Al-Fatiha

Al-Fātiḥah (Arabic: الفاتحة‎, IPA: [ʔal faːtiħah]; meaning: "The Opening" or "The Opener". George Sale translates simply as The Preface, or Introduction) is the first chapter (surah) of the Quran. Its seven verses (āyah) are a prayer for the guidance, lordship and mercy of God.[1] This chapter has an essential role in Islamic prayer.

Sura 1 of the Quran
الْفَاتِحَة
Al-Fātiḥah
The Opening
ClassificationMeccan
Other namesThe Key, The Opener
PositionJuzʼ 0
No. of verses7
No. of words25
No. of letters139
Quran
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A 14th- or 15th-century manuscript of the chapter
Opening of a Splendour Quran

Quranic chapter titles are a human fabrication and are not considered by Muslims to be part of the divine revelation of the Quran.[2] The primary literal meaning of the expression "al-Fātiḥah" is "The Opener," which could refer to this Surah being "the opener of the Book" (Fātiḥat al-kitāb), to its being the first chapter recited in full in every prayer cycle (rakaʿah), or to the manner in which it serves as an opening for many functions in everyday Islamic life. Some Muslims interpret it as a reference to an implied ability of the Surah to open a person to faith in God.[3]

Text and meaning

Text and Transliteration

بِسْمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ ۝[4]‎
1 Bismi l-lāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīm(i)
ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ ٱلْعَٰلَمِينَۙ ۝‎
2 ’al ḥamdu lil-lāhi rab-bi l-‘ālamīn(a)
ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِۙ ۝‎
3 ’ar raḥmāni r-raḥīm(i)
مَٰلِكِ يَوْمِ ٱلدِّينِۗ ۝‎
4 Māliki yawmi d-dīn(i)
إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُۗ ۝‎
5 ’iy-yāka na‘budu wa’iy-yāka nasta‘īn(u)
ٱهْدِنَا ٱلصِّرَٰطَ ٱلْمُسْتَقِيمَۙ ۝‎
6 ’ihdinā ṣ-ṣirāṭa l-mustaqīm(a)
صِرَٰطَ ٱلَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِمْۙ࣢ غَيْرِ ٱلْمَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا ٱلضَّآلِّينَࣖ ۝‎
7 Ṣirāṭa l-lazīna ’an‘amta ‘alayhim, ghayri l-maghḍūbi ‘alayhim wala ḍ-ḍāl-līn(a)

بِسۡمِ اِ۬للَّهِ اِ۬لرَّحۡمَٰنِ اِ۬لرَّحِيمِ‎
Bismi l-lāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīm(i)
اِ۬لْحَمۡدُ لِلهِ رَبِّ اِ۬لۡعَٰلَمِينَ ۝‎
1 ’al ḥamdu lil-lāhi rabbi l-‘ālamīn(a)
اَ۬لرَّحۡمَٰنِ اِ۬لرَّحِيمِ ۝‎
2 ’ar raḥmāni r-raḥīm(i)
مَلِكِ يَوۡمِ اِ۬لدِّينِࣕ ۝‎
3 Maliki yawmi d-dīn(i)
إِيَّاكَ نَعۡبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسۡتَعِينُࣕ ۝‎
4 ’iy-yāka na‘budu wa’iy-yāka nasta‘īn(u)
اَ۬هۡدِنَا اَ۬لصِّرَٰطَ اَ۬لۡمُسۡتَقِيمَ ۝‎
5 ’ihdinā ṣ-ṣirāṭ al-mustaqīm(a)
صِرَٰطَ اَ۬لَّذِينَ أَنۡعَمۡتَ عَلَيۡهِمۡ ۝‎
6 Ṣirāṭa l-lazīna ’an‘amta ‘alayhim
غَيۡرِ اِ۬لۡمَغۡضُوبِ عَلَيۡهِمۡ وَلَا اَ۬لضَّآلِّينَࣕ ۝‎
7 Ghayril maghḍūbi ‘alayhim walā ḍ-ḍāl-līn(a)

Meaning

1 In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
2 All the praises and thanks be to Allah, the Lord of the world. (mankind, jinns and all that exists).
3 The Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
4 Master of the Day of Judgement.
5 You (Alone) we worship, and you (Alone) we ask for help (for each and everything).
6 Guide us to the Straight Way
7 The Way of those on whom You have bestowed Your Grace, not (the way) of those who earned Your Anger, nor of those who went astray.
Translation: Noble Quran,[5] 1999


