Shashi Tharoor

Shashi Tharoor was born on 9 March 1956 in London, United Kingdom to Chandran Tharoor and Sulekha Menon, a Malayali couple hailing from Palakkad, Kerala.[11] Tharoor has two younger sisters, Shobha and Smitha.[12] His father, originally from Kerala, worked in various positions in London, Bombay, Calcutta and Delhi, including a 25-year career (culminating as group advertising manager) for The Statesman. His paternal uncle was Tharoor Parameshwaran, the founder of Reader's Digest in India. Tharoor's parents returned to India when he was 2 years old, where he joined the Montfort School, Yercaud, in 1962, subsequently moving to Bombay (now Mumbai) and studying at the Campion School (1963–68).[13] He spent his high school years at St. Xavier's Collegiate School in Kolkata (1969–71).

In 1975, Tharoor graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from St Stephen's College, University of Delhi, where he had been president of the student union and also founded the St. Stephen's Quiz Club.[14] Within the same year, Tharoor went to the United States to obtain an MA in International Relations at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University in Medford. After obtaining his M.A. in 1976, Tharoor further obtained his Master of Arts in Law and Diplomacy in 1977 and his PhD in International Relations and Affairs in 1978.[15] While he was pursuing his doctorate, Tharoor was awarded the Robert B. Stewart Prize for best student and was also the first editor of the Fletcher Forum of International Affairs.[14] At the age of 22, he was the youngest person to receive a doctorate in the history of the Fletcher School.[16]

External video
"Why nations should pursue soft power", TED talk, November 2009

In February 2007, amidst speculation about his post-UN future, the Indian press reported that Tharoor might be inducted into Council of Ministers of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh as Minister of State for External Affairs. In the same month, an American gossip blog reported that Tharoor was a finalist for the position of dean of the USC Annenberg School for Communication in Los Angeles, but he withdrew his name from consideration at the final stage.[28] Instead, Tharoor became chairman of Dubai-based Afras Ventures,[29] which established the Afras Academy for Business Communication (AABC) in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, the city in which he would go on to win a record three parliamentary elections. He also spoke around the world about India and Kerala, where he spent increasing amounts of time before moving for good to India in October 2008.

Prior to embarking on his political career, Tharoor also served on the board of overseers of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, the board of trustees of the Aspen Institute, and the advisory boards of the Indo-American Arts Council, the American India Foundation, the World Policy Journal, the Virtue Foundation, and the human rights organisation Breakthrough.[30] At the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in 1976, he founded and was the first chair of the editorial board of The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, a journal examining issues in international relations.[31] Tharoor was an international adviser to the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva from 2008 to 2011. He served on the advisory council of the Hague Institute for International Justice[32] and was elected Fellow of the New York Institute for the Humanities during 1995–96.[33] He also supported various educational causes, including as Patron of GEMS Modern Academy in Dubai.[34]

13th President of India Pranab Mukherjee administering the oath as Minister of State to Shashi Tharoor at a Swearing-in Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on 2012.

Tharoor once said that when he began his political career he was approached by the Congress, the Communists, and the BJP. He chose Congress because he felt ideologically comfortable with it.[35] In March 2009 Tharoor contested the Indian General Elections as a candidate for the Congress Party in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. His opponents included P. Ramachandran Nair of the Communist Party of India (CPI), Neelalohitadasan Nadar of the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), MP Gangadharan of the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), and PK Krishna Das of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Despite criticism that he was an "elite outsider",[36] Tharoor won the elections by a margin of 99,989. He was then selected as a Minister of State in the Council of Ministers of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. On 28 May 2009, he was sworn in as Minister of State for External Affairs, in charge of Africa, Latin America, and the Gulf, including the Haj pilgrimage, and the Consular, Passports, and Visas services of the Ministry. As Minister of State for External Affairs, he re-established long-dormant diplomatic relationships with African nations, where his fluency in French made him popular with Francophone countries and their heads of state.

13th Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh with Shashi unveiling the commemoration plaque of the offsite Campus of Central University of Kerala at Thiruvananthapuram, in Kerala.

Tharoor was a pioneer in using social media as an instrument of political interaction. He was India's most-followed politician on Twitter until 2013, when he was overtaken by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Some of his Twitter posts have proved controversial in the past and were highlighted negatively by the opposition and press.

