Vlachs of Serbia

The Vlachs (endonym in Romanian: Rumînji or Rumâni, Serbian: Власи, romanized: Vlasi) are an ethnic minority in eastern Serbia, that considers themselves different from Romanians while some think they have origin from Wallachia that is now part of Romania and in same time they say to differ from Serbs while most of them speak the Serbian language.[1][2][3][4][5] They mostly live in the Eastern Serbia region (roughly corresponding to the districts of Bor and Zaječar), but also in Braničevo and Pomoravlje districts. A small Vlach population also exists in Smederevo and Velika Plana (Podunavlje District), and in the municipalities of Aleksinac and Kruševac (Rasina District).

Vlachs of Serbia
Total population
35,330 (2011)
Regions with significant populations
Eastern Central Serbia
Languages
Vlach and Serbian
Religion
Predominantly Eastern Orthodox
Related ethnic groups
Romanians of Serbia

History
See also: Vlachs in medieval Serbia

Vlach could be an exonym for the eastern Romance-speaking community in the Balkans that was considered foreigners in medieval time, which resulted from the occupation and colonization of the region during the Roman Empire and besides that term Vlach is later used to describe not only a member of the population but some occupations like guardians soldiers or frontier troop and cattleman as they were jobs required by medieval state in that time. So Vlach term was practically in one period of medieval time under influence of states to describe some population not necessary ethnicity, because workers they could be from different national groups that often mixed between them-self over time and later created their own new identity under such states' influence.[6][7][8]

Early records show Vlach population lived in many parts of today's coastal Montenegro and western Bosnia including Republic of Ragusa - today Dubrovnik and Dalmatia because they migrated or where colonized to that area. During the first half of the 13th century, Serbia kingdom started colonizing different Vlach groups on royal and ecclesiastical estates on the eastern part of the Mideast Adriatic coast. While in 13–14th centuries they represented only 1/20 part of the population of that area toward 15 century Vlach population saw a large increase towards 1/3 of the total population. That increase was from 3 factors: fertility, migrations of Vlach from Old Serbia and converting of other nationality into Vlach because Ottomans conquest and their attitude especially towards conquered Serb population that often resisted occupation.[8] During the Ottoman rule to desolated area of Serbia from Kosovo to Smederevo, Ottomans setled large numbers of Vlachs.[9]

Today, about three-quarters of the Vlach population speak the Ungurean subdialect which is similar to the Romanian spoken in Banat while Vlachs themselves consider that they have their own language. In the 19th century, other groups of Romanians originating in Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia) also settled south of the Danube.[10] These are the Țărani (Carani, Царани), who form some 25% of the modern population and speak a variety of Oltenian dialect. From the 15th through the 18th centuries large numbers of Serbs also migrated across the Danube, but in the opposite direction, to both Banat and Țara Româneasca. Significant migration ended by the establishment of the kingdoms of Serbia and Romania in the second half of the 19th century. The Vlachs of northeastern Serbia share close linguistic and cultural ties with the Vlachs in the region of Vidin in Bulgaria as well as the Romanians of Banat and Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia). According to some Romanian sources, northeastern Serbia is home to several Vlach communities who speak dialects similar to ones in parts of western Romania: in Banat, Transylvania, and Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia). These are the Ungureni (Ungurjani, Унгурјани), Munteni (Munćani, Мунћани) and Bufeni (Bufani, Буфани).

Culture

Language
Main article: Vlach language in Serbia

The language spoken by the Vlachs is detailed in Vlach language in Serbia article.

The Vlach language was not in use in local administration, not even in few localities[11] where members of the minority represent more than 15% of the population, where it would be allowed according to Serbian law.[12] mostly because of lack of teachers and because Vlach is more oral than written language so it was not possible to have writings in Vlach's. Since 2012 there is continuous effort to standardize Vlach language into written form and teaching of Vlach language has started in schools. While Vlach standard written language is developed Vlach council in Serbia in 2006. had debate to use Serbian as official language and Romanian language as literary language. That attitude of council is confirmed in its document in 2010 – endorsing Serbian language while written Vlach is developed. In 2012. Council has decided to adopt proposition on written and oral Vlach language and started to work towards its standardization.[13]

