1921 in the United States
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Warren G. Harding inauguration, March 4, 1921. Harding at right in back seat; Woodrow Wilson at left.
Events from the year 1921 in the United States.
Incumbents
Federal Government
- President: Woodrow Wilson (D-New Jersey) (until March 4), Warren G. Harding (R-Ohio) (starting March 4)
- Vice President: Thomas R. Marshall (D-Indiana) (until March 4), Calvin Coolidge (R-Massachusetts) (starting March 4)
- Chief Justice: Edward Douglass White (Louisiana) (until May 19), William Howard Taft (Ohio) (starting July 11)
- Speaker of the House of Representatives: Frederick H. Gillett (R-Massachusetts)
- Senate Majority Leader: Henry Cabot Lodge (R-Massachusetts)
- Congress: 66th (until March 4), 67th (starting March 4)
Events
January–March
March 4: Warren G. Harding becomes the 29th U.S. President
Calvin Coolidge becomes the 29th U.S. Vice President
Unknown Soldier from World War I being taken from the USS Olympia (C-6) at the Washington Navy Yard and transported to the US Capitol to lay in state. On November 11 the body is interred at Arlington National Cemetery.
- January – E. W. Scripps and William Emerson Ritter found Science Service, later renamed Society for Science & the Public, in the United States, with the goal of keeping the public informed of scientific developments.[1]
- January 1 – In American football, the University of California defeats Ohio State 28–0 in the Rose Bowl.
- January 2
- The first religious radio broadcast is heard, over station KDKA (AM) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- The De Young Museum opens in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco.[2]
- January 21 – The full-length silent comedy-drama film The Kid, written, produced, directed by and starring Charlie Chaplin (in his Tramp character), with Jackie Coogan, is released.
- March 4 – Warren G. Harding is sworn in as the 29th President of the United States, and Calvin Coolidge is sworn in as Vice President of the United States.
- March 25 – The first Lowe's opens in North Wilkesboro, North Carolina.
April–June
- April – The United States Figure Skating Association is formed.
- April 20 – Ferenc Molnár's play Liliom is first produced on Broadway in English.
- May 19 – The Emergency Quota Act passes the U.S. Congress, establishing national quotas on immigration. Because this drastically limits immigration from Eastern Europe, Jews emigrating from there begin to prefer Palestine as a destination rather than the U.S.
- May 22 – In the first golf international between the two countries, the United States beats the United Kingdom 9 rounds to 3.
- May 27 – First victim of the Osage Indian murders is discovered in Osage County, Oklahoma.
- May 31 – June 1 – Tulsa Race Riot (Greenwood Massacre): Mobs of white residents attack black residents and businesses in Greenwood District, Tulsa, Oklahoma. The official death toll is 36, but later investigations suggest an actual figure between 100 and 300. 1,250 homes are destroyed and roughly 6,000 African Americans imprisoned in one of the worst incidents of mass racial violence in the United States.
- June 15
- 29-year-old Bessie Coleman gets her pilot's licence in France and becomes the first African American to earn an international pilot's licence.[3]
- Compagnie Générale Transatlantique's liner SS Paris (1916) makes her maiden voyage from Le Havre to New York.[4]
July–September
- July 2 – U.S. President Warren Harding signs a joint congressional resolution declaring an end to America's state of war with Germany, Austria and Hungary.[5]
- July 11 – Former President of the United States William Howard Taft is sworn in as Chief Justice of the United States, making him the only person ever to hold both positions.
- July 14 – A Massachusetts jury finds Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti guilty of first degree murder following a widely publicized trial.
- July 26 – U.S. President Warren G. Harding receives Princess Fatima of Afghanistan who is escorted by imposter Stanley Clifford Weyman.
- August 5 – The first radio baseball game is broadcast: Harold Arlin announces the Pirates-Phillies game from Forbes Field over Westinghouse KDKA in Pittsburgh.
- August 11
- Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness strikes while he is vacationing on Campobello Island; on August 25 he is diagnosed with polio and aged 39 becomes permanently disabled.[6]
- James Coyle, a Catholic priest in Birmingham, Alabama, is shot and killed by Klan member E. R. Stephenson after presiding over the wedding of Stephenson's daughter, Ruth, and Pedro Gussman, a Puerto Rican working for her father.
