2020 Aegean Sea earthquake

The 2020 Aegean Sea earthquake and tsunami, also known as the Samos or İzmir earthquake had a moment magnitude of 7.0 which struck on Friday, 30 October 2020, about 14 km (8.7 mi) northeast of the Greek island of Samos. Many buildings were severely damaged or collapsed as a result of the earthquake, with the Church the Assumption of Mary in Karlovasi, Greece, partially collapsing, while in the Turkish city İzmir, which was heavily affected by the earthquake, dozens of buildings were either damaged or completely collapsed. Emergency services in both countries immediately attended the scene, as rescue efforts continued into the night.

2020 Aegean Sea earthquake
A collapsed building in İzmir, Turkey
Intensity map of the earthquake from the United States Geological Survey
UTC time2020-10-30 11:51:26
ISC event619514791
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local date30 October 2020 (2020-10-30)
Local time14:51 TRT (UTC+3)[1]
Magnitude6.9 Mww (Kandilli)[2]
7.0 Mww (USGS)[3]
Depth11.8 km (Kandilli)[4]
21.0 km (USGS)[3]
Epicentre37.918°N 26.790°E / 37.918; 26.790 East Aegean Sea
TypeNormal
Areas affectedİzmir, Turkey and Samos, Greece
Total damage> $400 million
Max. intensityVIII (Severe)
Tsunami1.9 meters (Highest: 6 meters)
ForeshocksML 3.0?
Aftershocks2,800+, highest so far is a Mw 5.3
Casualties119 dead, 1,053 injured, 15,000 homeless[5][6]

117 people are known to have died in Turkey's İzmir Province, with 1,034 more injured.[7][8] In Greece, there were an additional two fatalities and nineteen minor injuries.[9] The earthquake is the most powerful in the Aegean Sea since 1981, and the deadliest in İzmir Province since a magnitude 6.6 killed four people in 1955.[10][11] The earthquake is also the deadliest in the year of 2020.

Tectonic setting
See also: Extensional tectonics and Intraplate earthquake
A plate tectonics map of the Mediterranean Sea. The earthquake occurred within a zone of extension in the Aegean Sea shown by the arrows.

The Aegean Sea is a seismically active region with complex plate tectonics interaction both within and surrounding the Aegean Sea Plate. The region has several major plate boundary including the North Anatolian Fault which runs through northern Turkey, where the Anatolian Plate slides past the Eurasian Plate along this right-lateral strike-slip fault. Another major boundary is the East Anatolian Fault where the Arabian Plate interacts with the Anatolian Plate. This transform fault was responsible for the 2020 Elazığ earthquake.

At its southern edges, the African Plate converges north at 5–10 mm/yr towards the Aegean Sea Plate at a rate of 5–10 mm/yr. It subducts or dives beneath the Aegean, occasionally producing great megathrust earthquakes and tsunamis including the 365 Crete earthquake. However, the subduction rate along the Hellenic subduction zone at 35 mm/yr which greatly exceeds the velocity of the African Plate. For that, north-south extension within Aegean Sea Plate in the back-arc compensate the subduction rate. Shallow crustal earthquakes within the Aegean Sea Plate is a result of this extension, accommodated by east-west trending normal faults.[12]

Earthquake

Following the earthquake, Samos was affected by hundreds of aftershocks.[13] The magnitude of the earthquake was frequently misreported as 6.6 Mww in the Turkish media, due to an erroneous announcement by AFAD.[14][15] The quake was reportedly felt in the Greek island of Crete, the BBC added. While minor shaking was also felt in some regions of Athens.[16]

Geology

The earthquake occurred as a result of pure normal faulting at a shallow crustal depth within the Eurasian Plate in the eastern Aegean Sea, about 250 km north of the closest main plate boundary, where the African Plate moves to the north at a rate of approximately 10 mm per year with respect to the Eurasian.[17] Therefore, this earthquake is considered an intraplate earthquake due to its location.