Religion

Most Vlachs of Eastern Serbia are Orthodox Christians who had belonged to the Serbian Orthodox Church since the medieval times.[8] The Vlachs celebrate the ospăț (hospitium, in Latin), called in Serbian praznik or slava as a family's annual ceremony and veneration of their patron saint that is a common tradition with Orthodox Serbs. Some Vlach political organizations also have slava. Stefan Nemanja is one of venerated patron among Vlach because he mentioned Vlach people in Hilandar monastery constitution including 170 Vlach who helped a monastery.[14] Serbian orthodox church in Cetinje is called Vlach church – Vlaška crkva – as remembrance on Vlachs who helped to built church. According to remembrance Vlach Ivan Borojev - built the original Vlach church in Cetnije after coming from Old Vlach country that was in area around mountain Zlatibor.[15]

The relative isolation of the Vlachs has permitted the survival of various pre-Christian religious customs and beliefs that are frowned upon by the Orthodox Church. Vlach magic rituals are well known across modern Serbia. Some customs of the Vlachs are very similar to those from Southern Romania (Wallachia).[16]

In the last few decades, especially since 2001, Romanian Orthodox Church non-canonically tried to claim and convert Vlach Orthodox believers in Serbia as theirs and at the same time called them Romanians, but Vlach people in Serbia did not adhere to Romanian church as the majority of Vlachs still venerate Serbia Orthodox Church saints and have their own slava. Some Romanian priests tried to have services in Serbia in places populated with Vlach. Prior to this, there was no Romanian church in places where the Romania Orthodox church in Serbia is trying now to build them.[17][18][19][20][21]

Music and folklore

Since 2009. there is international "Gergina" Vlach festival of music and folklore held in Serbia with many awards in different categories.[22] There are also multiple efforts to save original Vlach poems and music and perform them to the modern public. There is also many cultural festivities including Balkan festival of traditional Vlach culture where traditional Vlach customs, dance, cloths and songs are presented.[23][24][25][26]

Vlach cuisine

Žumijare in Vlach or Žmare - Serbian lat. is one of traditional Vlach dishes. It is made from corn flour, sheep meat, onions and cooking oil. Since 2009, there is festivity in Petrovac na Mlavi in cooking Žmare.[27]

Demographics
Ethnic map of the Balkans from 1861, by Guillaume Lejean
Ethnic map of the Balkans prior to the First Balkan War, by Paul Vidal de la Blache.

In the 2002 census 40,054 people in Serbia declared themselves ethnic Vlachs, and 54,818 people declared themselves speakers of the Vlach language.[28] The Vlachs of Serbia are recognized as a minority, like the Romanians of Serbia, who number 34,576 according to the 2002 census. On the census, the Vlachs declared themselves either as Serbs, Vlachs or Romanians. Therefore, the "real" number of people of Vlach origin could be much greater than the number of recorded Vlachs, both due to mixed marriages with Serbs and also Serbian national feeling among some Vlachs.

In the 2011 census 35,330 people in Serbia declared themselves ethnic Vlachs, and 43,095 people declared themselves speakers of the Vlach language.[29] The Vlachs of Serbia are recognized as a minority. Therefore, the number of people of Vlach origin could be bigger than the number of recorded Vlachs, both due to mixed marriages with Serbs and also Serbian national feeling among some Vlachs.

Historical population

The following numbers from census data suggest the possible number of Vlachs:

  • 1846: Vlach 96.215[30]
  • 1850: Vlach 104.807
  • 1866: 127.402[30]
  • 1895: 159.590[31]
  • 1961: 1,330 Vlachs
  • 1981: 135,000 people declared Vlach as their mother language (population figure given for the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia)[32]
  • 2002: 40,054 declared Vlachs; 54,818 people declared Vlach as their mother language (population figures given for entire Serbia); 39,953 declared Vlachs, 54,726 people declared Vlach as their mother language (population figures given for Central Serbia only)[28]
  • 2011: 35,330 declared Vlachs;

The Vlach population of Central Serbia is concentrated mostly in the region bordered by the Morava River (west), Danube River (north) and Timok River (south-east). See also: List of settlements in Serbia inhabited by Vlachs.