He was also the first Indian minister to visit Haiti after the devastating 2010 earthquake. He reformed the arrangements relating to the conduct of the Haj pilgrimage. He initiated new policy-planning activities on the Indian Ocean and represented India at various global events during his 11-month tenure as minister. In April 2010, he resigned from the position, following allegations that he had misused his office to get shares in the IPL cricket franchise. Tharoor denied the charges and, during his resignation speech in Parliament, called for a full inquiry. In a 2014 rejoinder he defended his position: "I was never involved in a scam of any sort in the IPL- I was brought down because...[I had] antagonised some powerful political cricketing interests" and added that he had "cooperated extensively with the detailed investigation conducted by the Enforcement Directorate into the entire issue", and no wrongdoing had been found.

Between 2010 and 2012 Tharoor remained active in Parliament and was member-convenor of the Parliamentary Forum on Disaster Management, a member of the Standing Committee on External Affairs, of the Consultative Committee of Defence, the Public Accounts Committee, and the Joint Parliamentary Committee on Telecoms. He participated in several important debates of the 15th Lok Sabha, including on the Lokpal Bill, the demand for grants of the Ministry of External Affairs and of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, the black money debate, and so on. In the special debate on the 60th anniversary of the Indian Parliament, Tharoor was one of four members of the Congress Party, including party President Sonia Gandhi, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, and Leader of the House Pranab Mukherjee, to be invited to address the Lok Sabha.

In 2012 Tharoor was re-inducted into the Union Council of Ministers by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh with the portfolio of minister of state for HRD. In this role he took special interest in the problems and challenges of adult education, distance education and enhancing high-quality research by academic institutions. He was responsible for the ministry's written answers to Parliament's questions and responded to oral questions on education during the Lok Sabha's Question Hour. He addressed forums and conferences on education, explained a vision of India's educational challenges in the context of the country's demographic opportunities, and stressed that education was not only a socioeconomic issue, but also a national security issue.

As Member of Parliament for Thiruvananthapuram, Tharoor became the first elected representative in India to issue annual reports on his work as MP, including furnishing accounts of his MPLADS expenditure. In 2012 he published a half-term report followed in 2014 by a full-term report.

Shashi Tharoor at a march parade with NSUI President Hibi Eden and other Congress workers in Ernakulam, Kerala.

In May 2014 Tharoor won his re-election from Thiruvananthapuram, defeating O. Rajagopal of the Bharatiya Janata Party by a margin of around 15,700 votes, and became a member of the 16th Lok Sabha, sitting in Opposition. He was named Chairman of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on External Affairs. Shashi Tharoor was dropped from the post of Congress spokesperson on 13 October 2014 after he praised statements of his party's opponent, Prime Minister Modi.[37]

In regards to Tharoor's removal from the post of congress spokesperson, Kolkata's The Telegraph opined, "For an Opposition MP to have and to exercise the freedom to appreciate a good thing done by the government and for a ruling party MP to speak and vote against the party line is not just legitimate parliamentary practice, it is the very essence of parliamentary democracy. Shashi Tharoor, from the ranks of the Congress has tried to do that; there is not one BJP MP who has matched him. Blind conformism is not loyalty, nor independent thinking, dissent."[38]

After the BJP victory of 2014, Tharoor was asked to help the treasury benches draft a statement condemning Pakistan for freeing Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, the Lashkar-e-Toiba commander, who masterminded the 2008 Mumbai attacks that killed 166 people. In January 2015, Tharoor asked not to debunk genuine accomplishments of Ancient Indian Science due to exaggerations of the Hindutva brigade,[39][40][41] amid 2015 Indian Science Congress ancient aircraft controversy.[42][43]

In March 2017, Tharoor called for the Victoria Memorial in Kolkata to be converted into a museum on atrocities by the United Kingdom during its rule in India. He wrote in an Al Jazeera column that British Empire "conquered one of the richest countries in the world (27 per cent of global gross domestic product in 1700) and reduced it to, after over two centuries of looting and exploitation, one of the poorest, most diseased and most illiterate countries on Earth by the time they left in 1947. ...Nor is there any memorial to the massacres of the Raj, from Delhi in 1857 to Amritsar in 1919, the deaths of 35 million Indians in totally unnecessary famines caused by British policy."[44]

Although many people wanted him to contest as the Prime Minister candidate in 2019 General Elections, he has disowned, downplayed, and humbly distanced himself from any such online campaigns run by his large number of followers.[45][46]

Tharoor has also tried to introduce a number of Private Members Bills in the Parliament. Notably, his efforts to amend Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code were voted out by the majority of parliamentarians on two occasions. Interestingly, the Apex court of India later ruled in favor of amending the controversial article in 2018, vindicating the views upheld by Tharoor, thereby.[47][48]