The Samos Fault is an east-west striking, north dipping normal fault located offshore, north of the coast of Samos. It ruptured for a length of 37 kilometers and had a maximum slip of 1.8 meters during this earthquake, causing uplift on the island of Samos for 18–25 cm.[18][19] The fault has been considered dangerous to populations surrounding the area due to its past history of earthquakes. On August 11 of 1904, Samos was rocked by a magnitude 6.8 earthquake causing substantial damage to Greece and Turkey, killing four.[19] In a 2009 study, the fault had the potential to produce an earthquake of magnitude 6.8.[20][21]

Aftershocks

As of November 8, over 2,800 aftershocks have been recorded.[22] The mainshock may have been preceded by a foreshock on the 5th of May the same year.[23]

Aftershocks of the 2020 Aegean Sea earthquake greater than Mw 4.0
Date and time (UTC) Location M MMI Ref
30 October, 12:19:09 5 km NW of Marathókampos, Greece 4.4 - [24]
30 October, 12:41:31 4 km N of Samos, Greece 4.0 V [25]
30 October, 13:00:43 8 km N of Kokkári, Greece 4.9 - [26]
30 October, 15:14:55 8 km NW of Kokkári, Greece 5.3 VI [27]
30 October, 15:19:15 2 km SW of Samos, Greece 4.8 - [28]
30 October, 17:16:03 7 km NE of Samos, Greece 4.2 - [29]
30 October, 19:09:40 17 km NE of Agios Kirykos, Greece 4.2 - [30]
30 October, 22:53:22 9 km NNE of Néon Karlovásion, Greece 4.1 - [31]
31 October, 01:40:33 19 km WNW of Néon Karlovásion, Greece 4.2 - [32]
31 October, 05:31:30 10 km NNW of Kokkári, Greece 4.9 III [33]
31 October, 12:36:20 5 km W of Kokkári, Greece 4.2 - [34]
31 October, 14:42:43 26 km WNW of Néon Karlovásion, Greece 4.3 III [35]
31 October, 22:05:43 4 km NNE of Kokkári, Greece 4.0 - [36]
1 November, 07:05:13 9 km NNE of Samos, Greece 4.2 - [37]
1 November, 07:33:08 1 km NNE of Kokkári, Greece 4.2 - [38]
1 November, 12:57:03 2 km NNW of Kokkári, Greece 4.4 - [39]
2 November, 11:58:03 5 km NNE of Kokkári, Greece 4.3 III [40]
2 November, 12:30:39 20 km SSW of Seferihisar, Turkey 4.4 II [41]
2 November, 19:16:40 19 km WNW of Néon Karlovásion, Greece 4.5 - [42]
3 November, 20:35:35 22 km WNW of Néon Karlovásion, Greece 4.0 - [43]
4 November, 13:21:31 6 km ENE of Megálo Chorió, Greece 4.2 - [44]
9 November, 20:31:00 12 km NNE of Kokkári, Greece 4.3 II [45]
11 November, 06:49:45 9 km NE of Kokkári, Greece 4.6 IV [46]
12 November, 03:34:15 9 km WSW of Kokkári, Greece 4.4 - [47]
4 December, 09:34:16 7 km ENE of Néon Karlovásion, Greece 4.5 - [48]
30 December, 13:40:13 7 km ENE of Agios Kirykos, Greece 4.1 III [49]
20 January, 23:37:57 10 km NNE of Néon Karlovásion, Greece 4.6 IV [50]

Tsunami

Tsunami information was issued by the Kandilli Observatory Earthquake Monitoring and Tsunami Warning Center to the Earthquake Research Department of Turkey 11 minutes after the earthquake but was not broadcast to the coastal regions. The tsunami arrived between 10 and 15 minutes after the mainshock.[21]

Multiple social media posts showed water rushing through streets and ports in the region following the earthquake, along with tsunami warnings being issued for the islands of Ikaria, Kos, Chios and Samos.[51] Seferihisar was among the places hit by the tsunami, causing a fatality.[52][53] Flooding from the coasts reached heights of 1.9 meters (6 feet), however at Akarca, the tsunami reached heights of 6 meters (19 feet).[54] In Azmak, the tsunami penetrated 1.3 kilometers (0.8 miles) inland, 0.82 kilometers (0.5 miles) in Akarca, and 0.32 kilometers (0.2 miles) in Sigacik. Recorded heights of the tsunami from this event were larger that of other similar magnitude quakes in the same region with the exception of the 1956 Amorgos earthquake.[54]

Damage
Crowds gather around an earthquake-ravaged building in Izmir.

