Timeline of the Golden Horde

The Golden Horde as it was governed under the dual khanship of the Western and Eastern Wings. When the Golden Horde was founded, it was jointly ruled by two separate wings. The right wing in the west was ruled by Batu Khan and his descendants. The left wing in the east, also known as the "Blue Horde" by the Russians or the "White Horde" by the Timurids, was ruled by four Jochid khans under Orda Khan.
The Golden Horde and its Rus' tributaries in 1313 under Öz Beg Khan
See also: Timeline of the Mongol Empire and Timeline of Mongols prior to the Mongol Empire

This is a timeline of the Golden Horde.

13th century

1200s
YearDateEvent
1206Jochi subjugates the 'forest peoples' - Kyrgyz, Oirat, and Buryat[1]

1210s
YearDateEvent
1211Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Jochi, Ögedei, and Chagatai invade Inner Mongolia[2]
1213autumnMongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Jochi, Ögedei, and Chagatai ravage Hebei and Shanxi[3]
1216Subutai raids the Kipchaks[4]
1218autumnMongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Muhammad II of Khwarezm's forces clash with a Mongol army led by Jochi and Subutai, the battle ending inconclusively[5]
1219fallMongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Ögedei and Chagatai take Otrar and massacres its population; Genghis Khan dispatches Jochi to conquer Syr Darya and another army to conquer Fergana[6]

1220s
YearDateEvent
1221AprilMongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Jochi, Chagatai, and Ögedei destroy Urgench while Tolui takes Nishapur and Herat[6]
1222Subutai and Jebe conquer the Kuban steppe and crush the Cumans[4]
122331 MayBattle of the Kalka River: Subutai and Jebe defeat the forces of Mstislav Mstislavich, Mstislav III of Kiev, Daniel of Galicia, Mstislav II Svyatoslavich, and Köten before sacking Novhorod-Siverskyi and heading back to Mongolia[7]
Mongol Empire sacks Sudak[8]
1224Bulgars ambush Subutai and Jebe near Saqsin[9]
1227Jochi dies and is succeeded by his son Batu Khan[3]
1229Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria: Sunitay and Kukedey attack Bulgar outposts on the Ural River[9]

1230s
YearDateEvent
1236Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria: Subutai destroys Bolghar and takes Saqsin[10]
123721 DecemberSiege of Ryazan: Batu, Orda, Güyük, and Möngke sack Ryazan and Suzdal[11]
12384 MarchBattle of the Sit River: Mongol Empire kills Yuri II of Vladimir[12]
springSiege of Kozelsk: Batu struggles to take Kozelsk for two months before Kadan and Büri take it in three days[13]
Mongol Empire conquers Crimea[8]
12393 MarchMongol invasion of Rus': Mongol Empire sacks Pereiaslav[11]
18 OctoberSack of Chernigov: Mongol Empire sacks Chernihiv[11]

1240s
YearDateEvent
12406 DecemberSiege of Kiev (1240): Mongol Empire sacks Kiev, Halych, and Vladimir-Suzdal, so ends Kievan Rus[11]
12419 AprilBattle of Legnica: Orda defeats the combined force of Henry II the Pious, Mieszko II the Fat, Sulisław of Cracow, and Boleslaus Děpoltic[14]
11 AprilBattle of Mohi: Boroldai and Subutai defeat a combined army from the Kingdom of Hungary, Croatia, and Knights Templar[14]
DecemberMongol invasion of Europe: Kadan crosses the Danube[14]
1242Mongol invasion of Europe: Mongol Empire forces the Second Bulgarian Empire to pay tribute[15]
springMongol invasion of Europe: Mongol forces retreat after receiving news of Ögedei Khan's death; Batu Khan stays at the Volga River and his brother Orda Khan returns to Mongolia[14]
The Golden Horde stretches from the Chu River to the Danube[16]
Yaroslav II of Vladimir visits Batu Khan for confirmation of his office[17]
1245Daniel of Galicia undergoes ceremonial purification at Batu Khan's court[11]
Golden Horde carries out census of Russian lands[18]
124620 SeptemberMichael of Chernigov refuses to show obeisance and is executed[11]
Yaroslav II of Vladimir is poisoned by Oghul Qaimish in Karakorum and dies[17]
124820 AprilGüyük Khan dies on his way to confront Batu Khan and his wife Oghul Qaimish becomes regent[19]

