Waimakariri River

The Waimakariri River is one of the largest rivers in Canterbury, on the eastern coast of New Zealand's South Island. It flows for 151 kilometres (94 mi) in a generally southeastward direction from the Southern Alps across the Canterbury Plains to the Pacific Ocean.

Waimakariri River
View of the Waimakariri River looking towards the Southern Alps
Map of the course of the Waimakariri River
Location
CountryNew Zealand
RegionCanterbury
Physical characteristics
SourceSouthern Alps, near Mount Rolleston
 • locationSouthern Alps, Canterbury
 • coordinates42°54′13″S 171°29′48″E
 • elevation1,535 m (5,036 ft)
MouthBrooklands Lagoon, Pacific Ocean
 • location
near Kaiapoi
 • coordinates
43°23′26″S 172°42′29″E
 • elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Length151 km (94 mi)
Discharge 
 • average76 m3/s (2,700 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries 
 • leftBealey River, Poulter River, Esk River, Eyre River, Kaiapoi River
 • rightWhite River, Broken River, Kowai River, Styx River

The river rises on the eastern flanks of the Southern Alps, eight kilometres southwest of Arthur's Pass. For much of its upper reaches, the river is braided, with wide shingle beds. As the river approaches the Canterbury Plains, it passes through a belt of mountains, and is forced into a narrow canyon (the Waimakariri Gorge), before reverting to its braided form for its passage across the plains. It enters the Pacific north of Christchurch, near the town of Kaiapoi.

Instead of being unoccupied crown land as are most New Zealand river beds, the bed of the Waimakariri River is vested in the Canterbury Regional Council (Environment Canterbury).[1]

Name

The exact Māori etymology of the name Waimakariri is not known. The most common translation for the name is "river of cold rushing water", derived from the Māori words wai, meaning water, and makariri, meaning cold.[2] Additionally, both mākā and riri translate individually as vigorous or enraged respectively, making the exact etymological origins of the name difficult to determine. The river was briefly renamed as the Courtenay River in 1849 by the chief surveyor of the Canterbury Association, Joseph Thomas, in honour of Lord Courtenay. However, this name quickly fell into disuse in favour of the traditional Māori name.[3][4] The Waimakariri is colloquially referred to as the 'Waimak', a shortening of the Māori name.[2]

Geography

The source of the Waimakariri is located in the Southern Alps, at the head of a valley to the west of Arthur's Pass, where it is primarily fed by snow melt and glacial runoff. The river flows in a southerly direction, before turning east around the base of Mount Stewart. The river at this stage becomes braided, and is joined by the Bealey River as it flows across wide shingle beds.

As the river is joined by the Esk River, the Waimakariri river is forced into a narrow series of gorges and ceases being braided. This continues as the river flows through the foothills of the Southern Alps, and is used by the Midland Line railway as part of its traverse of the Southern Alps. The river exits the foothills at the Waimakariri Gorge, at which point it again expands to a braided system.

Once on the Canterbury Plains, the Waimakariri flows in a roughly east-south-easterly direction towards the Pacific Ocean. As with other braided river systems, the main channels frequently change within the primary riverbed, especially during periods of high flow rates. Geological evidence indicates that this mobility has extended to the river itself in the past, at times flowing through the current location of Christchurch into what is now the Avon Heathcote Estuary, and on a separate occasion flowing into Lake Ellesmere / Te Waihora, to the south of Banks Peninsula.[5] To protect Christchurch and other settlements near the river, multiple flood protections have been constructed either side of the river since European settlement, dating as early as the Canterbury Rivers Act 1868.[6]

The river currently reaches the Pacific Ocean just to the north of Christchurch, entering Pegasus Bay by way of Brooklands Lagoon. The Waimakariri marks one of only a few breaks in the roughly 50 km (31 mi) length of Pegasus Bay. Along with two other rivers which enter Pegasus Bay (Ashley River / Rakahuri and Waipara River), the Waimakariri is almost entirely responsible for the sediment which forms the bay and its coastal plain.[7]

Bridges

Due to the size of the river, only a limited number of bridges cross the Waimakariri. From upstream to downstream, the current bridges are:

Bealey Bridge

43.01981°S 171.5964°E / -43.01981; 171.5964

The Bealey Bridge is located immediately upstream from where the Bealey River flows into the Waimakariri. It is part of State Highway 73. Bealey Bridge is single-lane, with a passing bay in the middle. It is in a remote location and does not cater for pedestrians.[8]

Kiwirail bridge #42

43.01153°S 171.7148°E / -43.01153; 171.7148

Some 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) downstream from the Bealey Bridge, the Midland Line crosses the river. Kiwirail records this bridge as number 42 on its bridge asset list.[9] It is located where Red Beech Stream flows into the Waimakariri.[10]

Mount White Bridge

43.00573°S 171.74686°E / -43.00573; 171.74686

The Mount White Bridge is, as the crow flies, located 2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi) downstream from the Kiwirail bridge. It is much older than the Bealey Bridge. The abutment on the left bank of the Waimakariri is located within the delta created by the Hawdon River.[11]

Waimakariri Gorge Bridge

43.35987°S 172.05027°E / -43.35987; 172.05027

The Waimakariri Gorge Bridge is, as the crow flies, located 46 kilometres (29 mi) downstream from the Mount White bridge. This bridge was completed in 1877 and originally served both road and rail traffic (of the Oxford Branch). The bridge is on the register of Heritage New Zealand as a Category II structure.[12]

