1990 in spaceflight
The following is an outline of 1990 in spaceflight.
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Orbital launches | |
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First | 1 January |
Last | 27 December |
Total | 121 |
Successes | 114 |
Failures | 5 |
Partial failures | 2 |
National firsts | |
Satellite | ![]() |
Space traveller | ![]() |
Rockets | |
Maiden flights | Ariane 4 40 Ariane 4 42P Atlas I Commercial Titan III Delta II 6920 Delta II 7925 Long March 2E Pegasus |
Retirements | Delta 4925 Long March 4A |
Crewed flights | |
Orbital | 9 |
Total travellers | 39 |
Launches
Date and time (UTC) | Rocket | Flight number | Launch site | LSP | |||
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Payload (⚀ = CubeSat) |
Operator | Orbit | Function | Decay (UTC) | Outcome | ||
Remarks | |||||||
January | |||||||
1 January 00:07 |
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MoD | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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JSAT | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
Maiden flight of Commercial Titan III | |||||||
9 January 12:35 |
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NASA | Low Earth | Satellite deployment and retrieval | 20 January 06:35 | Successful | ||
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NASA | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
Crewed orbital flight with 5 astronauts Long Duration Exposure Facility retrieval mission Leasat 5 retired in February 1998 | |||||||
17 January 14:38 |
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Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 29 January | Successful | |||
18 January 12:57 |
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
22 January 01:35 |
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CNES | Sun-synchronous | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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University of Surrey | Sun-synchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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University of Surrey | Sun-synchronous | Communications | In orbit | Spacecraft failure | ||
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AMSAT | Sun-synchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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AMSAT | Sun-synchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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AMSAT | Sun-synchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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AMSAT | Sun-synchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
Maiden flight of Ariane 4 (40) UOSAT 4 ceased transmitting after 5 hours | |||||||
23 January 02:52 |
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Molniya | Communications | 23 June 2003 | Successful | |||
24 January 11:46 |
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ISAS | Lunar probe | 11 April 1993 | Successful | |||
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ISAS | Selenocentric | Lunar orbiter | In orbit | Spacecraft failure | ||
First Japanese lunar mission Hagoromo suffered a transmitter malfunction prior to selenocentric orbit injection | |||||||
24 January 22:55 |
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US Air Force | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Successful | ||
25 January 17:15 |
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Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 19 March 1990 | Successful | |||
30 January 11:20 |
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Low Earth | ELINT | In orbit | Operational | |||
February | |||||||
4 February 12:27 |
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Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
6 February 16:30 |
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Low Earth | Radar calibration | 12 November | Successful | |||
7 February 01:33 |
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NASDA | Low Earth | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
11 February 06:16 |
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Low Earth (Mir) | Mir EO-9 | 9 August 07:33 | Successful | |||
Crewed orbital flight with 2 cosmonauts | |||||||
14 February 16:15 |
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DoD | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | 24 May 2000 | Successful | ||
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DoD | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | 24 May 1992 | Successful | ||
Maiden flight of Delta II 6920 | |||||||
15 February 07:52 |
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Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
22 February 23:17 |
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SCC | Intended: Geosynchronous transfer | Communications | T+ seconds | Launch failure | ||
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Intended: Geosynchronous transfer | Communications | |||||
Blocked water line caused rocket explosion | |||||||
27 February 20:59 |
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Low Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | |||
28 February 00:55 |
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Low Earth | Earth science | In orbit | Operational | |||
28 February 07:50 |
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NASA | Low Earth | Satellite deployment | 4 March 03:08 | Successful | ||
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NRO | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | In orbit | Operational | ||
Crewed orbital flight with 5 astronauts | |||||||
28 February 23:10 |
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Low Earth (Mir) | Logistics | 28 April 00:52 | Successful | |||
March | |||||||
14 March 11:52 |
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Intelsat | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Partial launch failure | ||
Due to non-separation of second stage Intelsat 603 was released from its perigee motor into a Low Earth orbit. Space Shuttle Endeavour on mission STS-49 attached a new perigee motor which boosted the satellite to geosynchronous orbit. | |||||||
14 March 15:27 |
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Low Earth | Naval Reconnaissance | 1 September 1991 | Successful | |||
20 March 00:25 |
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Low Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Successful | |||
22 March 07:20 |
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Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 28 April | Successful | |||
26 March 02:45 |
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US Air Force | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Spacecraft failure | ||
Signal anomaly on 21 May 1996 made the satellite unusable in the GPS constellation. | |||||||
27 March 16:40 |