- August 25 – September 2 – An uprising of striking coal miners in West Virginia leads to the Battle of Blair Mountain.
- September 5 – Popular comedian Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle attends a party at the St. Francis Hotel, San Francisco, during which actress Virginia Rappe is fatally injured; although he is eventually acquitted of rape and manslaughter, the scandal derails his career.
- September 8 – Sixteen-year-old Margaret Gorman wins the Golden Mermaid trophy at a beauty pageant in Atlantic City, New Jersey; officials later dub her the first Miss America.
- September 13 – White Castle hamburger restaurant opens in Wichita, Kansas, the foundation of the world's first fast food chain.
October–December
- October 5 – The World Series baseball game in North America is first broadcast on the radio, by Newark, New Jersey, station WJZ, Pittsburgh station KDKA, and a group of other commercial and amateur stations throughout the eastern U.S.
- October 8 – The first Sweetest Day is staged in Cleveland, Ohio.
- October 26 – The Chicago Theatre, the oldest surviving grand movie palace, opens.
- October 29
- Construction of the Link River Dam, a part of the Klamath Project in Oregon, is completed.[7]
- 1921 Centre vs. Harvard football game: Centre College's football team, led by quarterback Bo McMillin, defeats Harvard University 6–0 to snap Harvard's five-year winning streak. For decades afterward, this is called "football's upset of the century."
- November 11 – During an Armistice Day ceremony at Arlington National Cemetery, the Tomb of the Unknowns is dedicated by U.S. President Warren G. Harding.
- November 23 – The Sheppard–Towner Act is signed by President Harding, providing federal funding for maternity and child care.[8]
- December 13 – In the Four Power Treaty on Insular Possessions, the Empire of Japan, the United States, United Kingdom and French Third Republic agree to recognize the status quo in the Pacific.
Undated
- Simon Rodia begins construction of the Watts Towers in Los Angeles.
- The central tower is added to the De Young (museum) museum in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco.
- Potawatomi Zoo established in South Bend, Indiana.
- The Tau Epsilon Chi Jewish high school sorority is founded in Atlantic City, New Jersey.
Ongoing
- Lochner era (c. 1897–c. 1937)
- U.S. occupation of Haiti (1915–1934)
- Prohibition (1919–1933)
- Depression of 1920–21 (1920–1921)
- Roaring Twenties (1920–1929)
Births
- January 1 – William Pulgram, Austrian-American architect (d. 2020)
- January 3
- John Russell, actor (d. 1991)
- Cecil Souders, American football player
- January 4 – Leo Sarkisian, musicologist, broadcaster (d. 2018)[9]
- January 6 – Cary Middlecoff, golfer (d. 21998)[10]
- January 9 – John Sperling, businessman, founded the University of Phoenix (d. 2014)
- January 10 – Rodger Ward, race car driver (d. 2004)
- January 11
- Gory Guerrero, wrestler, father of Eddie Guerrero (d. 1990)
- Juanita M. Kreps, government official and businesswoman (d. 2010)[11]
- Judith Leiber, Hungarian-American fashion designer, businesswoman (d. 2018)
- January 14 – Murray Bookchin, libertarian socialist (d. 2006)[12]
- January 16 – Henry Sayler, politician
- January 17 – Herb Ellis, American actor (d. 2018)
- January 19 – Patricia Highsmith, crime fiction writer (died 1995 in Switzerland)
- January 21 – Howard Unruh, spree killer (d. 2009)[13]
- January 24 – Beatrice Mintz, biologist[14]
- January 27
- Raymond E. Peet, admiral
- Donna Reed, actress (died 1986)
- January 29
- Anthony George, television actor (died 2005)
- Geraldine Pittman Woods, African American science administrator and promoter of community service (died 1999)
- January 31
- Carol Channing, actress (died 2019)
- Mario Lanza, tenor, actor (died 1959)[15]
- Anthony Lazzaro, university administrator
- February 4 – Betty Friedan, feminist author (died 2006)
- February 8
