Cambridge Antibody Technology

Cambridge Antibody Technology (officially Cambridge Antibody Technology Group Plc, informally CAT) was a biotechnology company headquartered in Cambridge, England, United Kingdom. Its core focus was on antibody therapeutics, primarily using Phage Display and Ribosome Display technology.

Cambridge Antibody Technology Group Plc
TypePublic limited company
LSE: CAT NASDAQ: CATG
IndustryBiopharmaceutical
FateAcquired by AstraZeneca in 2006; combined with MedImmune in 2007
SuccessorMedImmune
Founded1989 (Daly Laboratories, Babraham)
FounderDavid Chiswell, Sir Greg Winter, John McCafferty, Medical Research Council
Defunct2007 (2007)
HeadquartersGranta Park, Cambridgeshire, England, United Kingdom
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
David Chiswell (CEO 1996–2002)
Peter Chambré (CEO 2003–2006)
ProductsAdalimumab, discovery of; belimumab discovery of
ServicesTherapeutic monoclonal antibody discovery and development
Revenue£172.50m (six months ending 31 March 2006*)
£147.25m (six months ending 31 March 2006*)
£25.25m (six months ending 31 March 2006*)
Total assets£215.98m (six months ending 31 March 2006*)
Total equity£180.97m (six months ending 31 March 2006*)
OwnerAstraZeneca
Number of employees
Approximately 300 (2006)
Footnotes / references
*Financials for six-month period prior to acquisition by AstraZeneca were distorted by the settlement for royalties payable on Adalimumab sales

Phage Display Technology was used by CAT to create adalimumab, the first fully human antibody blockbuster drug. Humira, the brand name of adalimumab, is an anti-TNF antibody discovered by CAT as D2E7, then developed in the clinic and marketed by Abbvie, formerly Abbott Laboratories. CAT was also behind belimumab, the anti-BlyS antibody drug marketed as Benlysta and the first new approved drug for systemic lupus in more than 50 years.[1] In 2018, the Nobel Prize organisation awarded one quarter of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to a founding member of CAT, Sir Greg Winter FRS "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies.".[2]

Founded in 1989, CAT was acquired by AstraZeneca for £702m in 2006.[3][4] AstraZeneca subsequently acquired MedImmune LLC,[5] which it combined with CAT to form a global biologics R&D division called MedImmune.[6] CAT was often described as the 'jewel in the crown' of the British biotechnology industry[7] and during the latter years of its existence was the subject of frequent acquisition speculation.

History

CAT was founded in 1989 by Dr. David Chiswell OBE and Sir Greg Winter, with major scientific contributions from Dr. John McCafferty and the Medical Research Council (UK) (MRC). Operations began at the MRC laboratories in Cambridge. In May 1990, operations moved to the Daly Research Laboratories at Babraham Institute, Cambridge.[8]

In 1992, CAT moved to Beech House on the Melbourn Science Park to occupy units B1 and B2. In 1993 the company expanded into unit B3, into B4 into 1995, and in 1998 into units B5, B6, B8 and B9. CAT completed the occupation of Beech House by finally occupying B7 by the late 1990s.

CAT listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1997, raising £43 million, and went through a second round of funding in 2000, raising over £90 million.

In 1999, CAT expanded into a second location in Melbourn called Cambridge House.[9] After leaving Melbourn, CAT sold this location on to housing developers in early 2006.[10]

In 2000, after a succession of deals[11] that focussed on harnessing the exploitation of the human genome, CAT's share price peaked at over £50 per share.

Also in 2000, CAT decided to move out of Melbourn to a science park called Granta Park, roughly 10 miles (16 km) away.[12][13] Of the buildings on the park, the first to be occupied was the Franklin Building followed, in late 2002, by a move to a new corporate headquarters at the Milstein Building.

The Franklin Building, named after Rosalind Franklin, was formally opened in 2001 by David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville.[14] The Milstein Building was named after César Milstein, and had a modular design with separate laboratory (46,000 sq ft) and administration blocks (21,000 sq ft).[15] In the same year, CAT listed on the NASDAQ.