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Molniya | Early warning | In orbit | Operational | |||
April | |||||||
3 April 12:02 |
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Low Earth (retrograde) | Reconnaissance | In orbit | Operational | |||
3 April | ![]() |
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Intended: Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 3 April | Launch failure | |||
5 April 19:10 |
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NASA | Low Earth | Space Physics | 14 November 1998 | Successful | ||
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DoD | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
Maiden flight of Pegasus | |||||||
6 April 03:13 |
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
7 April 13:30 |
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AsiaSat | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
Originally launched as Westar 6 by Space Shuttle Challenger in February 1984 on mission STS-41-B. Was stranded in an incorrect orbit and was recovered in November 1984 by Space Shuttle Discovery on mission STS-51-A. Westar 6 was refurbished and sold to AsiaSat who renamed it AsiaSat 1. | |||||||
11 April 15:00 |
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DoD | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Successful | ||
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DoD | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Successful | ||
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DoD | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Successful | ||
11 April 17:00 |
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CNES | Low Earth | Microgravity research | 27 April 06:15 | Successful | ||
13 April 18:53 |
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Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 22 November | Successful | |||
13 April 22:28 |
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Telkom Indonesia | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
Originally launched in February 1984 as Palapa B2 by Space Shuttle Challenger on mission STS-41-B. Was stranded in an incorrect orbit and was recovered in November 1984 by Space Shuttle Discovery on mission STS-51-A. | |||||||
17 April 08:00 |
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Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 28 April | Successful | |||
20 April 18:41 |
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Low Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | |||
24 April 12:33 |
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NASA | Low Earth | HST deployment | 29 April 13:49 | Successful | ||
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NASA/ESA | Low Earth | Space Telescope | In orbit | Operational | ||
Crewed orbital flight with 5 astronauts | |||||||
25 April 13:00 |
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Low Earth | Target | 20 February 1992 | Successful | |||
26 April 01:37 |
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Molniya | Communications | 25 February 2005 | Successful | |||
28 April 11:37 |
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Molniya | Early warning | In orbit | Operational | |||
May | |||||||
5 May 20:44 |
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Low Earth (Mir) | Logistics | 27 May 12:27 | Successful | |||
Final flight of baseline Progress spacecraft | |||||||
7 May 18:39 |
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Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 4 July | Successful | |||
9 May 17:50 |
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DARPA | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
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DARPA | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
15 May 09:55 |
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Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 28 June | Successful | |||
19 May 08:32 |
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Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | |||
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Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | |||
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Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | |||
22 May 05:14 |
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Low Earth | ELINT | In orbit | Operational | |||
First launch from Site 45/2 | |||||||
29 May 07:19 |
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Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 14 June | Successful | |||
31 May 10:33 |
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Low Earth (Mir) | Mir module | 23 March 2001 05:50 | Successful | |||
June | |||||||
1 June 21:48 |
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Low Earth | Astronomy | 23 October 2011 | Successful | |||
8 June 05:21 |
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US Air Force | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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US Navy | Low Earth | Naval Reconnaissance | In orbit | Operational | ||
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US Navy | Low Earth | Naval Reconnaissance | In orbit | Operational | ||
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US Navy | Low Earth | Naval Reconnaissance | In orbit | Operational | ||
12 June 05:52 |
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ISRO | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
Final flight of Delta 4925 | |||||||
13 June 01:07 |
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Molniya | Communications | 26 February 2006 | Successful | |||
19 June 08:45 |
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Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 3 July 1990 | Successful | |||
20 June 23:36 |
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Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
21 June 20:45 |
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Intended: Molniya Achieved: Low Earth |
Early warning | In orbit | Partial Failure | |||
Placed in an incorrect orbit and the satellite did not communicate with the ground. | |||||||
23 June 11:19 |
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Intelsat | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
27 June 22:30 |
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Low Earth | Earth Sciences | In orbit | Successful | |||
July | |||||||
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Intended: Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 3 July | Launch failure | |||
11 July 10:00 |
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CNES | Low Earth | Astronomy | 28 February 1992 | Successful | ||
16 July 00:40 |
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SUPARCO | Low Earth | Communications | 8 December | Successful | ||