National Identity and etymology
Romanians (Vlachs) from the village of Zdrelo in 1868

The community is known as Vlasi ("Vlachs") - in Serbian and Vlachs are by some standards considered highly assimilated into Serbian society because it is mostly bilingual in the Serbian and Vlach languages, similar as Sorbs in Germany and in same time they are adhering to the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Some Romanians, as well as international linguists and anthropologists, consider Serbia's Vlachs to be a subgroup of Romanians. However, the results of the last census showed that most Vlachs of Eastern Serbia opted for the Serbian and Vlach exonym vlasi (= Vlachs) rather than rumuni (= Romanians).[28]

Vlach national leders in Serbia regard Vlach as separate being and do not cognate to Romanians in the cultural and linguistic sense.[2][33]

While Vlach culture have some traditional rituals and language in parts similar to Romanians in same time Vlach names and other customs provide conclusions that they are of Old Balkan people or Slovene ancestry and they share names with Serbs.[34] There is many people folkloric society of Vlach that are preserving customs and traditions of Vlachs.[35][36]

Vlachs, since the effort of standardization of their language in 2012, started to have their own Vlachs language learned in schools in Serbia since 2017.

On the other hand, some Vlachs from Resava area consider themselves to be simply Serbs that speak the Vlach language.[37]

Vlach is commonly used as a historical umbrella term for all Latin peoples in Southeastern Europe (Romanians proper or Daco-Romanians, Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, Istro-Romanians). After the foundation of the Romanian state in the 19th century, Romanians living in the Romanian Old Kingdom and in Austria-Hungary were only seldom called "Vlachs" by foreigners, the use of the exonym "Romanians" was encouraged even by some officials, and the Romanian population ceased to use the exonym "Vlach" for their own designation. Only in the Kingdom of Serbia and Bulgarian Kingdom, where the officials did not encourage the population to use the modern exonym "Romanian", was the old designation "Vlach" retained, but the term "Romanian" was used in statistical reports (but only up to the Interwar period, when the designation "Romanian" was changed into "Vlach").[38]

Ethnological map of the Romanian population by Heinrich Kiepert, 1876.
Ethnological map of the Romanian population by Élisée Reclus

According to Constitution and Law on protecting freedom and right of national minorities in Serbia[39] any discrimination towards Vlach is prohibited since they are representative people that have their own language and culture. Since 2006. Vlachs had according to law formed National council of Vlachs in Serbia that has registered in mart 2007. in Serbia national registry of minorities.

Law on official using language and letters in Serbia[40] has enabled Vlach language to be used in local communities administrations if they have enough representation in population. Beside that biggest obstacle to using Vlach language was that it is most oral language but since 2012. efforts are made toward standardization as written language since enabling with development of standardization soon to be used in local communities in schools and in administration with significant Vlach population.[34]

The Romanian ethnonym for Vlach is Rumâni and the community Rumâni din Sârbie,[41] translated into English as "Romanians from Serbia".[42] They are also known in Romanian as Valahii din Serbia or Românii din Timoc.[43] Although ethnographically and linguistically related to the Romanians, within the Vlach community there are divergences on whether or not they belong to the Romanian nation and whether or not their minority should be amalgamated with the Romanian minority in Vojvodina.[12]

Romanian media gave false report that in a Romanian-Yugoslav agreement of November 4, 2002, the Yugoslav authorities agreed to recognize the Romanian identity of the Vlach population in Central Serbia,[44] but the agreement was not implemented.[45] while in actual agreement such thing is not written as there is no mention of Vlach's and document is publicly available for clarification.[46]

In April 2005, 23 deputies from the Council of Europe, representatives from Hungary, Georgia, Lithuania, Romania, Moldova, Estonia, Armenia, Azerbaïdjan, Denmark, and Bulgaria protested against Serbia's treatment of this population.[47]

The Senate of Romania in order to pressure[48][49] Serbia to convert Vlach to Romanians postponed the ratification of Serbia's candidature for membership in the European Union until the legal status and minority right of the Romanian (Vlach) population in Serbia is clarified.[50][51]

Predrag Balašević, president of one of many Vlach party's in Serbia, accused the government of assimilation by using the national Vlach organization against the interests of this minority in Serbia.[52]