Initially, Turkish Minister of the Interior Süleyman Soylu stated that at least six buildings were destroyed in İzmir, but the city's mayor Tunç Soyer later put the number of collapsed buildings closer to 20.[51]

Greek authorities from Samos stated that although buildings were damaged across the island, the worst sustained was in Karlovasi,[55] where a large church had partially collapsed. In Karlovasi, over 100 buildings were damaged upon inspection.[56] It is the first time since the 2017 Aegean Sea earthquake that there are earthquake-related deaths in Greece.[57]

Many buildings collapsed in İzmir's Bayraklı and Bornova districts.[58] Most of the buildings which collapsed were built in the 1990s, based on outdated earthquake regulations from 1975. Poor construction practices and code compliance were reasons for the collapse.[59] Additionally, the first floors of these buildings were altered for commercial use such as shops. Taller buildings with heights of 100 to 240 meters, however, did not sustain structural damages. The city is also built on soft sediments in a basin which amplified the intensity of shaking despite its distance from the epicenter.[60]

On 4 November, mayor of İzmir Tunç Soyer stated that 15,000 people lost their homes only in İzmir in the earthquake.[61]

Total damage is estimated to be in the millions for Greece, and over $400 million for Turkey.[62]

Casualties
A child rescued alive from a collapsed building

117 people died and 1,034 more were injured in Turkey, all but one from the city of Izmir,[7] while two teenagers died in Greece after being crushed by a wall on the island of Samos; 19 others were injured in Greece.[6] The other Turkish victim outside Izmir died from drowning in the advancing tsunami in the district of Seferihisar.

Relief operations
Tents set up by the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency in Izmir for people affected by the earthquake.

Right after the earthquake, Turkish Minister of Health Fahrettin Koca stated that about 40 ambulances, 35 emergency rescue teams and two ambulance helicopters had reached the scene,[63] while Turkey's Ministry of National Defence stated that one of its planes had departed from Etimesgut Air Base to transport AFAD and gendarmerie teams to the region.[64] The Turkish Red Crescent immediately deployed teams from six cities to provide food to those affected by the earthquake.[65] More than 1,200 workers were involved in rescue efforts involving at least 13 buildings in İzmir,[51] which continued into the night. According to Al Jazeera, the personnel involved in the rescue operations had reached about 8,000, including 25 rescue dogs.[66][67] Turkish authorities stated that 106 people were rescued, while the local government had set up tents to house about 2,000 people overnight. A three-year-old Ayda Gezgin was also said to have been the second little girl rescued on Tuesday, from an 8-story building.[6][68] A total of 17 collapsed buildings were part of the search and rescue operations, according Mehmet Gulluoglu, head of Turkey’s Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency.[69]

International reactions
See also: Greek–Turkish earthquake diplomacy

Countries:

  •  United States
    • The US embassy has shared their condolences for the dead and wounded in the earthquake.[70]
    • The NASA analyzed satellite imagery and worked with the Turkish Space Agency and several universities in the affected region. [71]
  •  Germany - The German embassy in Ankara has shared the following message from Twitter "After the earthquake in Izmir, our thoughts are with the victims and their relatives. Get well soon, Izmir!".
  •  Albania - The Albanian ambassador Kastriot Robo said "Where are with our friends in this hard time".[72]
  •  Australia - The Australian ambassador to Turkey Marc Innes-Brown shared his condolences and said the following "After the earthquake in Izmir, our thoughts are with the victims and their relatives. Get well soon, Izmir!".
  •  Azerbaijan
    • The Azerbaijani President İlham Aliyev called the Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. He said that he was sorry and they were prepared to offer aid.[72]
    • The President of the National Parliament of Azerbaijan Sahibe Gafarova shared his condolences with his counterpart Mustafa Sentop.[72]
  •  United Kingdom - The ambassador of UK Dominick Chilcott shared his condolences and said the following "The United Kingdom as always, will be in the side with Turkey".[72]
  •  Denmark - The Danish ambassador Danny Annan, shared his condolences and said the following "I wish my condolences to the relatives of those who lost their lives and a speedy recovery for their benefits.".
  •  France - French Minister of İnternal Affairs Gérald Darmanin, has said that France was ready to offer support to Greece and Turkey.[73]
  •  Israel - Israeli Minister of Defense Benny Gantz said that they were ready to assist Turkey by sending a search and rescue team and a field hospital.[72]
  •  Qatar
    • Embassy of Qatar said the following "Due to the Earthquake that happened in Izmir we share our condolences with the Turkish Government and to our Turkish brothers".
    • A Disaster Information Management Centre was set up in Izmir by the Qatar Red Crescent Society.[74]
  •  Kazakhstan
    • The President of the Kazak Parliament Nurlan Nigmatulin, "Stating that we stand by the brotherly Turkish people and share their grief in this tragic moment, I express my urgent healing wishes to the wounded. I wish you patience and fortitude of the people of Turkey.".[75]
    • Kazakh Minister of Foreign Affairs Mukhtar Tleuberdi, sent the following message to his counterpart Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, "I offer my deepest condolences to the bereaved families who lost their relatives by sharing irreplaceable grief. May Allah treat the deceased with His mercy. I wish urgent healing to the injured. We always pray for the well-being of the brotherly Turkish people.".
  •  Kosovo - Kosovo President Hashim Thaçi, shared his condolences and said the following from social media, "Our prayers are with the relatives of those who lost their lives and the injured, Kosovo stands by the Turkish people and state in this difficult time.".[72]
  •  Northern Cyprus - The President of TRNC Ersin Tatar has called the Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and shared his condolences.
  •  Hungary - The Hungarian ambassador Viktor Matis shared his condolences.[76]
  •  Pakistan - The Pakistani Ministry of Foreign Affairs said the following, "We are always with our Turkish brothers and our prayers are with you".[77]
  •  Russia
    • Russian President Vladimir Putin shared his condolences with the Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.[78]
    • The Russian embassy said the following "Izmir Seferihisar earthquake in Turkey thus extend our best wishes and we hope there will be no loss of life.".
  •  Uzbekistan - The Uzbekistani President Şevket Mirziyoyev shared his condolences.[72]
  •  Ukraine - The Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky expressed his condolences on Twitter.[79]
  •  Greece - The Greek Minister of Foreign Affairs Nikos Dendias has called his counterpart Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu and shared his condolences.[80][72]
  •  Japan - The Japanese Prime Minister Suga Yoshihide shared his condolences and said the following, "We are deeply saddened by the news that many people have died and there is serious damage, Like Turkey, Japan has experienced serious damage from earthquakes many times, and Japan and Turkey have supported each other during past earthquakes. Japan will always be with the people of Turkey in overcoming these hardships.".[81]
  •  Singapore - The Minister for Foreign Affairs Vivian Balakrishnan offered his condolences to both countries, adding that the country is ready to offer assistance.[82]

International organizations:

  •  European Union
    • EU Council President Charles Michel: "Developments related Strong earthquake off the coast of the Aegean Sea in Greece and Turkey are closely monitored.".[83]
    • The EU Turkey Delegation President and Ambassador Nikolaus Meyer-Landrut heard deep sorrow for the earthquake victims "The EU expresses its deepest condolences to the families of the earthquake victims, would wish healing for a moment before the injured.".[83]
  •  NATO - NATO General Secretary Jens Stoltenberg said they were ready to offer assistance.
  •  Turkic Council - Turkic Council General Secretary Bağdad Andreyev shared his condolences.[84]

See also

References
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