Timeline of the Chagatai Khanate

This is a timeline of the Chagatai Khanate (1226–1348) and its successor states, Moghulistan (1347–1462), Yarkent Khanate (1514–1696), and the Turpan Khanate (1462–1680).

See also: Timeline of the Mongol Empire, Timeline of the Oirats, and Timeline of Xinjiang under Qing rule
Chagatai Khanate, late 13th century.
Moghulistan in 1372
After the collapse of the Chagatai Khanate, 1490.
Yarkent Khanate and Turpan Khanate in 1517

12th century

1180s
YearDateEvent
118322 DecemberChagatai is born

13th century

1200s
YearDateEvent
1208Qocho, Qayaligh, and Almaliq submit to Genghis Khan; Almaliq and the Issyk-Kul region given to Chagatai[1]

1210s
YearDateEvent
1211Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Jochi, Ögedei, and Chagatai invade Inner Mongolia[2]
1213autumnMongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Jochi, Ögedei, and Chagatai ravage Hebei and Shanxi[3]
1219fallMongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Ögedei and Chagatai take Otrar and massacres its population; Genghis Khan dispatches Jochi to conquer Syr Darya and another army to conquer Fergana[4]
Chagatai oversees the road construction for the Mongol Empire[2]

1220s
YearDateEvent
122016 MarchMongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Genghis Khan takes Samarkand (given to Chagatai along with Jimsar County) and Muhammad II of Khwarezm flees to Nishapur; Genghis Khan dispatches Jebe and Subutai to destroy the sultan[4]
1221AprilMongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Jochi, Chagatai, and Ögedei destroy Urgench while Tolui takes Nishapur and Herat[4]
Siege of Bamyan (1221): Genghis Khan takes Bamyan; Chagatai's son Mutukan dies in the process[2]
1227Mongol conquest of Western Xia: Chagatai takes Taiyuan and gains the advisors Vajir the Uyghur and Qutb-ud-Din Habash 'Amid[2]
1229Chagatai supports Ögedei's enthronement and is granted Transoxiana[2]

1240s
YearDateEvent
12421 JulyChagatai Khan dies and his grandson Qara Hülegü succeeds him[5]
1246Güyük Khan appoints Yesü Möngke as head of the Chagatai Khanate[6]

1250s
YearDateEvent
1251Möngke Khan appoints Qara Hülegü as head of the Chagatai Khanate, who dies soon after, and his wife Orghana becomes regent for her young son Mubarak Shah[6]

1260s
YearDateEvent
1260Toluid Civil War: Alghu, a grandson of Chagatai Khan, deposes Mubarak Shah, an appointee to the Chagatai Khanate of the Mongol Empire, and sets up court in Kashgar while attacking Otrar and Afghanistan[7]
1262Toluid Civil War: Alghu betrays Ariq Böke and allies with Kublai Khan[6]
1266Alghu dies and is succeeded by Mubarak Shah, who is deposed by Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq[8]
1269Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq is defeated by the Golden Horde and loses a third of Transoxiana[6]

1270s
YearDateEvent
1270Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq of the Chagatai Khanate invades the Ilkhanate but suffers defeat at the battle of Qara-Su near Herat[6]
1271Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq dies and Kaidu takes control of the Chagatai Khanate, installing Negübei as puppet khan[6]
1275Chagatai Khanate gains Ghazni[9]
1276Chagatai Khanate secures control of Almaliq[9]

1280s
YearDateEvent
1282Kaidu enthrones Duwa as khan of the Chagatai Khanate[6]
1286Chagatai Khanate secures control of the Tarim Basin[9]

1290s
YearDateEvent
1291Chagatai Khanate raids Ilkhanate[10]
1292Chagatai Khanate raids India[9]
1295Chagatai Khanate secures control of Turpan and Hami[9]
1298winterKaidu–Kublai war: Duwa of the Chagatai Khanate defeats Yuan forces in Mongolia and captures Temür Khan's son in law, Körgüz[11]