When AstraZeneca acquired CAT in June 2006, plans were announced to occupy a new building on Granta Park, GP15, offering a further 92,000 sq ft (8,500 m2). Refurbishment of this building took approximately 18 months and the building was officially opened, in November 2008, with the name Aaron Klug Building.[16][17]

Aptein Inc.

On 15 July 1998, CAT completed the acquisition of Aptein Inc.[9] This acquisition "...further strengthened its world leading position in antibody display technology...giving CAT controlling patents in the field of polysome display. Polysome display involves the use of polysomes, a type of molecule responsible for protein synthesis within the human body, to display functional antibody proteins in vitro.". Three years later David Glover, CAT's Chief Medical Officer at the time, summarised the acquisition as one which essentially acquired Aptein's patent estate[18]

"Under the terms of the agreement CAT purchased the issued share capital and outstanding share options and warrants of Aptein for a total consideration of up to $11 million satisfied by the issue of up to 2.366 million CAT shares (an implied CAT share price of 278p.) $6 million of the consideration was satisfied by the issue of 1.290 million CAT shares on closing. The balance of the consideration of up to $5 million will be satisfied by the issue of up to 1.076 million CAT shares after Aptein's European patents have been sustained through opposition or appeal. In accordance with accounting standards the cost of acquiring this new technology has been capitalised and will be written off over the lives of the patents concerned.".[19]

Aptein was founded by Glenn Kawasaki, who is currently, amongst other positions, CEO at Accium BioSciences.[20]

According to an article published in Nature in 2002, that focused on the automation of proteomics,..."Normally, an mRNA molecule passes through the ribosome-like ticker-tape and is released, along with the newly synthesised protein molecule, when a sequence of three bases known as a 'stop codon' is reached. In Aptein's technology, stop codons are eliminated so that the completed antibody and its mRNA remain bound together on the ribosome. The system, which CAT is now optimising, is entirely cell-free and so is more amenable to automation. This should make it possible to construct libraries that are orders of magnitude larger than those created using phage display."[21]

CAT published on their optimisation work with Ribosome Display, including:

  • The discovery of tralokinumab, a therapeutic antibody against IL-13.[22]
  • An improved method for eukaryotic ribosome display[23]
  • A comparison of phage and ribosome display approaches for improving antibody affinity and stability showing the advantages of ribosome display[24]
  • The use of ribosome display to optimise pharmacology and "developability" of therapeutic proteins[25]

CAT used extensive data sets from ribosome display to patent protect their anti-IL-13 monoclonal antibody, CAT-354, in a world-first of sequence-activity-relationship claims.[26]

Drug Royalty Corporation Inc.

In 1994, CAT signed a royalty deal with Drug Royalty Corporation Inc. (DRC) such that DRC would receive future royalty revenue from CAT's products.

In January 2002, CAT made a share-based offer to buy DRC for £55 million so that it could buy out this royalty obligation. CAT valued DRC at C$3.00 a share, and this offer was initially recommended by the board of directors of DRC. On 8 March 2002 the investment company Inwest made a competing offer valuing DRC at C$3.05 per share.[27] CAT's offer would see DRC shareholders receiving CAT shares whilst Inwest's offer would see the DRC shareholder receiving cash. DRC's board of directors changed their decision and recommended Inwest's offer. After a number of deadline extensions from CAT the offer from Inwest was accepted by the DRC shareholders. Inwest purchased DRC on 2 May 2002, and the company began operating as a private entity that continues operation today as DRI Capital.[28]

As a result of this failure to purchase DRC, CAT's right to buy back royalty interest was triggered at a cost to CAT of C$14 million (£6.2 million) by way of 463,818 CAT shares.[29]

Oxford Glycosciences

On 23 January 2003 CAT made a share-based offer for Oxford Glycosciences (OGS)[30] and at an Extraordinary General Meeting shareholders voted to approve the merger. In March of this year CAT saw a decline in its share price. Discussions regarding the applicability of the royalty offset provisions for HUMIRA with Abbott Laboratories had started, and these had a negative impact on the CAT share price depressing the value of CAT's offer.[31][32]