Since 2010, the Vlach National Council of Serbia has been led by members of leading Serbian parties (Democrat Party and Socialist Party), most of whom are ethnic Serbs having no relation to the Vlach/Romanian minority.[53] Radiša Dragojević, the current president of Vlach National Council of Serbia, who is not a Vlach, but an ethnic Serb,[54] stated that no one has the right to ask the Vlach minority in Serbia to identify themselves as Romanian or veto anything. As a response to mister Dragojević's statement, the cultural organizations Ariadnae Filum, Društvo za kulturu Vlaha - Rumuna Srbije, Društvo Rumuna - Vlaha „Trajan“, Društvo za kulturu, jezik i religiju Vlaha - Rumuna Pomoravlja, Udruženje za tradiciju i kulturu Vlaha „Dunav“, Centar za ruralni razvoj - Vlaška kulturna inicijativa Srbija and the Vlach Party of Serbia protested and stated that it was false.[55][56]

Notable people
  • Branko Olar, one of the best known singers of Vlach folklore from Eastern Serbia, originating from the village of Slatina near Bor
  • Staniša Paunović, a well-known Vlach folklore singer, originating from Negotin, from Eastern Serbia[57]

See also

References
  1. "National Council head: Vlachs are not Romanians". B92. 10 February 2012.
  2. "ВЛАСИ НИСУ РУМУНИ НИТИ ЈЕ РУМУНСКИ ЈЕЗИК ВЛАШКИ" [Vlasi are not Romanians nor is the Romanian Language Vlach]. nacionalnisavetvlaha.rs (in Serbian). 28 February 2012.
  3. Assembly, Council of Europe: Parliamentary (2008-10-23). Documents: Working Papers, 2008 Ordinary Session (second Part), 14-18 April 2008, Vol. 3: Documents 11464, 11471, 11513-11539. ISBN 9789287164438.
  4. "Istorija postojanja Vlaha". Nacionalni savet Vlaha. Nacionalni savet Vlaha. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  5. Herrmann, J. "The situation of national minorities in Vojvodina and of the Romanian ethnic minority in Serbia". Parliamentary Assembly's Documents. Council of Europe. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
  6. "Vlach | European ethnic group". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-04-08.
  7. Rumen., Daskalov; Tchavdar., Marinov (2013-01-01). National ideologies and language policies. Brill. ISBN 9789004250765. OCLC 948626914.
  8. Pijović, Marko (2018). "Vlasi u dubrovačkim spomenicima do 14. stoljeća". core.ac.uk. University of Zagreb Repository.
  9. Arnold Suppan, Maximilian Graf; (2010) From the Austrian Empire to Communist East Central Europe p. 52; LIT Verlag Münster, ISBN 3643502354
  10. (in Serbian) Kosta Jovanović, Negotinska Krajina i Ključ, Belgrade, 1940
  11. https://www.isac-fund.org/download/SR-RU-Relations.pdf
  12. "The situation of national minorities in Vojvodina and of the Romanian ethnic minority in Serbia" Archived 2012-01-23 at the Wayback Machine, at the Council of Europe, 14 February 2008
  13. http://fer.org.rs/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Odgovor-na-rumunski-non-paper-20.2.2012.pdf
  14. Mihajlović-Jovanović, Suzana (26 February 2019). "Vlaška stranka proslavila Svetog Simeona Mirotočivog". ngportal.rs.
  15. http://cetinje.travel/crkve-manastiri/vlaska-crkva/
  16. Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  17. Čalija, Jelena (24 June 2016). "Nema opravdanja za upad Rumunske crkve u Timočku krajinu". Politika.co.rs.
  18. "Nesuglasice sa rumunskom crkvom". Novosti.rs. 30 May 2012.
  19. Apostolovski, Aleksandar (29 May 2012). "Šta SPC zamera rumunskim sveštenicima". Politika.rs.
  20. "Саопштење за јавност Светог Архијерејског Сабора Српске Православне Цркве". Holy Synod of Bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church. 18 May 2019.