14th century

1300s
YearDateEvent
1301SeptemberKaidu–Kublai war: Duwa and Kaidu suffer injuries in battle with Yuan forces east of the Altai Mountains and Kaidu dies soon after[12]
1304Temür Khan, Chapar Khan of the House of Ögedei, and Duwa of the Chagatai Khanate send envoys to the Ilkhanate to establish peace and restore unity among Mongols; Chagatai Khanate becomes a Yuan tributary[12]
1306Temür Khan sends Külüg Khan to aid Duwa in his war against Chapar Khan[13]
1307Chapar Khan is defeated and Duwa installs his brother Yangichar as puppet[13]
Duwa dies and his son Könchek succeeds him[10]
1308Könchek dies and Taliqu, a Muslim grandson of Büri, succeeds him[10]
1309Kebek, son of Duwa, murders Taliqu and enthrones his brother Esen Buqa I[10]

1310s
YearDateEvent
1312Ilkhanate seizes Ghazni[10]
1316Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war: Conflict breaks out between the Chagatai Khanate and the Yuan dynasty and Ilkhanate[13]
1318Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war: Esen Buqa I dies and Kebek succeeds him[13]

1320s
YearDateEvent
1326Kebek dies and his brother Eljigidey succeeds him[10]
1328Chagatai Khanate invades India, reaching as far as Delhi[10]

1330s
YearDateEvent
1330Eljigidey is deposed by his brother Duwa Temür[14]
1331Duwa Temür is deposed by his brother Tarmashirin, who converts the nation to Islam[14]
1334Rebels discontent with the conversion to Islam killTarmashirin, who is succeeded by Buzan, his nephew[14]
1335Buzan is overthrown by his cousin Changshi[14]
1338Changshi is murdered by his brother Yesun Temur, who succeeds him[14]
Black Death strikes the Chagatai Khanate[14]

1340s
YearDateEvent
1342Yesun Temur is deposed by 'Ali-Sultan[14]
1343The Chagatai Khanate is split in two, with Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur taking control of the western portion (Transoxania) and Tughlugh Timur the eastern portion (Moghulistan)[14]
1347Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur is defeated by Amir Qazaghan, who sets up Danishmendji, an Ögedeiid prince, as puppet khan; effective end of the united Chagatai Khanate[14]
1348Transoxania: Danishmendji is killed by Amir Qazaghan, who enthrones Bayan Qulï as khan[15]

1350s
YearDateEvent
1350Moghulistan: Tughlugh Timur gets circumsized and becomes a Muslim[16]
1351Transoxania: Amir Qazaghan attacks the Kart dynasty and sacks Herat[15]
1357Transoxania: Amir Qazaghan is assassinated and his son Abdullha succeeds him[15]
1358Transoxania: Abdullha had Bayan Qulï killed, angering Hajji Beg, Timur's uncle, the lord of Kesh, who drove him into exile and his death[15]

1360s
YearDateEvent
1360MarchMoghulistan: Tughlugh Timur invades Transoxania and forces Hajji Beg to retreat to Khorasan; where he is assassinated at Shindand; Timur becomes head of the Barlas clan due to the death fo Hajji Beg[17]
1363Transoxania: Amir Husayn and Timur invade and take Transoxania from Moghulistan; while fleeing Ilyas Khoja learns of his father Tughlugh Timur's death[18]
1364Transoxania: Amir Husayn and Timur enthrone Khabul Shah[18]
1365Moghulistan: Ilyas Khoja invades Transoxania and lays siege to Samarkand but is forced to retreat after his army is hit by an epidemic[19]
1368Moghulistan: Qamar-ud-din Khan Dughlat murders Ilyas Khoja and usurps the title of khan[20]

1370s
YearDateEvent
137010 AprilTransoxania: Timur crowns himself king in Balkh after defeating Amir Husayn and enthrones Suurgatmish as khan, killing Khabul Shah[21]
1375Transoxania: Timur invades Moghulistan, devastating the Ili region, to which Qamar-ud-din Khan Dughlat responds by invading Fergana and ambushing Timur, who barelly escapes[22]

1380s
YearDateEvent
1388Transoxania: Timur declares himself sultan and enthrones Sultan Mahmud as khan after Suurgatmish dies[23]
1389Transoxania: Timur invades Moghulistan reaching almost Turpan and defeating Khizr Khoja[24]

1390s
YearDateEvent
1390Transoxania: Timur invades Moghulistan and drives Qamar-ud-din Khan Dughlat into hiding, enabling Khizr Khoja to gain control of the region[25]
1397Moghulistan: Khizr Khoja's daughter marries Timur[25]
1399Moghulistan: Khizr Khoja dies and his son Shams-i-Jahan succeeds him[25]