- Betsy Jochum, female baseball player
- Lana Turner, actress (died 1995)[16]
- February 11 – Lloyd Bentsen, U.S. Senator from Texas from 1971 to 1993 (died 2006)[17]
- February 12
- Don Bollweg, baseball player (died 1996)
- Betty Jaynes, actress and singer (died 2018)
- February 14
- Hugh Downs, broadcaster, television host, news anchor, TV producer, author, game show host, and music composer (died 2020)
- John Henry Waddell, artist (died 2019)
- February 15
- Jefferson J. DeBlanc, World War II United States Marine Corps fighter ace (died 2007)
- Martha Farkas Glaser, Hungarian-American civil rights activist, manager of jazz musician Erroll Garner (died 2014)
- February 17 – Duane Gish, biochemist and academic (died 2013)
- February 26
- Jacob W. Gruber, anthropologist, archaeologist, historian and educator (died 2019)
- Betty Hutton, actress (died 2007)[18]
- Louis Roney, opera singer (died 2017)
- February 27 – Michael Fox, actor (died 1996)
- March 1 – Richard Wilbur, poet laureate (died 2017)
- March 2 – Cornelius Edward Gallagher, politician (died [2018)
- March 3 – Diana Barrymore, actress (died 1960)[19]
- March 4 – Robert F. Ruth, politician (died 2018)
- March 5 – Berkley Bedell, politician (died 2019)
- March 11 – Frank Harary, mathematician (died 2005 in the United States2005)[20]
- March 12 – Gordon MacRae, singer and actor (died 1986)[21]
- March 13 – Al Jaffee, cartoonist (MAD Magazine)
- March 16 – Donald M. Kendall, businessman (d. 2020)
- March 27 – Tom Bevill, U.S. Representative from Alabama from 1967 to 1997 (died 2005)
- March 30 – Clemens Kalischer, photojournalist, art photographer (died 2018)
- March 31 – Peggy Rea, television actress (died 2011)
- April 1
- Beau Jack, boxer (died 2000)
- Arthur "Guitar Boogie" Smith, musician and songwriter (died 2014)
- April 3
- Robert Karvelas, actor (died 1991)
- Jan Sterling, actress (died 2004)
- April 9
- William G. Callow, judge (died 2018)
- Mary Jackson, African-American mathematician and engineer (died 2005)[22]
- Frankie Thomas, actor (died 2006)
- April 10
- Chuck Connors, basketball and baseball player turned actor (d. 1992)[23]
- Sheb Wooley, actor and singer (d. 2003)
- April 20 – Kenneth O. Chilstrom, Air Force officer
- April 21 – John R. Huizenga, nuclear physicist (died 2014)
- April 23
- Judy Agnew, Second Lady of the United States as wife of Spiro Agnew (died 2012)
- Janet Blair, American actress (died 2007)
- Warren Spahn, American baseball player (died 2003)
- May 1 – Boo Morcom, pole vaulter and jumper (died 2012)
- May 9
- Daniel Berrigan, Jesuit priest, anti-war activist and poet (died 2016)
- Mona Van Duyn, poet and academic (died 2004)
- May 23
- James Blish, science fiction author (died 1975)[24]
- Laurin L. Henry, researcher
- May 20 – Hal Newhouser, baseball player (died 1998)
- May 25
- Hal David, songwriter, lyricist (died 2012)
- Kitty Kallen, singer (died 2016)
- James C. Quayle, newspaper publisher (died 2000)
- June 3 – John Shelton Wilder, politician, Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee (died 2010)
- June 7 – Dorothy Ruth, horse breeder and author (died 1989)
- June 9 – Forrest Bird, biomedical engineer (died 2015)
- June 13 – Nancy Warren, baseball pitcher (died 2001)
- June 15 – James Emanuel, African American poet and scholar (died 2013)
- June 17 – Tony Scott, jazz clarinetist (died 2007)
- June 19 – Howell Heflin, U.S. Senator from Alabama from 1979 to 1997 (died 2005)
- July 2 – William Proctor Wilson, businessman and philanthropist (died 2010)
- July 4
- Madelon Mason, model and pin-up girl (died 2011)
- Philip Rose, actor, playwright and theatrical producer (died 2011)
- Galen L. Stone, diplomat (died 2018)
- July 5 – Al Kozar, second baseman (d. 2007)
- July 6
- Billy and Bobby Mauch, twin actors (d. 2006) and (d. 2007)
- Ed Erban, professional basketball player (d. 2008)
- Nancy Reagan, born Anne Frances Robbins, First Lady of the United States and film actress (died 2016)
