Brooke Hart

At 9:30 that night, Aleese Hart, the older of Brooke's two younger sisters, answered the telephone at the family home and was informed by a "soft-spoken man" that Hart had been kidnapped and that instructions for his return would be provided later.[20] At 10:30, what sounded like the same man called and informed the other sister, Miriam, that her brother would be returned upon payment of $40,000 (equivalent to $790,000 in 2019). Delivery instructions would be provided the next day.[21] According to phone company records, the kidnappers had tried to reach the Hart home three times but the line was busy before they were finally connected. Belshaw lived near the site where the Studebaker had been parked and reported the abandoned car in Milpitas to the police at 11 p.m.; it was positively identified as Brooke's.[19]

The San Jose Police Department, the Santa Clara County Sheriff's Office, and the U.S. Division of Investigation (the forerunner of the FBI) were quickly brought into the case. The phone calls were traced to locations in San Francisco;[22] the call that connected was traced to the Whitcomb Hotel.[23] However, the search initially focused on the hilly region surrounding Calaveras Dam and the city of Oakland; the call's origin was thought to be a decoy action.[17]

Hart's wallet was discovered in San Francisco on the guard rail of the tanker Midway, which had been refueling the Matson Lines passenger liner SS Lurline when both ships were docked at Pier 32 from midnight to 5 a.m. It was assumed the wallet had been tossed from a porthole on the liner.[19][24] Lurline was stopped and searched in Los Angeles when it arrived there on its way to Honolulu on November 11, but nothing was found.[24][19] Police then advanced an alternative theory: since Pier 32, from which Lurline had departed, was close to the sewer outfall, the heavily laden tanker might have dipped below the surface and picked up the wallet from where it had been discharged from the sewer, lifting it from the bay once a sufficient amount of fuel had been offloaded.[24] One of the passengers detained during the three-hour search was Babe Ruth, who was traveling to Los Angeles to watch a football game between Southern California and Stanford.[24]

At the time, the Oakland Tribune named Charles "Pretty Boy" Floyd a suspect in the kidnapping, as he was reportedly present in California.[25] Floyd was later spotted in Almaden, near abandoned quicksilver mine shafts.[26] While searching for Floyd or Hart at the mine, a man claiming to be Floyd boarded a bus in Modesto and robbed passengers using a gun.[27]

The Hart family chartered an airplane to look for cabins in the hills near Milpitas starting on November 12, following up a theory that Brooke had been first lured to the area where his car was abandoned, and the kidnappers then took him from there. Because the car's lights were left on, and there were signs of a scuffle, authorities believed Brooke had been overpowered in Milpitas.[28] In addition, witnesses who had seen Brooke driving the Studebaker said that he was alone, although in some cases visibility was poor.[19]

A "compromise ransom" telegram from Sacramento arrived on November 12, suggesting that $20,000 (equivalent to $395,000 in 2019) would be sufficient.[29][30] However, the family was not contacted again until Monday, November 13, when a letter, postmarked in Sacramento, arrived in the mail at the department store.[31] It instructed A.J. to have a radio installed in the Studebaker (which already had a radio), because the ransom instructions would be broadcast over NBC radio station KPO.[32] The kidnapper also instructed A.J. to be ready to drive the Studebaker to deliver the ransom, but A.J. had never learned to drive. On November 13, A.J. posted a $5,000 reward for his son's safe return, with a promise to drop any further investigation upon his return. To emphasize the validity of the reward offer, police announced they would not be tracing calls to the Hart residence.[26] However, this was a ruse to entrap the kidnappers; in fact, the telephone line continued to be tapped.[33]

On Tuesday, November 14, a second ransom note arrived, this time postmarked in San Francisco.[34] It instructed A.J. to place the ransom in a black satchel and drive to Los Angeles. That night, A.J. took a call from a man claiming to be his son's kidnapper, who instructed him to take the night train to Los Angeles. The authorities staked out the train station and mistakenly arrested a bank teller out for an evening stroll. The next day, a sign was placed in a window of the Hart store stating that A.J. did not drive. A call was received that night again demanding that Hart drive to deliver the ransom. Hart demanded proof that his son was with the caller. The caller stated that Brooke was being held at a safe location. Because a phone tap had been placed on the Hart telephone, the call was traced to a garage in downtown San Jose, but the caller was gone by the time the authorities arrived.

