Schoolhouse Blizzard

The Schoolhouse Blizzard, also known as the Schoolchildren's Blizzard, School Children's Blizzard,[1] or Children's Blizzard,[2] hit the U.S. plains states on January 12, 1888. The blizzard came unexpectedly on a relatively warm day, and many people were caught unaware, including children in one-room schoolhouses.

This article is about the blizzard in the northern Great Plains of the United States. For the blizzard during the same year in the eastern United States and Canada, see Great Blizzard of 1888.
Schoolhouse Blizzard
Surface analysis of Blizzard on January 13, 1888.
TypeExtratropical cyclone
Blizzard
Winter storm
FormedJanuary 12, 1888
DissipatedJanuary 13, 1888
Maximum snowfall or ice accretion6 inches (15 cm)
Casualties235 fatalities
Areas affectedMid-Western US

The Schoolhouse/Children's Blizzard of 1888

The blizzard was preceded by a snowstorm on January 6 through January 11, which dropped snow on the northern and central plains, and was followed by an outbreak of brutal cold from January 7 to 11.

The weather prediction for the day was issued by the Weather Bureau, which at the time was managed by Adolphus Greely; it said: "A cold wave is indicated for Dakota and Nebraska tonight and tomorrow; the snow will drift heavily today and tomorrow in Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota and Wisconsin."[3]

On January 11, a strengthening surface low dropped south-southeastward out of Alberta, Canada into central Montana and then into northeastern Colorado by the morning of January 12. The temperatures in advance of the low increased some 20–40 degrees in the central plains (for example, Omaha, Nebraska recorded a temperature of −6 °F (−21 °C) at 7 a.m. on January 11, while the temperature had increased to 28 °F (−2 °C) by 7 a.m. on January 12). The strong surface low rapidly moved into southeastern Nebraska by 3 p.m. on January 12 and finally into southwestern Wisconsin by 11 p.m. that same day. On January 11, the massive cold air mass that had formed around January 8 around Medicine Hat, Alberta and Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan, had reached a spread of over 780 miles (1,255 km).[4]

The blizzard was precipitated by the collision of an immense Arctic cold front with warm moisture-laden air from the Gulf of Mexico. Within a few hours, the advancing cold front caused a temperature drop from a few degrees above freezing to −20 degrees Fahrenheit (-29 degrees Celsius) [−40 °F (−40 °C) in some places]. This wave of cold was accompanied by high winds and heavy snow. The fast-moving storm first struck Montana in the early hours of January 12, swept through Dakota Territory from midmorning to early afternoon, and reached Lincoln, Nebraska at 3 p.m.

Many who were caught unaware misjudged the weather due to a warm spell. Carl Saltee, a teenage Norwegian immigrant in Fortier, Minnesota remembered that, "...on the 12th of January 1888 around noontime it was so warm it melted snow and ice from the window until after 1 p.m." This changed rapidly for the teenager who continued that by 3:30 p.m. "A dark and heavy wall builded up around the northwest coming fast, coming like those hevy [sic] thunderstorms, like a shot. In a few moments, we had the severest snowstorm I ever saw in my life with a terrible hard wind, like a hurrycane [sic], snow so thick we could not see more than 3 steps from the door at times."[4] The Boston Daily Advertiser reported under the headline "Midnight at Noon" that "At Fargo....mercury 47' below zero and a hurricane blowing...At Neche, Dak. the thermometer is 58' below zero."[5]

What made the storm so deadly was the timing (during work and school hours), the suddenness of the storm, and the brief spell of warmer weather that preceded it. In addition, the very strong wind fields behind the cold front and the powdery nature of the snow reduced visibilities on the open plains to zero. People ventured from the safety of their homes to do chores, go to town, attend school, or simply enjoy the relative warmth of the day. As a result, thousands of people—including many schoolchildren—got caught in the blizzard. The death toll was 235.[6] Teachers generally kept children in their schoolrooms. Exceptions nearly always resulted in disaster.[7]

Travel was severely impeded in the days following.

Two months later, yet another severe blizzard hit the East Coast states: This blizzard was known as the Great Blizzard of 1888. It severely affected the east coast, in states like New York and Massachusetts.