- F. Michael Rogers, general (died 2014)
- July 7 – Johnny Van Cuyk, relief pitcher (died 2010)
- July 8 – Don Ray, basketball player (died 1998)
- July 9 – David C. Jones, U.S General (died 2013)
- July 10
- John K. Singlaub, U.S Army Major General
- Harvey Ball, designer (died 2001)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver, philanthropist, a member of the Kennedy family and the founder of Special Olympics (died 2009)
- July 12 – Brother Blue, African-American educator, storyteller, actor, musician and street performer (died 2009)
- July 15
- Madge Meredith, actress (died 2017)
- Robert Bruce Merrifield, chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2006)
- Carl Richardson, American football coach
- Patricia Wright, actress
- July 16 – Bernard W. Rogers, United States Army general (died 2008)
- July 18
- Aaron T. Beck, psychiatrist[25]
- John Glenn, first U.S. astronaut to orbit Earth and U.S. Senator from Ohio from 1974 to 1999 (died 2016)
- July 19 – Elizabeth Spencer, writer (died 2019)[26]
- July 22
- Jim Rivera, Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder (died 2017)
- Al LaMacchia, professional baseball player, scout (died 2010)
- William V. Roth, Jr., U.S. Senator from Delaware from 1971 to 2001 (died 2003)
- July 24 – Billy Taylor, jazz musician (died 2010)
- July 25 – Marv Rackley, baseball player (died 2018)
- July 26 – Jean Shepherd, storyteller, radio and television personality (died 1999)
- August 3
- Richard Adler, Broadway composer (died 2012)
- Edward Tipper, World War II veteran (died 2017)
- August 4
- Charles H. Coolidge, Medal of Honour recipient
- Herb Ellis, jazz guitarist (died 2010)
- August 9
- Ernest Angley, televangelist, author and station owner
- J. James Exon, Governor of Nebraska, U.S. Senator (died 2005)
- Patricia Marmont, actress, daughter of Percy Marmont
- August 10
- Yuki Shimoda, actor (died 1981)
- Jack B. Weinstein, federal judge
- August 11
- Henry Graff, historian (died 2020)
- Alex Haley, author (died 1992)
- August 13
- Barney Liddell, musician (died 2003)
- Jimmy McCracklin, pianist, singer-songwriter (died 2012)
- August 14 – Sidney Rittenberg, journalist, consultant and author (d. 2019)
- August 19 – Gene Roddenberry, television producer (died 1991)
- August 21
- Lawrence Lindemer, politician (d. 2020)
- John Osteen, televangelist (d. 1999)
- August 23 – Kenneth Arrow, economist, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1972 (died 2017)
- August 24 – George W. Blair, politician (died 2020)
- August 25 – Henry Abraham, academic (died 2020)
- August 26
- Ben Bradlee, newspaperman (died 2014)[27]
- Naomi Parker, war worker, probable model for the "We Can Do It!" poster (died 2018)
- September 3
- Henry Bellmon, U.S. Senator from Oklahoma from 1969 to 1981 (died 2009)
- Harry Landers, actor (died 2017)[28]
- Josephine Lenard, professional baseball player (died 2007)
- September 8 – Mosie Lister, singer (died 2015)
- September 11
- George Joseph, businessman
- Francis Quinn, Roman Catholic bishop (died 2019)
- September 12 – Frank McGee, television personality (died 1974)
- September 13 – Odore Joseph Gendron, Roman Catholic, bishop (died 2020)
- September 17 – Roger H. Zion, politician (died 2019)
- September 19 – Morton Mandel, businessman (died 2019)
- September 22 – Robert I. Price, admiral (died 2019)
- September 27
- John Malcolm Patterson, politician
- Bernard Waber, American children's author (died 2013)
- October 3 – John H. Cushman, military officer (died 2017)
- October 5
- Mahlon Hoagland, biochemist (died 2009)
- Bill Willis, American football player (died 2007)
- October 6
- Joseph Lowery, African-American minister, activist (died 2020)
- Alex Wizbicki, American football player (died 2018)
- October 7
- Richard L. Duchossois, businessman
- Tommy Farrell, supporting actor and comedian (died 2004)
- October 11 – Shaw McCutcheon, cartoonist (died 2016)