1 In the name of Allāh, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful.
2 [All] praise is [due] to Allāh, Lord of the worlds –
3 The Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful,
4 Sovereign of the Day of Recompense.
5 It is You we worship and You we ask for help.
6 Guide us to the straight path –
7 The path of those upon whom You have bestowed favor, not of those who have evoked [Your] anger or of those who are astray.
Translation: Saheeh International,[6] 1997


1 In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
2 Praise be to Allah, the Cherisher and Sustainer of the worlds;
3 Most Gracious, Most Merciful;
4 Master of the Day of Judgment.
5 Thee do we worship, and Thine aid we seek.
6 Show us the straight way,
7 The way of those on whom Thou hast bestowed Thy Grace, those whose (portion) is not wrath, and who go not astray.
Translation: Yusuf Ali,[7] 1934


1 In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.
2 Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds,
3 The Beneficent, the Merciful.
4 Master of the Day of Judgment,
5 Thee (alone) we worship; Thee (alone) we ask for help.
6 Show us the straight path,
7 The path of those whom Thou hast favoured; Not the (path) of those who earn Thine anger nor of those who go astray.
Translation: Pickthall,[8] 1930

Names

The name al-Fātiḥah ("the Opener") is due to the subject-matter of the surah. Fātiḥah is that which opens a subject or a book or any other thing. In other words, a sort of preface or essence of the whole book.[1]

The word الفاتحة came from the root word فتح which means to open, explain, disclose, keys of treasure etc. That means surah Al-Fatiha is the summary of the whole Quran. That is why it is generally recited with another Ayat or surah during prayers.[9] That is, surah Al-Fatiha is paired with the rest of the whole Quran.

It is also called Umm Al-Kitab ("the Mother of the Book") and Umm Al-Quran ("the Mother of the Quran");[10][11][12] Sab'a al Mathani ("Seven repeated [verses]", an appellation taken from verse 15:87 of the Quran);[11] Al-Hamd ("praise"), because a hadith narrates Muhammad as having said that God says: "The prayer [al-Fātiḥah] is divided into two halves between Me and My servants. When the servant says, 'All praise is due to God', the Lord of existence, God says, 'My servant has praised Me'.";[13] Al-Shifa' ("the Cure"), because a hadith narrates Muhammad as having said: "The Opening of the Book is a cure for every poison.";[14][15], Al-Ruqyah ("remedy" or "spiritual cure").,[11] and al-Asas, "The Foundation", referring to its serving as a foundation for the entire Quran.[16]

Background

According to Abdullah ibn Abbas and others, Al-Fatiha is a Meccan surah; while according to others it is a Medinan surah. The former view is more widely accepted, although some believe that it was revealed in both Mecca and Medina.[17][18] In the Quran, the first revelations to Muhammad were only the first few verses (ayats) of Surah Al-Alaq, Al-Muzzammil, Al-Muddaththir etc. Most narrators recorded that al-Fātiḥah was the first complete Surah revealed to Muhammad.[1]

Theme and subject matter

Al-Fatiha is often believed to be a synthesis of the Quran.[19] It in itself is a prayer at the very beginning of the Quran, which acts as a preface of the Quran and implies that the book is for a person who is a seeker of truth—a reader who is asking a deity who is the only one worthy of all praise (and is the creator, owner, sustainer of the worlds etc.) to guide him to a straight path.[1] It can be said to "encapsulate all of the metaphysical and eschatological realities of which human beings must remain conscious." [20]

Interpretations

"Al ḥamdu lillāhi rabbi l-’ālamīn" All the praises and thanks are for Allah who is the Lord of the universe. "Hamd الْحَمْدُ" 'the prase' is also the root of the name of the prophet Muhammad مُحَمَّد which means who is praised.

"Ar raḥmāni r-raḥīm" الرحمن 'the Most Merciful' and الرحيم 'the Most Benevolent' all share the same root رحم which means 'the womb'. The womb is the place where nourishment and protection are provided for the fetus with abundance.[21]

"Māliki yawmi d-dīn" مَالِكِ يَوْمِ الدِّينِ " The owner of the judgment day or dīn day. dīn الدِّينِ means religion and also carries a meaning of debt لدِّينِ. Allah is the only judge that judges the dues of the people.