Tharoor is notable for his eloquence while speaking, as demonstrated by the popularity of his speeches on online platforms[49] such as YouTube. For instance, his speech decrying British Colonialism, delivered at the Oxford Union in 2015, has amassed over 7 million views on one site alone, while simultaneously being praised as ground-breaking in various educational institutions in India. Further speeches such as those explaining the importance of "soft power" and analyzing the impacts of education in India have garnered over one million and two million views respectively.[50][51]

Additionally, Tharoor is known for his views on a number of topics including economics, history, governance, and geopolitics due to both his well-regarded educational attainment and his broad experience while at the United Nations. He is an outspoken supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reformation of the United Nations, arguing that "United Nations needs to open its doors to elected representatives"[52] Many note that it is his combination of wit, charm, wry humor, and intelligence that make him accessible and held in high esteem, both in India and abroad.[53]

Tharoor did a one-off stand up act in Amazon Prime Video series One Mic Stand.[54]

Tharoor has written nineteen books in English.[55]

Tharoor has been a columnist in each of India's three best-known English-language newspapers,[56] most recently for The Hindu (2001–2008) and in a weekly column, "Shashi on Sunday," in the Times of India (January 2007 – December 2008). Following his resignation as Minister of State for External Affairs, he began a fortnightly column on foreign policy issues in the Deccan Chronicle. Previously he was a columnist for the Gentleman magazine and the Indian Express newspaper, as well as a frequent contributor to Newsweek International and the International Herald Tribune. His op-eds and book reviews have appeared in the Washington Post,[57] the New York Times[58] and the Los Angeles Times,[59] amongst other papers. His monthly column, "India Reawakening", distributed by Project Syndicate, appears in 80 newspapers around the world.[60]

Tharoor began writing at the age of 6,[61] and his first published story appeared in the Sunday edition of The Free Press Journal, in Mumbai at age 10.[62] His World War II adventure novel Operation Bellows, inspired by the Biggles books, was serialised in the Junior Statesman starting a week before his 11th birthday. Each of his books has been a bestseller in India. The Great Indian Novel had had 43 reprints as of October 2014, and a Silver Jubilee special edition was issued on the book's 25th anniversary in October 2014, by Viking Penguin India.The Elephant, the Tiger and the Cellphone has also undergone several hardback re-prints.[63][64] President Bill Clinton cited Shashi Tharoor's book India From Midnight to the Millennium in his speech to the Indian parliament in 2000.[65]

Tharoor has lectured widely on India,[66] and is often quoted for his observations, including, "India is not, as people keep calling it, an underdeveloped country, but rather, in the context of its history and cultural heritage, a highly developed one in an advanced state of decay."[67] He also coined a comparison of India's "thali" to the American "melting pot": "If America is a melting pot, then to me India is a thali – a selection of sumptuous dishes in different bowls. Each tastes different, and does not necessarily mix with the next, but they belong together on the same plate, and they complement each other in making the meal a satisfying repast".[68]

Shashi Tharoor's non-fiction work An Era of Darkness, published later in the UK as Inglorious Empire: What the British Did to India, arose out of a widely acclaimed speech[69] he made at the Oxford Union, was published in 2016. It has sold over 100,000 copies in hardback reprints and continues to be a bestseller in the country. The UK edition rose to Number 1 in the London Evening Standard bestseller lists. Since then, he has published two other non-fiction books: Why I Am A Hindu (2018) and The Paradoxical Prime Minister (2018), both of which have been published in the Indian subcontinent by Aleph Book Company.[70][71] The two books, both mega-bestsellers in India, raised very important questions. Why I Am a Hindu makes the point that it is precisely because Hindus form the majority that India has survived as a plural, secular democracy, a status that come under threat in the present world. The Paradoxical Prime Minister was a critical study of the present Prime Minister Narendra Modi and the effect he has had on India, along with other questions about a leader who is reviled and worshipped in equal measure.

Victor Mallet in the Financial Times said Tharoor "wants us to understand the origins of the difficulties that confronted India after 1947", attributing most of that to colonialism.[72] New Statesman said it was especially important to read as sardonic talk of "Empire 2.0" came up post-Brexit.[73] Tharoor has called for Britain to pay reparations to India for the lasting toll that colonial rule exacted on the country.[74]

In September 2019, he published a new book, The Hindu Way: An Introduction, in line with his research into Hindu culture and ways of life of late.[75] His latest book, The New Word Disorder And the Indian Imperative, co-authored with Samir Saran, President of Observer Research Foundation (ORF), one of Asia's most influential think tanks, is a crucial study on the current state of chaos in international politics and identifies India's imminent role, as a non-hegemonic global power, in scripting an equitable ethic for a new international order.[76]