Another demand arrived the following day, November 16, again ordering A.J. to drive with the ransom. That night, another call was received and the demand that A.J. drive was repeated. The call was traced to a payphone in a parking garage at Market near San Antonio,[33] and Police Chief J.N. Black and Sheriff William Emig hurried to the scene just 150 feet (46 m) from the San Jose Police station, where they arrested Thomas Harold Thurmond as he was hanging up, at about 8:00 p.m.[35]

At 3:00 a.m., Thurmond, after hours of questioning, signed a confession in which he claimed to have bound Brooke's hands with wire and tossed him off the San Mateo Bridge into San Francisco Bay sometime between 7:00 and 7:30 on the night of the kidnapping.[35][36] He also identified an accomplice: John Holmes, a recently unemployed salesman who was separated from his wife and two children.[36] Holmes was arrested in his SRO room at the California Hotel near the San Jose Police station at 3:30 a.m.[35] According to Thurmond's confession, Holmes approached him with the scheme six weeks prior, after he had separated from his family.[36]

At 1:00 p.m. on November 17, Holmes signed a confession admitting that he and Thurmond had kidnapped Brooke and thrown him into San Francisco Bay. Later, the Santa Clara County District Attorney advised the press that, unless corroborated by independent evidence, confessions by Thurmond and Holmes in which each blamed the other for the crime were not admissible in a court of law. In his confession, Holmes stated that Thurmond had come up with the plan: "A couple of days before the kidnapping, [Thurmond and I] went to a show. On the way out he grabbed my arm and said, 'There goes Brookie Hart. If we pick him up we can get a nice piece of change."[37] In Thurmond's earlier confession, he stated Holmes made the decision to murder Brooke: "Thursday afternoon, November 9, I went to Merritt's plumbing shop and bought three bricks for 10 cents each and 55 cents' worth of wire to make preparations to kidnap Brooke Hart. I don't know whether Holmes planned to murder the boy at that time but at any rate we wanted to be prepared."[33]

According to the men's confessions, when Brooke stopped his car near the exit of the parking lot in the evening of November 9, Thurmond slipped into the passenger seat and, holding a gun on him, forced Brooke to drive to Milpitas. There they abandoned the Studebaker for another waiting car, which had been driven to the rendezvous point by Holmes, and the group of three drove to the San Mateo Bridge.[38]

A mother and daughter on a farm immediately south of Milpitas had seen a dark, long-hooded sedan with three men stopped near their barn.[39] A few minutes after it stopped, a convertible (presumably the Studebaker roadster) with three men – two on the running boards and one driving – stopped near the sedan.[39] Their description of the man driving the convertible, slender with light colored hair, matched the description of Brooke, as did the convertible as his car. Brooke was driven away in the larger car. According to the farmers, one of the group followed in the Studebaker.[40] The mother did not report the events until the following Monday (November 13), when she was visiting relatives and learned about the kidnapping.[41] The investigators did not agree on the veracity of the story, because the number of kidnappers did not agree with the recorded confessions.[42]

On the bridge, the men ordered Brooke out of the car, and one of the kidnappers struck him twice on the head from behind with a concrete block until he was unconscious.[35] They then bound his arms with baling wire and tied two 22 lb (10.0 kg) concrete blocks to his feet[43] before dumping him off the bridge into the bay.[35] The tide was out and there were only a few feet of water at the base of the bridge; the kidnappers then shot Brooke, killing him.[35][38] According to Thurmond's confession, Brooke struggled in the water for a few minutes and may have been able to free himself from his bonds; after they had tossed him over the north side of the bridge, he moved south under the bridge, against the prevailing current. Thurmond also stated Holmes was the first to shoot at Brooke, but Thurmond shot at him after he had drifted under the bridge. After leaving Brooke in the bay, they stopped approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) from the eastern end, where they discarded an extra concrete block and a roll of wire, which were recovered after the confessions.[43] A few hours later, they placed the first telephone call to the Hart family demanding $40,000 for Hart's return.