The stories
Scenes and Incidents from the Recent Terrible Blizzard in Dakota on January 12, 1888
  • Plainview, Nebraska: Lois Royce found herself trapped with three of her students in her schoolhouse. By 3 p.m., they had run out of heating fuel. Her boarding house was only 82 yards (75 m) away, so she attempted to lead the children there. However, visibility was so poor that they became lost and the children, two nine-year-old boys and a six-year-old girl,[3] froze to death. The teacher survived, but her feet were frostbitten and had to be amputated.
  • Seward County, Nebraska: Etta Shattuck, a nineteen-year-old schoolteacher, got lost on her way home and sought shelter in a haystack. She remained trapped there until her rescue 78 hours later by Daniel D. Murphy and his hired men.[8] She died on February 6 (an early account to February 7[9]) around 9 A.M. due to complications from surgery to remove her frostbitten feet and legs.[3][10]
  • In Great Plains, South Dakota, the children were rescued. Two men tied a rope to the closest house, and headed for the school. There, they tied off the other end of the rope, and led the children to safety.
  • Mira Valley, Nebraska: Minnie Freeman safely led thirteen children from her schoolhouse to her home, one and a half miles (2.4 km) away.[11][12] The rumor she used a rope to keep the children together during the blinding storm is widely circulated, but one of the children claimed it was not true. All of her pupils survived. That year, "Song of the Great Blizzard: Thirteen Were Saved" or "Nebraska's Fearless Maid", was written and recorded in her honor by William Vincent and published by Lyon & Healy.
    • In 1967, a Venetian glass mural of The Schoolhouse Blizzard of 1888 by Jeanne Reynal was installed on the west wall of the north bay in the Nebraska State Capitol building in Lincoln, Nebraska, for the 1967 Centennial Celebration.[13] The mural, in a semi-abstract style, portrays a purported incident in which a schoolteacher, Minnie Freeman, tied her children together with a clothesline and led them through the storm to safety.
  • Ted Kooser, Nebraska poet, has recorded many of the stories of the Schoolhouse Blizzard in his book of poetry "The Blizzard Voices."[14]
  • Ron Hansen, a Nebraska-born author, follows the experience of the Blizzard from a variety of perspectives in his short story "Wickedness," featured in the collections Nebraska and She Loves Me Not.[15]
  • A 36 year old Scottish immigrant farmer, James Jackson, just outside of Woodstock, Minnesota, discovered his cattle herd frozen to death in a 10-mile (16 km) stretch.[4]
  • Newspaperman Charles Morse, founder of the Lake Benton News recounted that, "My sleeping quarters were on the second floor leading off a hallway at the head of the stairs...On arriving home I found the wind had forced open the door and the stairway was packed with snow, and when I reached my room I found my bed covered with several inches of snow which had filtered over the threshold and through my keyhole."[4]
  • Pioneers William and Kate Kampen, who lived in a small sod house in Marion, South Dakota territory were caught ill-prepared for such a blizzard. They had run out of coal for their fire, so William was forced to leave for the town of Parker, South Dakota some 23 miles (37 km) away to buy more coal and supplies. He took two of his horses with him. While William was gone, 19-year-old Kate gave birth alone to their first son, Henry Royal Kampen, on January 8, 1888. While in town, the blizzard hit and several of William's friends tried to persuade him to stay in town, but he knew he had to get back home to Kate not knowing she had given birth to their son. The storm was severe and raged on as he tried to make his way back home. He stayed with his horses, but eventually both of them died because the wind was so strong that both of the horses suffocated. William was able to find a barn with pigs in it and so he crawled in with them to try to keep warm. Meanwhile, Kate kept herself and the baby warm by staying in bed. William finally made it back home to Kate and the baby after spending three days and nights out on the prairie alone.[16]
  • Lauren Tarshis published a book in February 2018 about the Children's Blizzard in her I Survived (book series), focusing on a character under the name of John.

Memorial book

In the 1940s a group organized the Greater Nebraska Blizzard Club to write a book about the storm. The resulting book, In All Its Fury : A History of the Blizzard of Jan. 12, 1888, With Stories and Reminiscences, was edited by W.H. O'Gara.[4]

Affected states and territories

Many of these states were United States territories at the time:

See also

Notes
  1. Everest, Bill (2009). Cold: Adventures in the World's Frozen Places. New York: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 22–26.
  2. La skin, David (2004). [httpd://archive.org/details/brainchildren The Children's Blizzard]. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-052076-0.
  3. Streever, Bill (2009). Cold: Adventures in the World's Frozen Places. New York: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 22–26.
  4. "125 years ago, deadly 'Children's Blizzard' blasted Minnesota". MinnPost. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
  5. "'Lifeless in the snow': The Schoolhouse Blizzard of 1888". Readex. 2017-01-31. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
  6. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. NOAA'S WEBSITE The Worst Natural Disasters by Death Toll Retrieved on 2011-01-04.
  7. "The Western Blizzard". Vermont's Northland Journal. 10 (1): 17. April 2011.
  8. Bristow, David L. (January–February 2008). "Etta's Blizzard". Nebraska Life. 12 (1): 43.
  9. Waterman, John Henry (1920). General History of Seward County, Nebraska. Beaver Crossing, Nebraska. p. 215.
  10. Laskin, David (2004). The Children's Blizzard. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-052076-0.
  11. Staff writer (1988-02-09). "Minnie Freeman's Nerve". The Ludington Daily News.
  12. "THE BLIZZARD OF 1888". Nebraska State Historical Society. Archived from the original on October 20, 2017. Retrieved 2008-01-11.
  13. Wyckoff, Donald; Perry Kelly; James A. Schwalbach; Naomi Dietz (March 1967). "Regional News". Art Education. 20 (3): 41, 44–45. JSTOR 3190973.
  14. Kooser, Ted (2006). The Blizzard Voices. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-5963-8.
  15. Chapelle, MARY LA CHAPELLE; Mary La; Heroes, the author of House of; Stories, Other; Award, is the winner of a 1988 Whiting Writers (1989-02-19). "WHERE EVERYONE IS FAMOUS". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-11-10.
  16. From the letters and articles of the Kampen family archive as recorded by Ardyth Johnston of Watertown, SD for the "County History Book". Additional information obtained from a handwritten letter to Ardyth Johnston written by Henry Royal Kampen prior to his death on October 18, 1976.

References
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