  21. "Интервју Владике Илариона за Православни мисионар". Holy Synod of Bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church. 5 October 2017.
  22. http://www.gergina.org.rs/odrzan-festival-u-slavu-vlaske-muzike-gergina/
  23. http://eparhija-timocka.org/predstavljen-projekat-ocuvanja-izvorne-vlaske-pesme/
  24. "Влашке народне песме у извођењу Абрашевића". rtk.rs. Radio televizija Kruševac (RTK). 5 November 2019.
  25. http://www.zajecar.info/2233-odrzan-8-balkanskog-festivala-tradicionalne-kulture-vlaha
  26. https://www.glas-zajecara.com/otvoren-konkurs-za-najboljeg-izvodjaca-vlaske-pesme-i-najlepsu-vlajnu-balkana/
  27. http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/385869/Srbija/Zmare-jelo-koje-cuva-vlasku-tradiciju
  28. "Official Results of Serbian Census 2002–Population by ethnic groups" (PDF) (in Serbian). p. 2. Archived from the original (477 KB) on 2009-02-25. and "Official Results of Serbian Census 2002–Population by language" (PDF) (in Serbian). p. 12. Archived from the original (441 KB) on 2009-02-24.
  29. "Official Results of Serbian Census 2011–Population by ethnic groups" (PDF) (in Serbian). (477 KB), p. 2 and "Official Results of Serbian Census 2011–Population by language" (PDF). (441 KB), p. 12
  30. "Zapiski Imperatorskago russkago geograficheskago obshchestva" (PDF). zajednicavlahasrbije.com.
  31. Durlić, Paun Es; (2011) Sacred Language of the Vlach Bread p. 10; ISBN 8684159292
  32. (in Serbian) Ranko Bugarski, Jezici, Beograd, 1996.
  33. https://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/9/politika/1053352/dragojevic-vlasi-nisu-rumuni.html
  34. "Odgovor na Rumunski non paper" (PDF). fer.org.rs. 20 February 2012.
  35. "„Омољанца" – деценија чувања традиције Влаха". Politika.co.rs. 6 July 2019.
  36. http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/433248/Omoljanca-decenija-cuvanja-tradicije-Vlaha
  37. Mladen Stajic; ( Етнички односи Срба и Влаха у Горњој Ресави (in Serbian) p. 7-10;
  38. Serbian/Romanian. The Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia. The Vlachs/Romanians or the Romanians of Eastern Serbia and the "Vlach/Romanian question". Bor 2000/2001/2002.
  39. "Zakon o zaštiti prava i sloboda nacionalnih manjina". paragraf.rs.
  40. "Zakon o službenoj upotrebi jezika i pisama". Paragraf.rs.
  41. "Account Suspended". Archived from the original on 2011-09-03. Retrieved 2014-03-01.
  42. Account Suspended Archived 2011-09-03 at the Wayback Machine
  43. C. Constante, Anton Galopenția (1943). Românii din Timoc: Românii dinitre Dunăre, Timoc și Morava. p. 50. Apoi, Valahii din Serbia, sunt harnici, muncitori, economi şi de mare dârzenie în privinţa portului şi a limbei.
  44. "Iugoslavia recunoaste apartenenta vlahilor din Valea Timocului la minoritatea romaneasca". Adevărul (in Romanian). 6 November 2002. Prin acordul privind minoritatile, semnat, luni, la Belgrad, de catre presedintii Ion Iliescu si Voislav Kostunita, statul iugoslav recunoaste dreptul apartenentei la minoritatea romaneasca din Iugoslavia al celor aproape 120.000 de vlahi (cifra neoficiala), care traiesc in Valea Timocului, in Serbia de Rasarit. Reprezentantii romanilor din Iugoslavia, profesori, ziaristi, scriitori, i-au multumit, ieri, la Pancevo, sefului statului pentru aceasta intelegere cu guvernul de la Belgrad. Acordul este considerat de importanta istorica pentru romanii din Valea Timocului, care, din timpul lui Iosip Broz Tito, traiesc fara drept la invatamant si viata religioasa in limba materna, practic nerecunoscuti ca etnie. "Nu vom face ca fostul regim, sa numim noi care sunt minoritatile nationale sau sa stergem cu guma alte minoritati", a spus, ieri, Rasim Ljajic, ministrul sarb pentru