Two men scavenging for wood in the bay, Cal Coley and Vinton Ridley, heard screams for help at approximately 7:25 p.m. on the night of November 9, when Brooke was kidnapped, and tried to rescue him,[43] but were hampered by muddy conditions.[44] The two said the cries for help came from the bridge near the shore of Alameda,[45] but added they did not hear any shots that night.[46]

Local newspapers reported that Holmes and Thurmond had met with psychiatrists and would attempt to plead not guilty by reason of insanity. Thurmond claimed he had been "crazy" for more than a year, since his sweetheart married another man,[36] and Holmes planned to repudiate his confession, which his attorney claimed had been "forced from him by third-degree methods,"[47] including threats to "turn him over to the mob for lynching if he did not confess."[48] Upon learning of rumors of a possible insanity plea on the part of Thurmond, law enforcement authorities directed two psychiatrists from Agnews State Mental Hospital in Santa Clara to examine the two men to preclude such a defense. Following cursory examinations in their cells at the Santa Clara County Jail, with a mob outside in the jail courtyard, both men were declared sane.[49]

Police officers from Santa Clara, San Mateo, and Alameda Counties began searching the bay around the bridge, hoping to find Brooke's body. Trace evidence, including stains on the bridge, "blonde hair on a brick" and other markings convinced authorities the confessors had truthfully described the sequence of events, including dumping Brooke.[50]

The first physical clues were unearthed on November 18. Two 22-pound (10.0 kg) bricks and apparent bloodstains were found at the bridge.[45][46] The pillowcase used to mask Brooke during the drive to the bridge was discovered, along with his hat, by November 20.[51] The discovery of the hat ended the last hope of the family that Brooke would be found alive.[52] A hook-studded apparatus was used to drag the bay, with no success. A weighted dummy was planned to be dropped from the bridge on November 21 in an attempt to see where it would float.[47] Workers constructing a pier of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge reported seeing a body floating in the water during the night of November 22, prompting a search by Oakland and San Francisco police boats, including the shores of nearby Goat Island.[50] Alex Hart announced a $500 (equivalent to $9,900 in 2019) reward on November 24, hoping to "enlist the aid of the public in the search."[53] By that time, the search involved a blimp from Sunnyvale, police boats from Oakland and San Francisco, United States Marines and a hydraulic pump to dredge the mud from underneath the San Mateo Bridge.[53]

The official search for Brooke's body ended on November 25.[49] The next day, two duck hunters from Redwood City[54][55] discovered a badly decayed and crab-eaten body approximately 0.5 miles (0.80 km) south of the bridge.[55] Brooke's body was identified by the coroner and his friends and employees later that day, with several personal effects with the body matched to Brooke's known possessions.[55][56][57] According to the autopsy, Brooke had died from drowning, and there were no bullet wounds found.[58]

Gov. "Sunny Jim" Rolph

Because of lynch threats, Sheriff Emig moved Thurmond and Holmes to the Potrero Hill police station in San Francisco for safekeeping soon after their arrest.[35] A San Jose newspaper ran a front-page editorial branding Holmes and Thurmond "human devils" and called for "mob violence."[36] Upon their return to the San Francisco jail from questioning, cries of "lynch them" were heard from the crowd surrounding that jail.[45] On November 21, Holmes and Thurmond remained in the jail, and fear of vigilantism led authorities to announce they would be held "indefinitely." Reportedly, "20 influential friends of the socially prominent Hart family" had formed a committee to "insist on immediate and drastic punishment for the prisoners." Prosecutors declined to seek grand jury hearings in the fear that an indictment would incite vigilantes.[47]

Despite these fears, the pair were indicted on charges of extortion, using the mails for extortion, and conspiracy, and were returned to the San Jose jail the night of November 22.[50] On November 23, California Governor James Rolph announced to shocked reporters that he would refuse to dispatch the National Guard to protect Thurmond and Holmes.[50]

Upon payment of $10,000 (equivalent to $198,000 in 2019) cash – an astonishing sum in 1933 – by the father of Jack Holmes, San Francisco attorney Vincent Hallinan agreed to represent his son. Thurmond was defended by J. Oscar Goldstein of Chico.[53] With a volatile mob growing day and night outside the jail on November 24,[53] Hallinan called Rolph and asked that he call out the National Guard should an effort be made to lynch his client. Rolph retorted that he would "pardon the lynchers".

Authorities "expected trouble if and when the missing body was found."[49] After the discovery of Brooke's body on Sunday, November 26, word went out immediately throughout northern California. All day Sunday and into the evening, radio stations issued inflammatory announcements that a lynching would occur that night in St. James Park in San Jose.[59] Crowds began to gather outside the jail at around 11 a.m., shortly after local newspapers had run extra editions announcing that Brooke's body had been found. Sheriff Emig pre-emptively ordered the erection of an improvised barricade of parked automobiles and trucks to protect the jail.[60] By 9:00 p.m., a mob estimated by the press to range anywhere from 5,000 to 15,000 men, women, and children were jammed into the park, with an estimated 3,000 vehicles left on streets nearby.

