March 14, 2018.

Sources

  • Eppes, Mary (March 8, 2018). "JSU Student Shot on campus". MSNews. Archived from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  • Muschert, Glen – Sumiala, Johanna (eds.): School Shootings: Mediatized Violence in a Global Age. Studies in Media and Communications, 7. Bingley: Emerald, 2012. ISSN 2050-2060 ISBN 978-1-78052-918-9
  • Schildkraut, J.; Hernandez, T. (2014). "Laws that bit the bullet: A review of legislative responses to school shootings". American Journal of Criminal Justice: AJCJ. 39 (2): 358–374. doi:10.1007/s12103-013-9214-6. S2CID 144697331.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.