minoritati, la intalnirea de la Pancevo a presedintelui cu romanii din Iugoslavia. Deocamdata, statul iugoslav nu a recunoscut prin lege statutul vlahilor de pe Valea Timocului, insa de-acum va acorda acestora dreptul la optiunea etnica, va permite, in decembrie, constituirea Consiliului Reprezentantilor Romani si va participa in Comisia mixta romano-iugoslava la monitorizarea problemelor minoritatilor sarba si romana din cele doua state. In Iugoslavia traiesc cateva sute de mii de romani. Presedintele Ion Iliescu s-a angajat, ieri, pentru o politica mai activa privind romanii din afara granitelor: "Avem mari datorii fata de romanii care traiesc in afara granitelor. Autocritic vorbind, nu ne-am facut intotdeauna datoria. De dragul de a nu afecta relatiile noastre cu vecinii, am fost mai retinuti, mai prudenti in a sustine cauza romanilor din statele vecine. (...) Ungurii ne dau lectii din acest punct de vedere", a spus presedintele, precizand ca romanii trebuie sa-si apere cauza "pe baza de buna intelegere".
  45. Curierul Naţional, 25 ianuarie 2003: Chiar si acordul dintre presedintii Ion Iliescu si Voislav Kostunita, semnat la sfarsitul anului trecut, nu este respectat, in ceea ce priveste minoritatile, deoarece locuitorii din Valea Timocului, numiti vlahi, nu sunt recunoscuti ca minoritari, ci doar „grup etnic“.
  46. http://fer.org.rs/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/ZAKON-o-ratifikaciji-sporazuma-izmedju-savezne-vlade-SRJ-i-vlade-Rumunije.pdf
  47. Parliamentary Assembly, 28 April 2005 Archived 30 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine: Deeply concerned over the cultural situation of the so-called “Vlach” Romanians dwelling in 154 ethnic Romanian localities 48 localities of mixed ethnic make-up between the Danube, Timok and Morava Rivers who since 1833 have been unable to enjoy ethnic rights in schools and churches
  48. https://www.dw.com/bs/zbog-%C4%8Dega-rumunija-blokira-srbiju/a-15776096
  49. https://www.blic.rs/vesti/politika/micunovic-grupa-rumunskih-poslanika-vrsi-pritisak-zbog-vlaha/pt04jbl
  50. Archived October 30, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  51. B92 - Vesti - Rumunija će blokirati kandidaturu?
  52. Власи оптужују Србију за асимилацију - Правда Archived 2012-02-12 at the Wayback Machine
  53. Драгојевић: Власи нису Румуни : Тема дана : ПОЛИТИКА
  54. Falşi vlahi folosiţi împotriva românilor | adevarul.ro
  55. B92 - Prenosimo - Ne gurajte probleme pod tepih
  56. B92 - Vesti - Vlasi (ni)su obespravljeni u Srbiji
  57. https://recnaroda.co.rs/poznati-vlasi-stanisa-paunovic/

Sources

Further reading
  • Mihai Viorel Fifor (2000), "Assimilation or Acculturation: Creating Identities in the New Europe. The Case of Vlachs in Serbia", Cultural Identity and Ethnicity in Central Europe, Cracow: Jagellonian University
  • Sorescu-Marinković, Annemarie. "The Vlachs of North-Eastern Serbia: Fieldwork and Field Methods Today." Symposia–Caiete de Etnologie şi Antropologie. 2006.
  • Sikimić, Biljana, and Annemarie Sorescu. "The Concept of Loneliness and Death among Vlachs in North-eastern Serbia." Symposia–Caiete de etnologie şi antropologie. 2004.
  • Marinković, Annemarie Sorescu. "Vorbarĭ Rumîńesk: The Vlach on line Dictionary." Philologica Jassyensia 8.1 (2012): 47–60.
  • Ivkov-Džigurski, Anđelija, et al. "The Mystery of Vlach Magic in the Rural Areas of 21st century Serbia." Eastern European Countryside 18 (2012): 61–83.
  • Marinković, Annemarie Sorescu. "Cultura populară a românilor din Timoc–încercare de periodizare a cercetărilor etnologice." Philologica Jassyensia 2.1 (2006): 73–92.
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