- October 14 – Jeffrey G. Smith, general
- October 18
- Jerry Cooke, photographer (died 2005)
- Jesse Helms, U.S. Senator from North Carolina (died 2008)
- October 19
- John William Ditter, Jr., federal judge (died 2019)
- George Nader, actor (died 2002)
- October 21 – Victor A. McKusick, "father of genetic medicine" (died 2008)
- October 26
- Frances Scott Fitzgerald, writer, daughter of F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald (d. 1986)
- Joe Fulks, basketball player (d. 1976)
- October 27 – Warren Allen Smith, gay rights activist, writer and humanities humanist (died 2017)
- October 31 – Wendell Nedderman, American engineering educator (died 2019)
- November 3 – Charles Bronson, film actor (died 2003)
- November 6 – James Jones, novelist (died 1977)
- November 8
- Walter Mirisch, film producer
- Gene Saks, actor and film director (died 2015)
- November 10 – Owen Bush, actor (died 2001)
- November 11 – Molly Dodd, actress (died 1981)
- November 15
- Jimmy Fitzmorris, politician and businessman
- Alexander Jefferson, Air Force officer
- November 20 – Dan Frazer, actor (died 2011)
- November 22 – Rodney Dangerfield, born Jacob Rodney Cohen, comedian (died 2004)[29]
- November 24
- John Lindsay, lawyer, politician and Mayor of New York City (died 2000)
- John P. Yates, politician (died 2017)
- November 29 – Jackie Stallone, born Jacqueline Labofish, astrologer, dancer, wrestling promoter and mother of Sylvester Stallone (died 2020)
- December 3
- Phyllis Curtin, soprano (died 2016)[30]
- Ruby M. Rouss, WAC and first female President of the Virgin Islands Legislature (died 1988)
- December 4 – Sanford K. Moats, American Air Force general
- December 5
- Alvy Moore, actor (died 1997)
- Peter Hansen, actor (died 2017)
- Carl Corley, author and illustrator (died 2016)
- Eddie Platt, saxophonist (died 2010)
- December 6 – Otto Graham, American football player, in Waukegan, Illinois (died 2003)
- December 10 – John P. Fullam, judge (died 2018)
- December 14
- Mike McCormack, politician (died 2020)
- Charley Trippi, American football player
- December 21 – Robert Lipshutz, lawyer and politician, 17th White House Counsel (died 2010)
- December 26
- Steve Allen, television host (died 2000)
- Earle Basinsky, crime novelist (died 1963)
- John Severin, comics artist (died 2012)
Deaths
- February 7 – John J. Gardner, member of the House of Representatives from New Jersey from 1893 to 1913 (born 1845)
- February 17 – Rosetta Luce Gilchrist, physician and author (born 1850)
- March 8 – Thomas H. Paynter, U.S. Senator from Kentucky from 1907 to 1913 (born 1851)
- March 29
- Levi Ankeny, U.S. Senator from Washington from 1903 to 1909 (born 1844)
- John Burroughs, naturalist (born 1837)
- April 21 – Tom O'Brien, baseball player (born 1860)
- April 23 – John P. Young, managing editor of the San Francisco Chronicle (b. 1849)
- May 19 – Edward Douglass White, 9th Chief Justice of the United States from 1910 to 1921, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court from 1894 to 1910 and U.S. Senator from Louisiana from 1891 to 1894 (born 1845)
- May 26 – Donald Evans, poet, publisher, music critic and journalist (born 1884)
- June 12 – Murphy J. Foster, U.S. Senator from Louisiana from 1901 to 1913 (born 1849)
- June 16 – William E. Mason, U.S. Senator from Illinois from 1897 to 1903 (born 1850)
- July 24 – C. I. Scofield, theologian (born 1843)
- September 9 – Virginia Rappe, model and silent film actress (born 1895)
- October 12 – Philander C. Knox, United States Attorney General from 1901 to 1904 and United States Secretary of State from 1909 to 1913 (born 1853)
- October 25 – Bat Masterson, gunfighter (born 1853)
- December 12 – Henrietta Swan Leavitt, astronomer (born 1868)
- Nat Love, African American cowboy (born 1854)
References
- Tobey, Ronald C. (1971). The American Ideology of National Science, 1919–1930. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 66–70. ISBN 9780822975946.