The Quran, chapter 1 (Al-Fatiha), verses 6–6–7:[22]

Guide us to the straight path - The path of those upon whom You have bestowed favour, not of those who have evoked [Your] anger or of those who are astray.
— translated by Sahih International

Muslim commentators often believe past generations of Jews and Christians as an example of those evoking God's anger and those who went astray, respectively.[23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Critics of Islam, such as Andrew Bostom, view this as an exclusive condemnation of all Jews and Christians from all times.[30][31][32] However, most Islamic scholars have interpreted these verses as referring exclusively not to a specific group of people but instead interpret these in the more general sense as, "evil consequences which man brings upon himself by wilfully rejecting God's guidance and acting contrary to His injunctions."[33][34][35][36][37][38]

One hadith narrates a story of a companion of Muhammad who recited al-Fātiḥah as a remedy for a tribal chief who was poisoned. According to the hadith, Muhammad later asked the companion, "How did you know that it is a Ruqqayah [remedy]?"[11] Muhammad al-Bukhari recorded in his collection:

Narrated Abu Said Al-Khudri:
While we were on one of our journeys, we dismounted at a place where a slave girl came and said, "The chief of this tribe has been stung by a scorpion and our men are not present; is there anybody among you who can treat him (by reciting something)?" Then one of our men went along with her though we did not think that he knew any such treatment. But he treated the chief by reciting something, and the sick man recovered whereupon he gave him thirty sheep and gave us milk to drink (as a reward). When he returned, we asked our friend, "Did you know how to treat with the recitation of something?" He said, "No, but I treated him only with the recitation of the Mother of the Book [al-Fātiḥah]." We said, "Do not say anything (about it) till we reach or ask the Prophet. So when we reached Medina, we mentioned that to the Prophet (in order to know whether the sheep which we had taken were lawful to take or not). The Prophet said, "How did he come to know that it [al-Fātiḥah] could be used for treatment? Distribute your reward and assign for me one share thereof as well."

— Muhammad al-Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari[39]

Similar versions are found in: Al-Bukhari: 007.071.645[40]—medicine; Al-Bukhari: 007.071.633[41]—medicine; Al-Bukhari: 007.071.632[42]—medicine

Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj recorded that Abu Hurairah had told that Muhammad had said:

If anyone observes prayer in which he does not recite Umm al-Qur'an,[43] it is deficient [he said this three times] and not complete.

— Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, Sahih Muslim''[44][45]

A similar story is found in Al-Bukhari: 001.012.723[46]—characteristics of prayer.

Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj recorded:

Ibn Abbas reported that while Gabriel was sitting with the Apostle (may peace be upon him) he heard a creaking sound above him. He lifted his head and said: As a gate opened in heaven today which had never been opened before. Then when an angel descended through it, he said: This is an angel who came down to the earth who had-never come down before. He greeted and said: Rejoice in two lights given to you which have not been given to any prophet before you: Fatiha al-Kitab and the concluding verses of Surah al-Baqara. You will never recite a letter from them for which you will not be given (a reward).

— Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, Sahih Muslim[47]

Benefits and virtues attributed to Sura Al-Fatiha

Some Suras are assigned special significance by adherents of Islam, because of their virtues and benefits (Arabic: فضائل faḍāʾil) described in the Hadiths. Acceptance of the different hadith stories varies between Sunni and Shia Muslims and there is a variety of terms to classify the different levels of confirmed authenticity of a hadith.

One of the greatest Surahs

Ahmad ibn Hanbal recorded in his Musnad (Hadith collection) that Abu Sa‘id bin Al-Mu‘alla had said:

"I was praying when the Prophet called me, so I did not answer him until I finished the prayer. I then went to him and he said, 'What prevented you from coming?' I said, 'O Messenger of God! I was praying.' He said, 'Didn't God say, "O you who believe! Answer God (by obeying Him) and (His) Messenger when he calls you to that which gives you life."?' He then said, 'I will teach you the greatest Surah in the Qur'an before you leave the Masjid (Mosque).' He held my hand and when he was about to leave the Masjid, I said, 'O Messenger of God! You said: "I will teach you the greatest Surah in the Qur'an."' He said, 'Yes.' "Al-Hamdu lillahi Rabbil-‘Alamin," It is the seven repeated (verses) and the Glorious Qur'an that I was given." (Al-Bukhari, Abu Dawud, An-Nasa'i and Ibn Majah also recorded this Hadith.)[48][49][50][51][52]