Governor Rolph was in regular telephonic communication with Raymond Cato, whom he had appointed to head the California Highway Patrol. Cato was ensconced in the home of a Rolph political ally and neighbor in the mountains west of San Jose with an open phone line to the jail.[61] Although the crowd was characterized as "good natured" earlier in the day, periodically there was an ominous chanting of "Eleven o'clock!"[62]

The lynch mob taking a battering ram to the doors of the jailhouse.

At approximately 9:00 p.m., Rolph canceled a planned trip to the Western Governors' Conference in Boise, Idaho[63] to prevent his chief political rival, Lieutenant Governor Frank Merriam, from calling out the National Guard to stop the lynchings.[61][64] At approximately the same time, the crowd began demanding the jail surrender Holmes and Thurmond; they responded to the refusal by moving the improvised siege barriers aside.[60] Sheriff Emig contacted Rolph at 10:30 p.m., asking that the National Guard be deployed to protect the prisoners. Rolph refused.[54][63] The assault on the jail commenced at approximately 11 p.m.

By midnight, thousands had gathered outside the jail; the sheriff's deputies fired tear gas into the crowd in an attempt to disperse them.[54][60] However, the crowd became angrier and larger. After the first round of tear gas was launched into the crowd, the nearby construction site at the post office was raided for materials that were first thrown at the jail;[60] later, a battering ram was improvised from a heavy pipe.[65] Emig ordered his officers to abandon the bottom two floors of the jail, where Thurmond and Holmes were being held. It was later noted that both cells had been occupied by other notorious murderers.[65][66][67] Emig also had ordered that no police officer would be allowed to use their guns or clubs to defend the jail; Emig, his nine deputies, and eight state patrolmen were all beaten, choked, and/or trampled during the course of the riot.[60]

The mob, by this time estimated at 6,000–10,000 (other reports say 3,000–5,000), stormed the jail, took Holmes and Thurmond across the street to St. James Park, and hanged them.[54][62] Afterward, deputy sheriff John Moore stated, "I never knew human beings could go so wild – they were not human; they were animals." Deputy Moore was choked twice during the lynching: once when he refused to surrender the keys to the jail cells, and another time when he refused to positively identify Holmes for the mob.[68] Some women in the mob were alleged to have encouraged the violence, seemingly forgetting their prior advice to let the law "take its course".[69] Child movie star Jackie Coogan, a friend of Brooke from Santa Clara University, was reported to be one of the mob that prepared and held the rope for lynching.[70]

Thurmond was the first to be lynched. As he was dragged from the jail headfirst, the mob beat him and knotted the rope around his neck; one man who attempted to stop the lynching was "picked up bodily and hurled almost over the heads of the crowd". After Thurmond was hanged, the mob tore his trousers off and souvenir hunters fought over the scraps.[60] Holmes cried, "You're making a big mistake! I'm not the man you want!" as he was lynched. Harold Fitzgerald described the scene in an Oakland Tribune article: "A concerted pull – and the white, blood-streaked body of the second of Brooke Hart's murderers swayed in a grisly rhythm in the light of a rising half-moon. A roar, mingled with women's screams, rolled across the park ... [Afterward,] The crowd began pouring out of the park. Some did serpentine dances in the streets. ... Snatches of song came from here and there in the multitude."[60]

Holmes was hung from an elm tree that once stood near the McKinley memorial in St. James Park

The bodies of Thurmond and Holmes were left hanging for approximately 45 minutes, until they were cut down by police officials.[60] Thurmond was buried in an unmarked plot in Oak Hill Memorial Park on November 29, the same cemetery where Brooke had been buried on November 27.[71] Holmes was cremated at Oak Hill on November 29.[71]

According to the San Francisco Chronicle, on December 2, after a special meeting of the city council heard testimony in support of leaving the cork elm tree as a monument and warning to evildoers, the council approved the cutting down of the tree by city workers. Police were required to keep off a crowd of souvenir hunters seeking a twig or branch of the infamous "gallows tree", the bark and lower branches having been hacked and stripped for mementos.[72]

Governor Rolph praised the action, stating that California had sent a message to future kidnappers, and promised to pardon anyone involved in the lynching.[63][75] However, Rolph died on June 2, 1934, before any charges had been filed in the case.