- Chris Pollock (2001). San Francisco's Golden Gate Park: A Thousand and Seventeen Acres of Stories. Graphic Arts Center Publishing Co. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-55868-545-1.
- Onkst, David H. (2016). "Women in History: Bessie Coleman". Natural Resources Conservation Service Nevada. Retrieved 2020-11-20.
- Beauchet, Patrick (2015). Ma vie à bord des cargos et cargos mixtes de la Compagnie Générale Transatlantique. Société des Ecrivains. p. 209. ISBN 9782342038651.
- "Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator's Home. Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan". The New York Times. 3 July 1921.
- Tobin, James (2013). The Man He Became: How FDR Defied Polio to Win the Presidency. Simon & Schuster. pp. 50-51. ISBN 978-0743265164.
- Eric A. Stene (1994). The Klamath Project. Bureau of Reclamation History Program. p. 20.
- Anna Elizabeth Rude (1923). The Sheppard-Towner Act in Relation to Public Health. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 1915.
- Solomon, Salem. "'Music Man of Africa' Dies". Voanews.com. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
- "UPI Almanac for Sunday, Jan. 6, 2019". United Press International. January 6, 2019. Archived from the original on September 11, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2019.
golf Hall of Fame member Cary Middlecoff in 1921
- United States. Department of Commerce (1988). From Lighthouses to Laserbeams: A History of the U.S. Department of Commerce, 1913–1988. U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of the Secretary. p. 75.
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- Jay Robert Nash (1989). Encyclopedia of World Crime: S-Z ; Supplements. CrimeBooks. p. 3016. ISBN 978-0-923582-04-3.
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- Lou Valentino (1976). The Films of Lana Turner. Citadel Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-8065-0553-4.
- United States; United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance (1993). Anticipated Nomination of Hon, Lloyd Bentsen: Hearing Before the Committee on Finance, United States Senate. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-16-040767-3.
- Steve Knopper (1999). MusicHound Swing!: The Essential Album Guide. Visible Ink Press. p. 1953. ISBN 978-1-57859-091-9.
- John A. Willis (1957). Theatre World. Crown Publishing Company. p. 210.
- Who's who in the West. Marquis-Who's Who. 2002. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-8379-0933-2.
- Folkart, Burt A. (January 24, 1986). "Gordon MacRae, Star of 'Oklahoma,' Dies at 64". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
- Blair Imani (16 October 2018). Modern HERstory: Stories of Women and Nonbinary People Rewriting History. Potter/Ten Speed/Harmony/Rodale. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-399-58224-0.
- Henryk Hoffmann (2000). "A" Western Filmmakers: A Biographical Dictionary of Writers, Directors, Cinematographers, Composers, Actors and Actresses. McFarland. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-7864-0696-8.
- Bloom, Harold (Jun 1995). "James Blish". Science Fiction Writers of the Golden Age. New York: Chelsea House. pp. 63. ISBN 9780791021996.
- Smith, Vicki; Collard, Patrizia; Nicolson , Paula (1 May 2012). Key Concepts In Counselling And Psychotherapy: A Critical A-Z Guide To Theory: A critical A-Z guide to theory. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). p. 21. ISBN 978-0-335-24221-4.
- McFadden, Robert D. (December 23, 2019). "Elizabeth Spencer, Author of 'The Light in the Piazza,' Dies at 98". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 23, 2019.
- August C. Bolino (August 2012). Men of Massachusetts: Bay State Contributors to American Society. pp. 275–. ISBN 978-1-4759-3375-8.
- Haring, Bruce (January 4, 2018). "Harry Landers Dies: 'Ben Casey' Co-Star Appeared On Many TV Classics, Was 96". Deadline. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
- "Rodney Dangerfield, Comic Seeking Respect, Dies at 82". The New York Times. October 6, 2004.
- Andrew L. Pincus (2002). Musicians with a Mission: Keeping the Classical Tradition Alive. UPNE. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-55553-516-2.
External links
Media related to 1921 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
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