15th century

1400s
YearDateEvent
1400Transoxania: Timur sends his grandson Mirza Iskander to invade Moghulistan, seizing Aksu and Khotan[26]
1402Transoxania: Sultan Mahmud dies; effective end of the Western Chagatai Khanate[23]
1408Shams-i-Jahan is succeeded by his brother Muhammad Khan[25]

1410s
YearDateEvent
1415Muhammad Khan is succeeded by his brother Naqsh-i-Jahan[25]
1418Naqsh-i-Jahan is succeeded by Uwais Khan[27]

1420s
YearDateEvent
1421Uwais Khan is succeeded by Sher Muhammad[28]
1425Shah Rukh sends his son Ulugh Beg to invade Moghulistan and defeats Sher Muhammad; Uwais Khan becomes ruler of Moghulistan again[28]
1429Uwais Khan is killed by Satuq Khan; two factions supporting his sons Esen Buqa II and Yunus Khan go to war with Esen winning[29]

1430s
YearDateEvent
1433Moghulistan recovers Kashgar from the Timurid Empire[29]

1450s
YearDateEvent
1451Esen Buqa II raids the Timurid Empire; in response Abu Sa'id Mirza lends Yunus Khan troops to occupy Moghulistan near the Ili River, splitting the western portion into what would come to be known as the Yarkent Khanate[30]

1460s
YearDateEvent
1462Esen Buqa II dies and is succeeded by his son Dost Muhammad[30]
1469Dost Muhammad dies and is succeeded by his son Kebek Sultan[30]

1470s
YearDateEvent
1472Kebek Sultan is assassinated, leaving Yunus Khan sole ruler of Moghulistan[30]
1473Ming–Turpan conflict: Yunus Khan occupies Hami[31]
1479Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat rebels and takes possession of Yarkand, defeating Yunus Khan twice[31]

1480s
YearDateEvent
1482Ming–Turpan conflict: Hami is retaken by Qanšin[32]
1484Taking advantage of the conflict between Umar Shaikh Mirza II and Sultan Ahmed Mirza, Yunus Khan occupies Fergana and Sayram[31]
1486Yunus Khan dies and is succeeded by his sons Ahmad Alaq (Turpan Khanate) and Mahmud Khan (Yarkent Khanate)[32]
1488Yarkent Khanate: Mahmud Khan defeats a Timurid invasion[33]
Ming–Turpan conflict: Ahmad Alaq kills Qanšin and takes control of Hami[33]
1489Ming–Turpan conflict: Engke Bolad retakes Hami[33]

1490s
YearDateEvent
1493Ming–Turpan conflict: Ahmad Alaq captures Šamba and occupies Hami[34]
1497Ming–Turpan conflict: Ahmad Alaq abandons Hami[34]
1499Turpan Khanate: Ahmad Alaq seizes Kashgar and Yengisar from Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat[32]

16th century

1500s
YearDateEvent
1502Muhammad Shaybani captures both Ahmad Alaq and Mahmud Khan in battle[33]
1503Turpan Khanate: Muhammad Shaybani releases the Moghul khans but Ahmad Alaq dies soon after and is succeeded by his son Mansur Khan[33]
1508Yarkent Khanate: Mahmud Khan is defeated by his nephew Sultan Said Khan, flees to Muhammad Shaybani, who executes him[33]
1509Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat captures Kashgar[35]

1510s
YearDateEvent
1513Ming–Turpan conflict: Kara Del submits to Mansur Khan[36]
1514Yarkent Khanate: Sultan Said Khan overthrows Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat and takes all of his territory, ruling it in his own right; so ends the unified Moghulistan[35]
1517Ming–Turpan conflict: Mansur Khan launches raids into the Ming dynasty[36]

1520s
YearDateEvent
1529Yarkent Khanate: Sultan Said Khan invades Badakhshan[37]

1530s
YearDateEvent
1533Yarkent Khanate: Sultan Said Khan dies while trying to invade Tibet and is succeeded by his son Abdurashid Khan - during his reign he loses the northern pastures to nomads[36]

1540s
YearDateEvent
1543Makhdum-i-Azam dies and his sons create the Aq Taghliq and Qara Taghliq religious orders[38]
1545Turpan Khanate: Mansur Khan is succeeded by his son Shah Khan[36]

1550s
YearDateEvent
1558Yarkent Khanate: Kazakh Khanate invades but is repelled[39]

1560s
YearDateEvent
1565Yarkent Khanate: Abdurashid Khan is succeeded by his son Abdul Karim Khan[40]