1250s
YearDateEvent
1251Möngke Khan grants Berke Georgia[20]
1255Batu Khan constructs Sarai[21]
Batu Khan dies and is succeeded by his son Sartaq Khan, who dies soon after, and then Ulaghchi[22]
1256Daniel of Galicia expels Mongol garrisons from his territory[14]
Golden Horde carries out census of Russian lands[18]
1257Ulaghchi dies and Berke, a Muslim, succeeds him[20]
1258Novgorod rebels and is defeated[23]
1259Second Mongol invasion of Poland: Berke and Boroldai invade Poland and Daniel of Galicia flees, however his sons and brother Vasilko of Galicia join the Mongols to plunder Lithuania and Polish territories[14]
Golden Horde elements in Bukhara rebel and Alghu suppresses them[20]

1260s
YearDateEvent
12602 FebruarySack of Sandomierz (1260): Berke and Boroldai sack Sandomierz[14]
Toluid Civil War: Berke of the Golden Horde allies with Ariq Böke and declares war on Hulagu Khan[24]
1262Berke–Hulagu war: Berke of the Golden Horde allies with the Mamluks and invades Azerbaijan[24]
Suzdal rebels and is defeated[25]
126313 JanuaryBerke–Hulagu war: Berke defeats Hulagu Khan's army on the Terek River[26]
Byzantine–Mongol alliance: Michael VIII Palaiologos marries Euphrosyne Palaiologina to Berke, who dies soon after, and marries Nogai Khan[27]
1264Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace: Berke attacks Thrace and secures the release of Kayqubad II[27]
1266summerBerke dies in Tbilisi and is succeeded by his grandnephew Mengu-Timur[28]
1267Mengu-Timur grants Genoa Caffa[29]
1269Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq is defeated by the Golden Horde and loses a third of Transoxiana[30]
Golden Horde assists Vladimir-Suzdal in evicting the Germans from Narva[27]

1270s
YearDateEvent
1273Golden Horde carries out census of Russian lands[18]
Byzantine–Mongol alliance: Nogai Khan assists the Byzantines against Bulgaria[31]
1279Byzantine–Mongol alliance: Nogai Khan assists the Byzantines against Bulgaria[31]

1280s
YearDateEvent
1280Mengu-Timur dies and his brother Tode Mongke succeeds him[32]
George I of Bulgaria submits to the Golden Horde[31]
1282Byzantine–Mongol alliance: Nogai Khan sends forces to Byzantium to assist them against Thessaly[31]
1283Tode Mongke converts to Islam and starts neglecting state affairs and as a result Köchü and Nogai Khan become co-khans[33]
1284Golden Horde invades Bulgaria and annexes Isaccea[31]
1285Second Mongol invasion of Hungary: Golden Horde invades Hungary and reaches as far as Pest before being defeated and forced to retreat[34]
12876 DecemberThird Mongol invasion of Poland: Golden Horde invades Poland[34]
Köchü is overthrown and Talabuga becomes khan[33]
1288FebruaryThird Mongol invasion of Poland: Mongol forces are defeated and forced to retreat[34]
1289Rostov rebels and is defeated[25]

1290s
YearDateEvent
1291Mengu-Timur's fifth son Toqta flees to the Ilkhanate which helps him seize the throne[33]
Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde: Serbia submits to the Golden Horde[31]
1293Golden Horde sacks Sandomierz[35]
1295Golden Horde invades Bulgaria[31]
1296Nogai Khan rebels against Toqta[33]
1298Nogai Khan sacks Caffa[36]
1299Toqta defeats Nogai Khan[33]