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Low Earth | Boilerplate spacecraft | In orbit | Successful | |||
Maiden flight of Long March 2E | |||||||
17 July 09:29 |
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Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 16 August | Successful | |||
18 July 21:46 |
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Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
20 July 08:40 |
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Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 3 August | Successful | |||
24 July 22:25 |
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Telediffusion | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
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Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
25 July 18:13 |
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Molniya | Early warning | In orbit | Operational | |||
25 July 19:21 |
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US Air Force | Geosynchronous transfer | Space Physics | In orbit | Successful | ||
Maiden flight of Atlas I Contact with spacecraft lost on 12 October 1991 due to onboard battery failure. | |||||||
30 July 00:06 |
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Low Earth | Earth Science | In orbit | Successful | |||
August | |||||||
1 August 09:32 |
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Low Earth (Mir) | Mir EO-7 | 10 December 06:08 | Successful | |||
Crewed orbital flight with 2 cosmonauts | |||||||
2 August 05:39 |
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US Air Force | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
3 August 19:45 |
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Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 1 October | Successful | |||
8 August 04:15 |
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
9 August 20:18 |
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Intended: Geosynchronous | Communications | 9 August | Launch failure | |||
10 August 20:18 |
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Molniya | Communications | 6 July 2007 | Successful | |||
15 August 04:00 |
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Low Earth (Mir) | Logistics | 20 September 11:42 | Successful | |||
16 August 09:54 |
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Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 1 September | Successful | |||
18 August 00:42 |
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Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
23 August 16:17 |
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Low Earth | Naval Reconnaissance | 30 August 1992 | Successful | |||
28 August 07:49 |
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Molniya | Early warning | In orbit | Operational | |||
28 August 09:05 |
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Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
28 August 15:45 |
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Low Earth | Earth Science | In orbit | Successful | |||
30 August 22:46 |
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MoD | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Eutelsat | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
31 August 08:00 |
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Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 14 September | Successful | |||
September | |||||||
3 September 00:53 |
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Sun-synchronous | Weather satellite | In orbit | Successful | |||
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Sun-synchronous | Atmospheric research | 11 March 1991 | Successful | |||
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Sun-synchronous | Atmospheric research | 24 July 1991 | Successful | |||
Final flight of Long March 4A | |||||||
7 September 11:59 |
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Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 21 September | Successful | |||
14 September 05:59 |
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Low Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | |||
20 September 20:16 |
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Molniya | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
27 September 10:37 |
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Low Earth (Mir) | Logistics | 28 November 11:04 | Successful | |||
28 September 07:30 |
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Low Earth | Earth Science | In orbit | Successful | |||
October | |||||||
1 October 11:00 |
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Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 30 November | Successful | |||
1 October 21:56 |
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US Air Force | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Successful | ||
4 October | ![]() |
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Intended: Low Earth | ELINT | T+5 seconds | Launch failure | |||
First stage engine failure five seconds after launch. Subsequent explosion completely destroyed the launch pad, which was not rebuilt. | |||||||
5 October 06:14 |
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Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 13 October 03:59 | Successful | |||
6 October 11:47 |
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NASA | Low Earth | Satellite deployment | 10 October | Successful | ||
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ESA/NASA | Heliocentric | Solar probe | In orbit | Successful | ||
Crewed orbital flight with 5 astronauts | |||||||
12 October 22:58 |
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SBS | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
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PanAmSat | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
16 October 19:00 |
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Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 12 December | Successful | |||
30 October 23:16 |
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Inmarsat | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
November | |||||||
3 November 14:40 |
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Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
13 November 00:37 |
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US Air Force | Geosynchronous | Early warning | In orbit | Operational | ||
14 November 06:33 |
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Low Earth | Naval Reconnaissance | 3 April 1991 | Successful | |||
15 November 23:48 |
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NASA | Low Earth | Satellite deployment | 20 November 21:42 | Successful | ||
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NRO | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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NRO | Geosynchronous | Satellite inspection Technology | In orbit | Successful | ||