SH1 Waimakariri Bridges

43.41519°S 172.64672°E / -43.41519; 172.64672

The SH1 Waimakariri Bridges are twin bridges connecting Christchurch with the region north of the Waimakariri River via State Highway 1. It is located 48 kilometres (30 mi) downstream from the Waimakariri Gorge Bridge. As part of the Christchurch Northern Motorway, each bridge was widened from two to three lanes during 2020, plus a cycleway added.[13]

Main North Road bridge

43.41310°S 172.65137°E / -43.41310; 172.65137

Just 400 metres (1,300 ft) downstream from the state highway bridges is the Main North Road bridge, often referred to as the Old Waimakariri Bridge.[14] This two-lane traffic bridge does not cater for walking or cycling.[15]

Kiwirail bridge #17

43.41293°S 172.65151°E / -43.41293; 172.65151

Immediately downstream from the Main North Road bridge, the Main North Line crosses the river. Kiwirail records this bridge as number 17 on its bridge asset list.[9]

All current bridges over the Waimakariri River
  • Bealey Bridge
  • Kiwirail bridge 42
  • Mount White Bridge
  • Waimakariri Gorge Bridge
  • SH1 bridges (looking north)
  • Main North Road bridge
  • Kiwirail bridge 17 (adjacent road bridge in the background)

Ecology

As one of the largest rivers on the Canterbury plains, the Waimakariri is an important habitat for wildlife, including many endangered species of both plants and animals. The dry sections of riverbed is home to Black-Fronted Terns, where braids in the river provide a natural barrier to predators.[16] The river and its tributaries are home to multiple native species, including Crayfish / Kōura, New Zealand longfin eel, Short-finned Eel, as well as many other species of lampreys and invertebrates. The river is also one of the few remaining habitats for the critically endangered Canterbury mudfish (kowaro), which previously inhabited wetlands across the Canterbury plains, while a portion of its riverbank is home to one of only two known remaining populations of Olearia adenocarpa.[16]

Introduced fish are also common along the entirety of the Waimakariri River, making the river a popular location for fishing. As with most of New Zealand, this primarily includes brown and rainbow trout, as well as Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).[17] The Salmon population dates to the early 1900s, when they were introduced from California, and results in large salmon runs near the river mouth in Summer.[18]

Development
View of river at Kowai Bush near Springfield, 1927

In 1923 the river was mainly investigated for a hydroelectric dam to supply electricity to Christchurch. It received support from the community but the dam was never built since the Government offered inexpensive electricity from the Lake Coleridge scheme.[19]

The Central Plains Water Trust is proposing to take 40 cubic metres per second (1,400 cu ft/s) of water from two points on the Waimakariri River as part of the Central Plains Water enhancement scheme.[20]

A water pollution sign on the lower reaches of the river

Pollution
See also: Water pollution in the Canterbury Region

In 2007 the Waimakariri was ranked as one of the ten most polluted of the larger rivers in New Zealand.[21] Some of the pollution was caused by liquid wastes from industries such as a meat processing plant and wool scourers in the vicinity of the river. The wastes were discharged directly into it but as of 2012 it was piped to the municipal sewage treatment plant. There had been some non-compliance issues with the resource consents for water discharge.[22]

References
  1. Waimakariri River Improvement Act 1922, Section 17(1) - Parliament of New Zealand.
  2. Logan, Robert (1987). Waimakariri. The story of Canterbury's "river of cold rushing water". Christchurch: Robert Logan. ISBN 0-473-00520-4.
  3. Blain, Rev. Michael (2007). The Canterbury Association (1848-1852): A Study of Its Members’ Connections (PDF). Christchurch: Project Canterbury. pp. 25–27. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  4. Hight, James; C. R. Straubel (1957). A History of Canterbury. Volume I : to 1854. Christchurch: Whitcombe and Tombs Ltd. p. 121.
  5. Waimakariri River, An important asset to the region, Environment Canterbury website, retrieved 18 April 2008.
  6. "Canterbury Rivers Act 1868 (32 Victoriae 1868 No 21)". nzlii.org. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  7. Blake, G.J. (16 January 2012). "The rivers and the foreshore sediment of Pegasus Bay, South Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 11 (1): 225–235. doi:10.1080/00288306.1968.10423687.
  8. "SH73 Waimakariri River/Bealey Bridge essential repairs over three nights". NZ Transport Agency. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  9. "KiwiRail Bridges". KiwiRail. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  10. "Place name detail: Red Beech Stream". New Zealand Gazetteer. New Zealand Geographic Board. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  11. "Place name detail: Hawdon River". New Zealand Gazetteer. New Zealand Geographic Board. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  12. "Waimakariri Gorge Bridge". Register of Historic Places. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  13. "Christchurch Northern Corridor". NZ Transport Agency. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  14. "Bridge Closed Following Crash – Canterbury" (Press release). New Zealand Police. Scoop. 7 June 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  15. "Waimakariri District Walking/Cycling Strategy". Cycling in Christchurch. 4 November 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  16. "Waimakariri zone biodiversity". Environment Canterbury. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  17. "Where to Fish: Waimakariri River". nzfishing.com. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  18. McDowall, R. M. (1990) New Zealand freshwater fishes: a natural history and guide. Heinemann-Reed, Auckland, 553 p.
  19. Crean, Mike (26 April 2008). "Waimak's elusive dam". The Press.
  20. Central Plains Water Trust applications for resource consent Archived 15 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine Environment Canterbury Resource Consents webpage, retrieved 6 October 2007.
  21. "New Zealand's National River Water Quality Network - River water quality league tables". Ministry for the Environment. 20 October 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  22. "Fish & Game Celebrates Waimakariri Water Quality". Fish & Game press release. Scoop. 21 December 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
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