14th century

1300s
YearDateEvent
1300Chaka, son of Nogai Khan, is murdered by Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria to appease Toqta[37]
1305Golden Horde raids Leles[35]
1308Toqta sacks Caffa[36]

1310s
YearDateEvent
1312Toqta dies[33]
1313Toqta's nephew Öz Beg Khan seizes the throne and proscribes Buddhism among the elite and applies Islamization among the Mongols[33]
1318Öz Beg Khan attacks the Ilkhanate[33]

1320s
YearDateEvent
1320Mubarak Khwaja of the White Horde converts to Islam[38]
Golden Horde attacks Thrace[31]
1321Golden Horde attacks Thrace[31]
1324Öz Beg Khan attacks Thrace and the Ilkhanate[33][31]
1326Golden Horde raids Hungary[39]
1327Tver Uprising of 1327: Tver rebels and is defeated[25]

1330s
YearDateEvent
1330Basarab I of Wallachia allies with the Golden Horde[37]
1335Öz Beg Khan attacks the Ilkhanate[33]
1338Golden Horde is ravaged by the Black Death[32]
1339Golden Horde starts receiving 24,000 ding of paper currency annually from the Yuan dynasty[33]

1340s
YearDateEvent
1340Golden Horde sacks Sandomierz[40]
1341Öz Beg Khan dies and is succeeded by his son Tini Beg[41]
1342Tini Beg is overthrown by his brother Jani Beg[32]
1345Hungary attacks the Golden Horde[42]
1346Hungary forces the Golden Horde back to the Black Sea coasts[42]

1350s
YearDateEvent
1352MarchGolden Horde and Russian allies attack Poland and capture Lublin[40]
1357Jani Beg is overthrown by his son Berdi Beg[41]
1359Berdi Beg is overthrown by his brother Qulpa[41]

1360s
YearDateEvent
1360Qulpa is overthrown by his brother Nawruz Beg and the Blue Horde rebels and seizes power in Sarai[41]
1361Nawruz Beg is overthrown by Khidr Khan ibn Sasibuqa Khan[38]
1362Mamai sets up puppet khans and rules from the Sea of Azov[41]
1363Battle of Blue Waters: Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Golden Horde and vassalizes Russian princes in the Dnieper region[25]

1370s
YearDateEvent
1373Urus Khan overthrows the lineage of Khidr Khan ibn Sasibuqa Khan[38]
1376Tokhtamysh takes Sarai[43]
137811 AugustBattle of the Vozha River: Dmitry Donskoy defeats a Mongol detachment[44]
Tokhtamysh overthrows the lineage of Urus Khan and leads the Turkic Blue Horde west[41]

1380s
YearDateEvent
1380Golden Horde starts passing decrees in Turkish language[32]
8 SeptemberBattle of Kulikovo: Dmitry Donskoy defeats Mamai[41]
1381Tokhtamysh defeats Mamai[41]
138226 AugustSiege of Moscow (1382): Tokhtamysh sacks Moscow[44]
1383Tokhtamysh defeats the Lithuanians at Poltava[45]
1387Golden Horde loses control of the Black Sea coast[46]

1390s
YearDateEvent
139118 JuneBattle of the Kondurcha River: Timur attacks the Golden Horde and defeats Tokhtamysh[47][48]
139515 AprilBattle of the Terek River: Timur sacks New Sarai and Tokhtamysh is overthrown; Edigu seizes power and sets up Temür Qutlugh as puppet khan[41]
1397Tokhtamysh flees to Lithuania, where Vytautas allows him to stay at Vilnius[49]
139912 AugustBattle of the Vorskla River: Vytautas is defeated by Edigu and Tokhtamysh is forced to flee[50]

15th century

1400s
YearDateEvent
1405Tokhtamysh is killed by Shadi Beg's troops[50]
1408Edigu attacks Moscow and extracts a ransom before retreating[51][50]
The Nogai Horde emerges under Taibuga[52]