Al-Fatiha used for cure

Al-Bukhari recorded in his collection:

Abu Sa 'id Al-Khudri said: "While we were on one of our journeys, we dismounted at a place where a slave girl came and said, "The chief of this tribe has been stung by a scorpion and our men are not present; is there anybody among you who can treat him (by reciting something)?" Then one of our men went along with her though we did not think that he knew any such treatment. But he treated the chief by reciting something, and the sick man recovered whereupon he gave him thirty sheep and gave us milk to drink (as a reward). When he returned, we asked our friend, "Did you know how to treat with the recitation of something?" He said, "No, but I treated him only with the recitation of the Mother of the Book (i.e., Al-Fatiha)." We said, "Do not say anything (about it) till we reach or ask the Prophet so when we reached Medina, we mentioned that to the Prophet (in order to know whether the sheep which we had taken were lawful to take or not). The Prophet said, "How did he come to know that it (Al-Fatiha) could be used for treatment? Distribute your reward and assign for me one share thereof as well." (Al-Bukhari 006.061.529 - Virtues of the Qur'an)[48][49][50][51][52]

(Similar versions found in: Al-Bukhari: 007.071.645 - Medicine; Al-Bukhari: 007.071.633 - Medicine; Al-Bukhari: 007.071.632 - Medicine)

Necessity in Salat

Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj recorded that Abu Hurayrah had told that the Prophet had said:

"Whoever performs any prayer in which he did not read Umm Al-Qur'an (i.e., Al-Fatiha), then his prayer is incomplete." (Sahih Muslim)[48][49][50][51][52]

(Similar story found in Al-Bukhari: 001.012.723 - Characteristics of Prayer)

1 of the 2 lights

Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj recorded that Ibn ‘Abbas had said:

“While Hadrat Jibril (i.e. the angel Gabriel) was sitting with the Holy Prophet, he heard a sound above him and raised his head. He said: ‘This is a door in the heaven which has been opened today and which has never been opened before today.’ An angel descended from it. And he (Hadrat Jibril) said: ‘This is an angel who has descended to earth, who has never descended before today.’ He (that angel) gave the greetings of peace and said: ‘Give the good news of two lights which you have been given; of which no Prophet before you was given: the Faatiha (Opening chapter) of the Book and the end of Surah al-Baqarah. You will not recite a letter of them without being given it.’” (Sahih Muslim) [48][49][50][51][52]

“When you lie your side on your bed [getting ready to sleep] and you recite [The Opening chapter of The Book] and Sura al-Ikhlas, then you have been secured from everything, except death… ” [Weak. Dhaif at-Targheeb w a tarheeb: 34] [48][49][50][51][52]

“The Fatiha and the Ayaat ul Kursi: No slave will ever recite them in a house; except that no evil eye - from a Jinn or human – will ever affect them in that day… ” [Dhaif al Jam i as-Sagheer : 3952 ; weak according to Scholar Albaanee][5] “The Fatiha is equal to a third of the Qur’an… ” [Weak. Dhaif al Jam i as-Sagheer: 3949][48][49][50][51][52]

Shia benefits

One of the companions of Muhammad narrates that he once recited this surah in the presence of Muhammad, who said, ‘By Him in whose hand is my soul, a similar revelation to this has not been included in the Taurat (Torah), Injeel (Gospel), Zabur (Psalms) or even the Qur’an itself.’[48][49][50][51][52]

Muhammad once asked Jabir ibn Abdallah Ansari, “Should I teach you a surah that has no other comparison to it in the whole Qur’an?” Jabir replied, “Yes, and may my parents be ransom upon you O prophet of Allah.” So Muhammad taught him surah al-Fatihah. Then Muhammad asked, “Jabir, should I tell you something about this surah?” Jabir answered, “Yes, and may my parents be ransom upon you O prophet of Allah.” Muhammad said, “It (surah al-Fatihah) is a cure for every ailment except death.” [48][49][50][51][52]