Alameda County District Attorney Earl Warren was the strongest supporter of prosecution for the lynching. Santa Clara County Assistant District Attorney Herbert Bridges was quoted as saying he was "not sorry [the lynching] happened in San Jose."[48] Santa Clara County District Attorney Fred Thomas doubted anyone could be found to bear witness against the ringleaders of the lynching, characterizing the stories being told by local youths as "boastful" but uncorroborated.[71] The American Civil Liberties Union stated they had found eyewitnesses ready to identify members of the mob by December 1933,[76] but San Jose citizens were outspoken in their opposition to "outsider" interference.[77] Eventually seven people were arrested for the lynchings, but none was convicted. California did not specifically define lynching as a crime, although crimes committed during the lynching such as rioting, assault, and murder could potentially be prosecuted.[78]

One young man was charged for participating in the lynching after he publicly claimed credit for leading the mob,[77][79] but the charges were dropped. The Santa Clara County grand jury met the following year, but despite literally thousands of witnesses, scores of reporters, and hundreds of photographs, they found that no witnesses could identify anyone from the lynching, so no charges were filed.[80][81]

In the aftermath of the lynching, Governor Rolph was publicly condemned for advocating "lynch law" by former President Herbert Hoover, then at Stanford University in Palo Alto. Rolph replied, "If troops had been called out, hundreds of innocent citizens might have been mowed down."[82] Rolph accused Hoover of calling out the United States Army against the "Bonus Marchers" in 1932. The exchange continued.[82] President Franklin D. Roosevelt also condemned the lynching as "collective murder" in a nationwide radio address.[83]

Holmes's parents sued Governor Rolph for his role in the lynching of their son,[48][71] along with radio station KQW and several other persons,[84] but the suit was dropped when the governor died of a heart attack in 1934. Holmes's widow sued Sheriff Emig and several deputies, citing their carelessness and negligence in failing to protect him.[85] Thurmond's family took no action on his behalf and reportedly never again spoke about the matter amongst themselves.

• Adams, Charles F. (2005). "12: The Last Lynchings – 1933". Murder by the Bay: Historic Homicide in and about the City of San Francisco. Sanger, California: Word Dancer Press. pp. 199–216. ISBN 1-884995-46-2. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
• Farrell, Harry (1992). Swift Justice: Murder and Vengeance in a California Town. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-08901-6. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
• Kulczyk, David (2007). California Justice: Shootouts, Lynching and Assassinations in the Golden State. Sanger, California: Word Dancer Press. ISBN 978-1-884995-54-5. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
• McGinty, Brian (Winter 1978–1979). "Shadows in St. James Park". California History. 57 (4): 290–307. doi:10.2307/25157866. JSTOR 25157866.
• Murphy, John D. (2007). Jury Rigging in the Court of Public Opinion: An Analysis of Swift Justice: Murder and Vengeance in a California Town by Harry Farrell, and the Brooke L. Hart Kidnapping, Murder and Lynching Case in San Jose, California in 1933. lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-4303-2607-6. Retrieved 29 November 2016.

• "Brooke L. Hart [case file]". Federal Bureau of Investigation. 1933. Archived from the original on 9 October 2004. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
• "CourtTV Crime Library article". Archived from the original on 2005-02-12.
• "CRIME: Death After Dark". TIME. 27 November 1933. Retrieved 29 November 2016.(subscription required)
• Cheek, Martin (9 January 2006). "Journalist's Death Shows Vigilantism Destroys Intent of True Justice". Gilroy Dispatch. Archived from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
• von Busack, Richard (3 October 2007). "breaking Noose". metroactive. Silicon Valley. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
• Venezia, Anita (7 June 2011). "The Hart Kidnapping and Midnight Lynching". ALIVE East Bay. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
• Calhoun, Bob (July 9, 2019). "Yesterday's Crimes: Murder on the San Mateo Bridge". SF Weekly.
• Calhoun, Bob (August 1, 2019). "Yesterday's Crimes: The State Sanctioned Lynch Mob". SF Weekly.

• Brooke Hart at Find a Grave

• Kidnapers Lynched by Enraged Crowd After Jail Battle – San Jose, 1933 on YouTube: Contemporary newsreel featuring statements from eyewitnesses and Governor Rolph.
• Night Without Justice – short – San Jose Lynching on YouTube
• Valley of the Heart's Delight – trailer on YouTube