1410s
YearDateEvent
1411The Golden Horde starts splintering; effective end of the Golden Horde[41]
1412Jalal al-Din Khan ibn Tokhtamysh reclaims the Golden Horde with Lithuanian support[50]
1413Jalal al-Din Khan ibn Tokhtamysh is murdered by his brother Karim Berdi[50]
1418Yeremferden seizes control of the Golden Horde[50]

1420s
YearDateEvent
1428The Uzbek Khanate emerges under Abu'l-Khayr Khan[53]

1430s
YearDateEvent
1430The Great Horde emerges[54]

1440s
YearDateEvent
1445The Khanate of Kazan emerges under Ulugh Muhammad[41]
1449The Crimean Khanate emerges under Hacı I Giray[41]

1450s
YearDateEvent
1453The Qasim Khanate emerges under Qasim Khan[41]
1458The Kazakh Khanate emerges under Janibek Khan and Kerei[55]

1460s
YearDateEvent
1466The Astrakhan Khanate emerges under Mahmud bin Küchük's descendants[54]

1470s
YearDateEvent
1474Ahmed Khan bin Küchük commands the Grand Duchy of Moscow to give tribute but is denied[56]
1476Ivan III of Russia refuses to pay tribute to the Golden Horde[56]

1480s
YearDateEvent
14808 October – 28 NovemberGreat stand on the Ugra river: Grand Duchy of Moscow repels a Great Horde invasion[57]

16th century
YearDateEvent
1502The Crimean Khanate destroys the Great Horde[57]

See also

References
  1. Sinor 1990, p. 30.
  2. Atwood 2004, p. 81.
  3. Atwood 2004, p. 416.
  4. Atwood 2004, p. 455.
  5. Atwood 2004, p. 431.
  6. Atwood 2004, p. 307.
  7. Atwood 2004, p. 283.
  8. Atwood 2004, p. 121.
  9. Atwood 2004, p. 53.
  10. Atwood 2004, p. 51.
  11. Atwood 2004, p. 479.
  12. Atwod 2004, p. 479.
  13. Atwood 2004, p. 36.
  14. Atwood 2004, p. 79.
  15. Atwood 2004, p. 73.
  16. Atwood 2004, p. 201.
  17. Vernadsky 1953, p. 142.
  18. Atwood 2004, p. 205.
  19. Twitchett 1994, p. 389.
  20. Atwood 2004, p. 202.
  21. Atwood 2004, p. 203.
  22. Atwood 2004, p. 37.
  23. Atwood 2004, p. 48.
  24. Twitchett 1994, p. 412.
  25. Atwood 2004, p. 480.
  26. Atwood 2004, p. 226.
  27. Jackson 2005, p. 202.
  28. Atwood 2004, p. 234.
  29. Atwood 2004, p. 122.
  30. Atwood 2004, p. 83.
  31. Jackson 2005, p. 203.
  32. Atwood 2004, p. 207.
  33. Atwood 2004, p. 206.
  34. Jackson 2005, p. 205.
  35. Jackson 2005, p. 206.
  36. Jackson 2005, p. 305.
  37. Jackson 2005, p. 204.
  38. Atwood 2004, p. 42.
  39. Jackson 2005, p. 212.
  40. Jackson 2005, p. 210.
  41. Atwood 2004, p. 208.
  42. Jackson 2005, p. 213.
  43. Christian 2018, p. 55.
  44. Atwood 2004, p. 481.
  45. Grousset 1970, p. 407.
  46. Jackson 2005, p. 217.
  47. Haperin 1985.
  48. Jackson 2005, p. 216.
  49. Jackson 2005, p. 218.
  50. Jackson 2005, p. 219.
  51. Halperin 1985, p. 57.
  52. Atwood 2004, p. 343.
  53. Halperin 1986, p. 29.
  54. Cosmo 2009, p. 253.
  55. Christian 2018, p. 63.
  56. Grousset 1970, p. 470.
  57. Halperin 1985, p. 59.

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