Imam AbuAbdillah Ja’far as-Sadiq said that whoever cannot be cured by surah al-Fatihah, then there is no cure for that person. In the same narration it is written that if this surah is recited 70 times on any part of the body that is aching, the pain will surely go away. In fact, the power of this surah is so great that it is said that if one were to recite it 70 times over a dead body, you should not become surprised if that body starts moving (i.e. comes back to life). Surah al-Fatihah is a cure for physical and also spiritual ailments.[48][49][50][51][52]

An experienced way of warding off Jinn or Jadu (magic) by Muhammad Zakariyya Muhajir Madani

This amal (practise) is known as the amal of Ayatul Kursi. After fajr salaah, maghrib salaah and before retiring to bed, read thrice Surah Fatihah including Bismillah, Aayatul Kursi, Surah Falaq (chapter 113) and Surah Naas (chapter 114). Read any Durood thrice in the beginning as well as at the end. If the affected one recites himself it is better, otherwise someone else should recite and blow in such a manner that some part of his lips touch the affected person. Also keep a bottle of water and whatever you read blow in the water at the end and make the affected one drink from that water each morning before doing anything else. When the bottle is halved, fill it up with fresh water. And if some signs of affect are seen within the house, then a portion of that water should be sprinkled in the four corners of the house in such a manner that the water does not fall on the floor. (Taweez used or approved by Sheikhul Hadith Maulana Muhammad Zakariyya Muhajir Madani).[48][49][50][51][52]

Iblees lamented on 4 occasions

Ambari in his ‘Kitaabur-Rad’ through his own chain of narrators has mentioned from Mujahid ibn Jabr that Iblees, the accursed of Allah Ta’ala, lamented on four occasions: first when he was cursed; secondly when he was cast out of Heaven to the Earth; thirdly when Muhammad was given the Prophethood; fourthly when Surah Fatihah was revealed and it was revealed in Madinah.[48][49][50][51][52]