1570s
YearDateEvent
1570Turpan Khanate: Shah Khan dies and is succeeded by his brother Muhammad Khan ibn Mansur Khan; records don't mention much of the Turpan Khanate after this[36]

1590s
YearDateEvent
1593Yarkent Khanate: Abdul Karim Khan is succeeded by his brother Muhammad Sultan[40]

17th century

1610s
YearDateEvent
1610Yarkent Khanate: Muhammad Sultan is succeeded by his son Shudja ad Din Ahmad Khan[39]
1619Yarkent Khanate: Shudja ad Din Ahmad Khan is assassinated and succeeded by Abd al-Latif (Afak) Khan[39]

1630s
YearDateEvent
1631Yarkent Khanate: Abd al-Latif (Afak) Khan is succeeded by his nephew Sultan Ahmad Khan (Pulat Khan)[39]
1636Yarkent Khanate: Sultan Ahmad Khan (Pulat Khan) is overthrown by Abdallah (Moghul Khan)[39]

1650s
YearDateEvent
1655Yarkent Khanate: Yarkent becomes a tributary of the Qing dynasty[38]

1660s
YearDateEvent
1667Yarkent Khanate: Abdallah (Moghul Khan) is overthrown by his son, YuIbars Khan[41]

1670s
YearDateEvent
1670Yarkent Khanate: Yulbars Khan is overthrown and his uncle Ismail Khan is enthroned[41]
1678Dzungar conquest of Altishahr: Ismail Khan drives out to the Aq Taghliq Khoja Afaq Khoja, who seeks help from the 5th Dalai Lama, who in turn writes a letter to the Dzungar Khanate for help.[42]

1680s
YearDateEvent
1680Dzungar conquest of Altishahr: The Dzungars invade and kill Ismail's family. Abd ar-Rashid Khan II is installed as ruler.[41]
1682Riots break out, forcing Abd ar-Rashid Khan II to flee; his brother Muhammad Imin Khan succeeds him[43]

1690s
YearDateEvent
1693Muhammad Imin Khan invades the Dzungar Khanate but is overthrown by Afaq Khoja, whose son Yahiya Khoja is enthroned[43]
1695Afaq Khoja and Yahiya Khoja are killed in a rebellion[43]
1696Akbash Khan is enthroned but the begs of Kashgar refuse to acknowledge him. Dzungar troops are brought in by Akbash to enforce his rule. However the Dzungars install Mirza Alim Shah Beg; so ends the Yarkent Khanate and Chagatai rule[44]

See also

References
  1. Atwood 2004, p. 445.
  2. Atwood 2004, p. 81.
  3. Atwood 2004, p. 416.
  4. Atwood 2004, p. 307.
  5. Atwood 2004, p. 82.
  6. Atwood 2004, p. 83.
  7. Twitchett 1994, p. 411.
  8. Atwood 2004, p. 202.
  9. Atwood 2004, p. 85.
  10. Atwood 2004, p. 86.
  11. Twitchett 1994, p. 502.
  12. Twitchett 1994, p. 503.
  13. Twitchett 1994, p. 504.
  14. Atwood 2004, p. 87.
  15. Grousset 1970, p. 343.
  16. Grousset 1970, p. 344.
  17. Grousset 1970, p. 345.
  18. Grousset 1970, p. 411.
  19. Grousset 1970, p. 412.
  20. Grousset 1970, p. 422.
  21. Grousset 1970, p. 415.
  22. Grousset 1970, p. 423.
  23. Grousset 1970, p. 416.
  24. Grousset 1970, p. 424.
  25. Grousset 1970, p. 425.
  26. Grousset 1970, p. 426.
  27. Grousset 1970, p. 491.
  28. Grousset 1970, p. 459.
  29. Grousset 1970, p. 492.
  30. Grousset 1970, p. 493.
  31. Grousset 1970, p. 494.
  32. Grousset 1970, p. 495.
  33. Grousset 1970, p. 496.
  34. Grousst 1970, p. 496.
  35. Grousset 1970, p. 497.
  36. Grousset 1970, p. 499.
  37. Adle 2003, p. 182.
  38. Adle 2003, p. 184.
  39. Adle 2003, p. 183.
  40. Grousset 1970, p. 500.
  41. Adle 2003, p. 185.
  42. Grousset 1970, p. 501.
  43. Adle 2003, p. 192.
  44. Adle 2003, p. 193.

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