Winter road

A Winter road is built over land on compacted snow (also called snow roads), frozen tundra and bare ground, or on a floating ice cover.[1][2][3][4] Segments of a winter road that cross an expanse of floating ice are also referred to as an ice road or an ice bridge.[1][2][3][5][6] Conversely, a winter road may be built mostly on floating ice, with occasional land crossing called 'portages' - the Tibbitt to Contwoyto Winter Road is an example.

Winter road in northern British Columbia
Crossing the frozen Albany River in Northern Ontario

Winter roads facilitate transportation during the winter to, from and within isolated areas in the North where there are no permanent (or 'all-weather') roads. They enable supplies (e.g. food, fuel, construction material) to be brought into communities in these areas.[7] The only other alternative, providing there is a small airstrip nearby, would be to rely on air transportation. However, this can be prohibitively costly, especially for bulk material.[7][8] In some areas, climate change is observed to affect winter roads, notably by contributing to a significant reduction in their operational lifespan.[8][9]

See also

References
  1. Proskin et al, 2011. Guidelines for the Construction and Operation of Winter Roads, Transportation Association of Canada.
  2. IHSA, 2014. Best practices for building and working safely on ice covers in Ontario, Mississauga, Ontario, 43 p.
  3. NorthWest Territories Transportation, 2015. Guidelines for safe ice construction, Yellowknife, NWT, Canada, 44 p.
  4. Spencer, P.A., Strandberg, A.G. and Maddock, W.A., 2008. Ice and toundra road design for module transport, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Ships and Marine Structures in Cold Regions (ICETECH), Banff.
  5. Michel, B., Drouin, M., Lefebvre, L.M., Rosenberg, P. and Murray, R., 1974. Ice bridges in the James Project. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 11: 599-619.
  6. Barrette, P.D., 2015. A review of guidelines on ice roads in Canada: Determination of bearing capacity, Transportation Association of Canada (TAC), Charlottetown, PEI.
  7. Kuryk, D. and Domaratzki, M., 1999. Construction and maintenance of winter roads in Manitoba, Proceedings of the 10th Workshop of the Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment (CRIPE), Winnipeg, pp. 265-275.
  8. McGregor, R.V., Hassan, M. and Hayley, D., 2008. Climate change impacts and adaptation: Case studies of roads in Northern Canada, Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada. Transportation Association of Canada, Toronto.
  9. Rawlings, M., Bianchi, R. and Douglas, R.A., 2009. Winter roads and ice bridges: Anomalies in their records of seasonal usage and what we can learn from them, Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada. Transportation Association of Canada, Vancouver.

Sources
  • Proskin, et al, . (2011). Guidelines for the Construction and Operation of Winter Roads. Transportation Association of Canada. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  • Best Practices for Building and Working Safely on Ice Covers in Ontario (pdf). Infrastructure Health & Safety Association (IHSA). 2014. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  • GUIDELINES FOR SAFE ICE CONSTRUCTION (pdf). Department of Transportation of the Government of the Northwest Territories. 2015. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  • "ICETECH 2008 July 20-23, 2008 Banff, Canada Program and Conference Guide" (pdf). ICETECH 2016 Conference. p. 7. Retrieved 2020-12-01. #167 Ice and Tundra Road Design for Module Transport, P. Spencer, A. Strandberg and W. Maddock
  • Michel, B.; Drouin, M.; Lefebvre, L.M.; Rosenberg, P.; Murray, R. (1974). "Ice bridges in the James Project". Canadian Geotechnical Journal. 11: 599–619. doi:10.1139/t74-060.
  • Barrette, PD (2015). A Review of Guidelines on Ice Roads in Canada: Determination of Bearing Capacity. Transportation Association of Canada (TAC). Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  • Kuryk, D.; Domaratzki, M. (1999). "Construction and Maintenance of Winter Roads in Manitoba". Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers. Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment. 10: 265–275. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  • Mcgregor, R.; Hassan, M.; Hayley, D. (2008). Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation: Case Studies of Roads in Northern Canada (pdf). Annual Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  • Rawlings, Martin; Bianchi, Ron; Douglas, Ronald A. (2009). Winter roads and ice bridges: anomalies in their records of seasonal usage and what we can learn from them. Integrated Committee on Climate Change (Climate Change Task Force). Retrieved 2020-12-01.
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