Cambodian irredentism

Cambodian irredentism is a nationalist movement in Cambodia that refer to the land that used to be part of the Khmer Empire. The irredentist movement in Cambodia is aimed against the control by Thailand, Vietnam and Laos. Irredentist, official and unofficial Cambodian claims on territories viewed by Cambodians as having been under some form of Cambodian sovereignty, are rhetorically tied back to an accused expansionism.

Map of Khmer Empire, which is sometimes used to represent Cambodian irredentist claims

History

Up until the establishment of the Thai, Vietnamese and Laotian states, the Khmer Empire was the major land power and a dominant force in mainland Southeast Asia. The territory of Cambodia encompassed most of what would be now Thailand, Laos, part of Myanmar and Southern Vietnam; in an extent, it encroached to even mainland Malaysia.[1] However, subsequent problems and turmoils, as well as the rapid advance by the Vietnamese, Laotians and Thais brought Cambodia into its dark age, where Cambodia became a tool of neighboring imperialism.[2] Among all, the Thais and the Vietnamese were seen to have done the most harm to Cambodia, causing significant physical traumas for the people of the nation.[3] In order to survive, Cambodia came under a French protectorate, only to find itself being grouped within Vietnamese-dominated French Indochina, and with the French favoring Vietnamese instead of Cambodians. At the outbreak of the First Indochina War Khmer irredentism began to rise.[4] Nonetheless, it was not officially espoused until 1970 when Lon Nol overthrew the monarchy and replaced it with a Republic, where it became increasingly nationalistic and chauvinist, leading to the persecution and massacres of ethnic Vietnamese and Chams.[4] The Khmer Rouge later inherited these nationalistic sentiments and conducted the infamous Cambodian Genocide.[5]

Modern irredentism

Mekong Delta

The Cambodians hold a significant amount of hostility to Vietnam with regard to their loss of the Mekong Delta to the Vietnamese in history, and the subsequent enforced Vietnamization and conflicts which Vietnam repeatedly occupied the country, French favoritism to the Vietnamese, and the lack of cultural commonalities with Vietnam being part of the Sinosphere while Cambodia belongs to the Indosphere; this often drew Cambodian nationalist sentiment with the desire to reclaim territory from Vietnam.[6][7] Both Lon Nol and Pol Pot utilized this grievance in order to spread Cambodian irredentism which led to the genocide of ethnic Vietnamese.[4]

Currently, Cambodian irredentists still feel strongly attached to the region, and as a result, they believe it is a lost territory which should be returned to Cambodia. The expression of this sentiment has frequently ignited various protests, notably the 2013–2014 Cambodian protests, and Vietnam is frequently blamed for all of the turmoil and problems which occur within Cambodia, partly because Hun Sen is closely affiliated with Vietnam.[8] This sentiment has sometimes driven Cambodia to forge close ties with China, a country which Vietnam has a strong feeling of enmity towards due to the fact that it was ruled by China for over one thousand years.[9]

In addition to the Mekong Delta, Cambodian nationalists seek to reclaim Phú Quốc, which Cambodians frequently call "Koh Trol", based on their belief that it was part of Cambodian territory before it was annexed by Vietnam, and it often attracts a number of Cambodian celebrities.[10][11]

Thailand

While tensions with Thailand are now receiving lesser attention, nonetheless many Cambodians have a long standing hostility in regard to Thailand, due to most of Thailand used to be under Khmer control until the rise of Ayutthaya Kingdom, and subsequent conflicts which started the demise of Cambodia as a regional power and repeated Thai occupation of Cambodia.[12][13] Therefore, a strong anti-Thai sentiment developed in Cambodia as for the result, with many Cambodians believed that many of Thai cultural acquisition today was the work by Khmers, and that Thailand has been trying to steal Cambodian culture and custom.[14][15][16]

Cambodia and Thailand also engaged in border disputes from 2008 to 2011 with regard to Preah Vihear Temple. Eventually, Cambodia acquired the temple following the dispute.[17] There is also Cambodian nationalist irredentism against Thailand with regard to Northern Khmer people, where Cambodians still see them part of Cambodian nation, and that northeastern Thailand should have been Cambodian.[18][19]

Laos

Cambodian irredentists have objected the existence of Laos as an independent state and believed that Southern Laos should have been Cambodian territory. This has led to some sporadic tensions from 2017 to 2019.[20] In 2019, Cambodia and Laos removed troops from the disputes area surrounding Stung Treng.[21]

See also

References
  1. "Khmer Empire | Infoplease". www.infoplease.com. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
  2. "Dark ages of Cambodia - Academic Kids". academickids.com. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
  3. "Cambodia - Tai and Vietnamese hegemony". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
  4. Kiernan, Ben (2001). "Myth, nationalism and genocide" (PDF). Journal of Genocide Research. 3 (2): 187–206. doi:10.1080/14623520120062402. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2020 – via the Yale University Genocide Studies Program.
  5. ""Nationalism and mass killing: The khmer rouge extreme nationalism against Vietnam" / 2015 / Past conferences / SHS encounters cambodia / IRD - SHS encounters cambodia".
  6. Chheang, Vannarith (15 October 2015). "How Cambodian nationalism is driving border disputes with Vietnam". East Asia Forum. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
  7. McHale, Shawn (19 May 2013). "Ethnicity, Violence, and Khmer-Vietnamese Relations: The Significance of the Lower Mekong Delta, 1757–1954" (PDF). The Journal of Asian Studies. 72 (2): 367–390. doi:10.1017/S0021911813000016. JSTOR 43553182. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2020 – via George Washington University.
  8. Frewer, Tim (6 September 2016). "Cambodia's Anti-Vietnam Obsession". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
  9. Willemyns, Alex (26 June 2018). "China in Vogue, But Vietnam Still Hun Sen's Lifeline". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
  10. pageantstudies (18 October 2017). "Why Do Cambodian Pageant Fans Claim Phu Quoc Island?". Pageant Studies. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
  11. Mudrick, Jeff (17 June 2014). "Cambodia's Impossible Dream: Koh Tral". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
  12. Briggs, Lawrence Palmer (November 1948). "Siamese Attacks on Angkor Before 1430". The Far Eastern Quarterly. 8 (1): 3–33. doi:10.2307/2049480. JSTOR 2049480.
  14. Kasetsiri, Charnvit (March 2003). "Thailand and Cambodia: A Love-Hate Relationship". Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia. No. 3. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020.
  15. "Khmer Influence in Thai". ExpatDen. December 15, 2010.
  16. "Siam stole Khmer culture and land". KHAMERLOGUE.
  17. "Cambodia/Thailand, Border Conflict around the Temple of Preah Vihear | How does law protect in war? - Online casebook". casebook.icrc.org.
  18. Chachavalpongpun, Pavin (2012). "Embedding Embittered History: Unending Conflicts in Thai-Cambodian Relations". Asian Affairs. 43 (1): 81–102. doi:10.1080/03068374.2012.643593. ISSN 0306-8374. S2CID 145309277.
  19. Thị Trà Mi, Hoàng (October 2016). "The Preah Vihear temple dispute on the Thai-Cambodian border and ASEAN's role in conflict resolution". Journal of Science, Social Science (in Vietnamese). 61 (10): 170–174. doi:10.18173/2354-1067.2016-0100. ISSN 2354-1067.
  20. "Behind the Cambodia-Lao PDR border dispute". The ASEAN Post. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
  21. Sokhean, Ben (26 August 2019). "Kingdom, Laos agree to remove troops from disputed area". Khmer Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.