Crewed orbital flight with 5 astronauts | |||||||
16 November 16:30 |
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Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 4 December | Successful | |||
20 November 02:33 |
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Molniya | Early warning | 16 January 2008 | Successful | |||
20 November 23:11 |
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GE Americom | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
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Spacenet | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
Maiden flight of Ariane 4 (42P) | |||||||
23 November 03:51 |
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Molniya | Communications | 30 August 2005 | Successful | |||
23 November 13:22 |
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Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
26 November 21:39 |
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US Air Force | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Successful | ||
Maiden flight of Delta II 7925 | |||||||
28 November 16:33 |
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Low Earth | ELINT | 7 April 2000 | Successful | |||
December | |||||||
1 December 15:57 |
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US Air Force | Sun-synchronous | Weather satellite | In orbit | Successful | ||
2 December 06:49 |
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NASA | Low Earth | Astronomy | 10 December 23:54 | Successful | ||
Crewed orbital flight with 7 astronauts | |||||||
2 December 08:13 |
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Low Earth (Mir) | Mir EO-8 | 26 May 1991 10:04 | Successful | |||
Crewed orbital flight with 3 cosmonauts including the first Japanese space traveler. | |||||||
4 December 00:48 |
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Low Earth | Naval Reconnaissance | 6 April 1992 | Successful | |||
4 December 18:30 |
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Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 28 January 1991 | Successful | |||
8 December 02:43 |
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Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | |||
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Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | |||
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Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | |||
10 December 07:54 |
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
20 December 11:35 |
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Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
21 December 06:20 |
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Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 11 June 1991 | Successful | |||
22 December 07:28 |
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
26 December 11:10 |
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Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 17 January 1991 | Successful | |||
27 December 11:08 |
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Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
Deep-space rendezvous
Date (GMT) | Spacecraft | Event | Remarks |
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10 February | Galileo | Flyby of Venus | Gravity assist; Closest approach: 16,000 kilometres (9,900 mi) |
19 March | Hiten | Flyby of the Moon | |
19 March | Hagoromo | Selenocentric orbit injection | |
10 August | Magellan | Cytherean orbit injection | |
8 December | Galileo | 1st flyby of the Earth | Gravity assist; Closest approach: 960 kilometres (600 mi) |
EVAs
Start Date/Time | Duration | End Time | Spacecraft | Crew | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 January 20:23 |
2 hours 56 minutes |
23:19 | Mir EO-5 | ![]() ![]() |
Installed new star tracker sensors launched in the Kvant-2 module onto Kvant-1. |
11 January 18:01 |
2 hours 54 minutes |
20:55 | Mir EO-5 | ![]() ![]() |
Closed out experimental racks, either retrieving for return to earth, or discarding into space. Modified the docking node for the arrival of the Kristall module. |
26 January 12:09 |
3 hours 2 minutes |
15:11 | Mir EO-5 Kvant-2 |
![]() ![]() |
Tested the new Orlan-DMA spacesuit. This spacewalk team was the first use of the EVA airlock hatch on the Kvant-2 module. During the spacewalk a mooring post was attached outside the airlock, and a Kurs antenna was removed to enable future EVAs. |
1 February 08:15 |
4 hours 59 minutes |
13:14 | Mir EO-5 Kvant-2 |
![]() ![]() |
Tested the SPK "flying armchair", analogous to NASA's MMU. The SPK did not fly free, but remained tethered to Kvant-2 during the tests. |
5 February 06:08 |
3 hours 45 minutes |
09:53 | Mir EO-5 Kvant-2 |
![]() ![]() |
Conducted more tests of the SPK. Viktorenko reached as far as 45 metres (148 ft) from Mir. |
17 July 13:06 |
7 hours 15 minutes |
20:22 | Mir EO-6 Kvant-2 |
![]() ![]() |
At the start of their EVA to repair torn insulation on the Soyuz TM-9, Solovyev and Balandin damaged the hatch on Kvant-2 by opening it before the airlock was completely depressurized. The spacewalking team repaired the insulation on Soyuz, but time constraints required returning to Kvant-2 before they collected their tools and ladders. Unable to securely close the damaged hatch, they used the center section of Kvant-2 as a back-up airlock. |
26 July 11:15 |
3 hours 31 minutes |
14:46 | Mir EO-6 Kvant-2 |
![]() ![]() |
Transmitted images of the damaged hatch to TsUP, recovered the ladders and tools left outside earlier and removed debris lodged in the hinge of the airlock hatch, allowing the hatch to close and seal for repressurization. |
29 October 21:45 |
2 hours 45 minutes |
30 October 00:30 |
Mir EO-7 Kvant-2 |
![]() ![]() |
After removing insulation around the damaged Kvant-2 hatch, they found the hatch to be more heavily damaged than previously understood. Although unable to completely repair the hatch, they added hardware to the hatch. |
See also
Generic references:
Spaceflight portal
![](../I/RocketSunIcon.svg.png.webp)
- Bergin, Chris. "NASASpaceFlight.com".
- Clark, Stephen. "Spaceflight Now".
- Kelso, T.S. "Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)". CelesTrak.
- Krebs, Gunter. "Chronology of Space Launches".
- Kyle, Ed. "Space Launch Report".
- McDowell, Jonathan. "Jonathan's Space Report".
- Pietrobon, Steven. "Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
- Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica".
- Webb, Brian. "Southwest Space Archive".
- Zak, Anatoly. "Russian Space Web".
- "ISS Calendar". Spaceflight 101.
- "NSSDCA Master Catalog". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
- "Space Calendar". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
- "Space Information Center". JAXA.
- "Хроника освоения космоса" [Chronicle of space exploration]. CosmoWorld (in Russian).
Footnotes
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