Tharoor's first wife was Tilottama Mukherji, a half-Bengali and half-Kashmiri academic,[77] and the granddaughter of politician Kailash Nath Katju.[78] Tharoor and Tilottama had been college sweethearts[79] and were married in 1981. After their marriage, Tilottama took her husband's last name and began teaching English at the Ngee Ann Polytechnic university and also worked as a freelance writer.[80] Their twin sons,[81] Kanishk and Ishaan, were born prematurely in 1984 at the KK Hospital in Singapore.[82][83] Ishaan is a former senior editor at Time magazine, and now writes on foreign affairs for The Washington Post.[84] Kanishk is a former editor at Open Democracy and is the author of the highly praised short story collection Swimmer Among The Stars.[85][86] Tilottama is currently a professor of humanities at New York University.[87]

Following his split with Tilottama, Tharoor married Christa Giles, a Canadian diplomat working at the United Nations in 2007.[88] After their subsequent divorce soon after his return to India, Tharoor married businesswoman Sunanda Pushkar in his ancestral home in Elavanchery village in Kerala's Palakkad district on 22 August 2010. On 17 January 2014, Pushkar (aged 51) died at The Leela Hotel in Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, under mysterious circumstances.[89]

Tharoor is a vegetarian and he "abhors the idea of consuming the corpses of animals," although he claimed that he does not have a problem with those who do. He has stated that he is "very proud of being a Hindu" and that he's a "worshipping" and "believing Hindu". Tharoor also claims to have read a "fair amount" of the Upanishads.[90]

In April 2019, Tharoor had an accident when praying during a Thulabharam ritual at a temple in Thiruvananthapuram . After being discharged, he sought a probe by the government into the incident.[91]

Ambassador of Spain to India Gustavo de Aristégui conferring Civilian Honour by Government of Spain on the occasion of the National Day of Spain to Tharoor and Farooq Abdullah.

• 1976 – Rajika Kripalani Young Journalist Award for the Best Indian Journalist under 30.[95]
• 1990 – Federation of Indian Publishers' Hindustan Times Literary Award for the Best Book of the Year for The Great Indian Novel.[96]
• 1991 – Commonwealth Writers' Prize for the Best Book of the Year in the Eurasian Region, for The Great Indian Novel[95]
• 1998 – Excelsior Award for excellence in literature, Association of Indians in America (AIA) and the Network of Indian Professionals (NetIP).[95]
• 1998 – Global Leader of Tomorrow, World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland[97]
• 2004 – Pravasi Bharatiya Samman, India's highest honour for non-resident Indians (accepted 2007[98])
• 2009 – Zakir Hussain Memorial "Pride of India" Award.[99]
• 2009 – Inspiration of the Year Award at GQ's Man of the Year Awards.[100]
• 2009 – Hakim Khan Sur Award for National Integration, Maharana of Udaipur.[101]
• 2010 – Sarva Deshiya Prathibha Award, Pazhassiraja Charitable Trust, Kozhikode.[102]
• 2010 – "New Age Politician of the Year" Award, at NDTV's Indian of the Year awards.[103]
• 2010 – Fifth IILM Distinguished Global Thinker Award, New Delhi.[104]
• 2010 – Digital person of the year, Indian Digital Media Awards (IDMA), for popularising the digital medium in India.[105]
• 2012 –  Spain : Commander of the Order of Charles III by King of Spain
• 2013 – First Sree Narayan Guru Global Secular and Peace Award at Thiruvananthapuram.
• 2013 – PETA's "Person of the Year".[106]
• 2019 – Sahitya Akademi Award for his book, An Era of Darkness: The British Empire in India.[107]

• Syed Akbaruddin

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• Official website
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• Dr Shashi Tharoor Official bio-data at Lok Sabha, Parliament of India
• Cabinet of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Prime Ministers Office, Archieved
• Shashi Tharoor at United Nations
• "Shashi Tharoor collected news and commentary". The New York Times.
• Shashi Tharoor collected news and commentary at The Times of India
• "Why in the PM Narenda Modi 'The Paradoxial Prime Minister'?" Interview with ET Now
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Shashi Tharoor at IMDb
• Works by Shashi Tharoor at Open Library
• Works by or about Shashi Tharoor in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

Lok Sabha
Preceded by Pannyan Raveendran	Member of Parliament for Thiruvananthapuram 2009	Incumbent
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Not sure	Under Secretary General of the United Nations for Communications and Public Information 2001–2007	Succeeded by Kiyotaka Akasaka