See also

References
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  2. Nevin Reda, Introduction to the Quran] in Three Testaments: Torah, Gospel and Quran (Plymouth: Rowman and Littlefield, 2012)
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  4. Arabic script in Unicode symbol for a Quran verse, U+06DD, page 3, Proposal for additional Unicode characters
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  17. Ahmad, Mirza Bahir Ud-Din (1988). The Quran with English Translation and Commentary. Islam International Publications Ltd. p. 1. ISBN 1-85372-045-3.
  18. English Translation and Commentary 5 Volumes
  19. Joseph E. B. Lumbard, "Introduction to "Sūrat al-Fātiḥah," The Study Quran, ed. Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Caner Dagli, Maria Dakake, Joseph E. B. Lumbard, and Muhammad Rustom (San Francisco: Harper One, 2015), p. 3.
  20. Joseph E. B. Lumbard, "Introduction toSūrat al-Fātiḥah," The Study Quran, ed. Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Caner Dagli, Maria Dakake, Joseph Lumbard, Muhammad Rustom (San Francisco: Harper One, 2015), p. 4.
  21. http://www.qurangarden.com/content.php?content=r&id=12#.XxKInJMzYWo
  22. The Qur'an. Center for Muslim–Jewish Engagement, University of Southern California. 2008. Archived from the original on 18 June 2017.
  23. Leaman, Oliver (2006). Leaman, Oliver (ed.). The Qur'an: an Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 614. ISBN 0-415-32639-7. The Prophet interpreted those who incurred God's wrath as the Jews and the misguided as the Christians.
  24. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (January 1984). The Qur'an and Its Interpreters: v.1: Vol 1. State University of New York Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0873957274. Most commentators have included the Jews among those who have "incurred" divine wrath and the Christians among those who have "gone astray".(Tabari, I, pp. 185-195; Zamakhshari, I, p. 71)
  25. Ibn Kathir. "The Quran Commentaries for 1.7 Al Fatiha (The opening)". QuranX. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  26. Al-Amin Ash-Shanqit, Muhammad (10 October 2012). "Tafsir of Chapter 001: Surah al-Fatihah (The Opening)". Sunnah Online. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  27. Al Kindari, Fahad (6 June 2007). The greatest recitation of Surat al-Fatiha. Sweden Dawah Media Production (on behalf of High Quality & I-Media); LatinAutor - Warner Chappell. Retrieved 20 December 2019. The saying of the Exalted, 'not the Path of those who have earned Your Anger, nor of those that went astray': the majority of the scholars of tafseer said that 'those who have earned Your Anger' are the Jews, and 'those that went astray' are the Christians, and there is the hadeeth of the Messenger of Allaah (SAW) reported from Adee bin Haatim (RA) concerning this. And the Jews and the Christians even though both of them are misguided and both of them have Allaah's Anger on them - the Anger is specified to the Jews, even though the Christians share this with them because the Jews knew the truth and rejected it and deliberately came with falsehood, so the Anger (of Allah being upon them) was the description most befitting them. And the Christians were ignorant, not knowing the truth, so misguidance was the description most befitting them. So with this the saying of Allaah, 'so they have drawn on themselves anger upon anger' (2:90) clarifies that the Jews are those that 'have earned your Anger'. And likewise His sayings, 'Say: shall I inform you of something worse than that, regarding the recompense from Allaah: those (Jews) who incurred the Curse of Allaah and His Anger' (5:60)
  28. "Surah Al-Fatihah, Chapter 1". al-islam.org. Retrieved 11 December 2019. Some of the commentators believe that / dallin / 'those gone astray' refers to the misguided of the Christians; and / maqdubi 'alayhim / 'those inflicted with His Wrath' refers to the misguided of the Jews.
  29. al-Jalalayn. "The Tasfirs". altafsir.com. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  30. Bostom, Andrew (29 May 2019). "Ramadan Koran lesson: Curse Jews and Christians 17-times daily: Part 1". Israel National News. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  31. Bostom, Andrew (29 May 2019). "Ramadan Koran lesson: Curse Jews and Christians 17-times daily: Part 2". Israel National News. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  32. Shrenzel, Israel (4 September 2019). "Verses and Reality: What the Koran Really Says about Jews". Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  33. Asad, Muhammad. The Message of the Quran, Commentary on Surah Fatiha (PDF). pp. 23–24. According to almost all the commentators, God's "condemnation" (ghadab, lit., "wrath") is synonymous with the evil consequences which man brings upon himself by wilfully rejecting God's guidance and acting contrary to His injunctions. ... As regards the two categories of people following a wrong course, some of the greatest Islamic thinkers (e.g. Al-Ghazali or, in recent times, Muhammad 'Abduh) held the view that the people described as having incurred "God's condemnation" - that is, having deprived themselves of His grace - are those who have become fully cognizant of God's message and, having understood it, have rejected it; while by "those who go astray" are meant people whom the truth has either not reached at all, or to whom it has come in so garbled and corrupted a form as to make it difficult for them to recognize it as the truth (see 'Abduh in Manar I, 68 ff.).
  34. Shafi, Muhammad. Ma'ariful Qur'an. pp. 78–79.
  35. Ali, Abdullah Yusuf (2006). The Meaning of The Noble Qur'an, Commentary on al-Fatiha (PDF). p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-12. ...those who are in the darkness of Wrath and those who stray? The first are those who deliberately break God's law; the second those who stray out of carelessness or negligence. Both are responsible for their own acts or omissions. In opposition to both are the people who are in the light of God's Grace: for His Grace not only protects them from active wrong ... but also from straying into paths of temptation or carelessness. The negative gair should be construed as applying not to the way, but as describing men protected from two dangers by God's Grace.
  36. Tafsir al-Kabir, al-Razi, التفسير الكبير, Tafsir Surah al-Fatiha.
  37. Al-Kashshaaf, Al-Zamakhshari, الكشاف, Commentary on surah al-Fatiha.
  38. Maududi, Imam Sayyid Abul Ala. Tafhim Al Quran.
  39. Sahih al-Bukhari, 6:61:529
  40. Sahih al-Bukhari, 7:71:645
  41. Sahih al-Bukhari, 7:71:633
  42. Sahih al-Bukhari, 7:71:632
  43. The Reason it is Called Umm Al-Kitab
  44. The Meaning of Al-Fatihah and its Various Names
  45. Sahih Muslim, 4:773
  46. Sahih al-Bukhari, 1:12:723
  47. Sahih Muslim, 4:1760
  48. "Virtues of Sura Al-Fatiha".
  49. "Authentic and Weak Virtues".
  50. "Hadith".
  51. "Merits of Surahs".
  52. "Rewards of Suras".
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