On 26 February 2003 the British-based biotechnology group Celltech subsequently made a hostile £101 million cash offer for OGS[33] and began buying OGS shares. Some reported that this activity represented the UK biotechnology industry's first-ever bidding war.[34] Despite this improved offer from Celltech, OGS continued to recommend the CAT offer.[35]

Celltech continued to buy OGS shares and the OGS board pressed CAT to improve the terms of its offer as the Celltech shareholding reached 10.55%.[36] OGS became alarmed that Celltech's share purchase would prompt CAT to walk away because, under takeover rules, it would not be able to forcibly purchase the 10.55 per cent stake Celltech owned. CAT failed to improve the terms of its bid forcing OGS to abandon the agreement.[37]

Celltech continued buying shares and, as their stake reached 25%, so the board of OGS met to reluctantly recommend the Celltech offer. Celltech completed the purchase of OGS in April 2003.[38] Some newspapers reported that the failure of the bid by CAT would means that CAT would have to cut some of its workforce.[39] Celltech was itself purchased by the Belgian drugmaker UCB in mid-2004.[40]

Genencor

On 1 November 2005 CAT announced it was acquiring two anti-CD22 immunotoxin products from Genencor, namely GCR-3888 and GCR-8015.[41] Genencor is the biotechnology division of Danisco[42] and the acquisition meant CAT would hire certain former Genencor key employees to be responsible for the development of the programmes.[43]

GCR-3888 and GCR-8015 were discovered and initially developed by the National Cancer Institute, which is part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Genencor licensed the candidates for hematological malignancies and entered into a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) with the NIH, which will now be continued by CAT. Under the original license agreement with the NIH, CAT gained the rights to a portfolio of intellectual property associated with the programs and would pay future royalties to the NIH.

CAT intended to file an Investigational New Drug (IND) application for GCR-8015 in various CD22 positive B-cell malignancies, including Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, following a period of manufacturing development which is expected to be complete by the end of 2006 and to support the NCI's ongoing development of GCR-3888 in Hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) and paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (pALL).[41]

CAT-8015 exhibited a greater affinity for CD22 than its predecessor, CAT-3888[44] and CAT's language such as "CAT will support the NCI's ongoing development of CAT-3888..." suggested at the time that their focus was on the second generation candidate.[45]

On 16 May 2013, AstraZeneca announced that CAT-8015, now Moxetumumab,[46] has started Phase III clinical trials.[47]

Collaborations

CAT entered into many collaborations with technology and pharmaceutical companies, including:

  • Searle, 1999 – CAT signed, what was at the time, their biggest deal with Searle, the pharmaceutical arm of Monsanto.[48] In 2000, Pharmacia & Upjohn merged with Monsanto and Searle[49] to create Pharmacia Corporation. In 2003, Pfizer acquired Pharmacia.[50] It is unsure as to whether the deal with Searle generated any clinical candidates.
  • Human Genome Sciences, 2000.[51][52] GlaxoSmithKline purchased HGSI in 2012.[53] The deal with Cambridge Antibody Technology generated, amongst others;
    • An anti-BLyS antibody – registered by HGSI as LymphoStat-B, also known as belimumab, and subsequently branded as Benlysta.[54] On 16 November 2010 HGSI and GlaxoSmithKline announced the vote of the FDA advisory committee to recommend approval of belimumab for systemic lupus erythematosus.[55] On 9 March 2011 the FDA voted 11 to 2 in favour of approving Benlysta "to treat patients with active, autoantibody-positive lupus who are receiving standard therapy, including corticosteroids, antimalarials, immunosuppressives, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs".[56]
    • An anthrax therapeutic antibody – registered by HGSI as ABthrax, also known as raxibacumab.[57] At the 2 November 2012 meeting of the Anti-Infective Drugs Advisory Committee to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) members "voted 16 to 1 in support of the clinical benefit of raxibacumab for the treatment of inhalational anthrax, with one abstention. In addition, the committee voted 18 – 0 in favour of the risk-benefit profile of raxibacumab".[58]
    • Two anti-TRAIL receptor antibodies – mapatumumab (HGS-ETR1) and lexatumumab (HGS-ETR2).[59] Early work by CAT and HGS scientists showed that HGS-ETR1 induces cell death in certain tumour types.[60] Following this data, HGS exercised an option to enter into an exclusive development partnership for the antibody.[61]
  • Genzyme, 2000.[62] CAT held significant strength in the area of TGF beta with two products already – lerdelimumab (CAT-152) and metelimumab (CAT-192). The deal with Genzyme was "a broad strategic alliance to develop and commercialise human monoclonal antibodies directed against TGF-beta." All clinical indications, with the exception of ophthalmic uses, were covered by the agreement.[63][64]
    • The deal resulted in fresolimumab (GC1008), a pan-neutralizing IgG4 human antibody directed against all three isoforms of TGF beta,[65] which had the "potential for treating a variety of diseases".[66] In particular Genzyme are currently using fresolimumab in trials involving immunogenic tumours.[67]
    • The takeover of CAT by AstraZeneca initiated a change of control clause in the 2008 agreement that gives Genzyme the right to buy out rights to a jointly developed experimental lung drug.[68]
    • In February 2011, Sanofi-Aventis purchased Genzyme for approximately US$20bn.[69]
  • Immunex Corp, 2000.[70] CAT's proprietary antibody phage display library for the discovery, development and potential commercialisation of human monoclonal antibodies was licensed to Immunex, in return for a licence fee. This deal was expanded in May 2001 where CAT shared more of the risk of drug development – a so-called "profit-sharing" deal.[71][72] In 2002 Immunex was acquired by Amgen[73] and in December 2003 CAT entered into a new, restructured agreement with Amgen, reportedly focussing in skin disease.[74] It was also reported that, under the terms of the agreement, Amgen had taken responsibility for the further development and marketing of the therapeutic antibody candidates isolated by CAT against two targets on which the parties agreed to collaborate and would bear all the associated costs. In return, CAT received from Amgen an initial fee and potential milestone payments and royalties on future sales. As of February 2004, one candidate had been delivered by CAT to Amgen. A second candidate was the subject of a continuing research program funded by Amgen and conducted by CAT and was to be delivered to Amgen in due course.[75]
    • Amgen acquired the transgenic mouse company Abgenix[76] meaning that they had access to two different methods of human monoclonal antibody production. As of July 2009, it is not known from which technology any of their monoclonal antibody products in clinical trials have been derived.[77]
  • AMRAD, 2001.[78] AMRAD subsequently changed its name to Zenyth Therapeutics[79] and, in mid-2006, Zenyth was acquired by CSL Limited.[80] CAT and AMRAD had gone 50:50 with the original deal over the development of an anti-GMCSF-R antibody, which became CAM-3001. After all this corporate manoeuvring, "CSL decided to license its 50% share in the project to MedImmune...MedImmune commenced Phase I clinical trials in December 2007".[81]

Products and pipeline

CAT had a number of significant products in the pipeline. These included:

  • Adalimumab (D2E7) – a human monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha). This drug went on to be developed and marketed by Abbott Laboratories as Humira. The royalties payable on Adalimumab sales were subject to a dispute between the two companies. In 2013, Abbott split it business in half, whereby AbbVie became responsible for its research-based pharmaceutical business,[82] and thus Humira. Humira went on to dominate the best-selling drugs lists. In 2016, the best selling drugs list researched by Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, published in March 2017, details that Humira occupied the number 1 position for 2015 ($14.012 billion of sales) and 2016 ($16.078 billion).[83] Whilst for 2017, Abbvie reports that Humira achieved $18.427billion of sales in 2017[84]
  • Briakinumab (ABT-874) – a human monoclonal antibody to IL-12 and IL-23. This went on to be developed by Abbott Laboratories for treatment of psoriasis[85] and Crohn's disease. On 11 October 2010, Abbott presented positive Phase III data.[86]
  • Metelimumab (CAT-192) and fresolimumab (GC1008) are human monoclonal antibodies to transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). Initial trials targeted the skin condition scleroderma[87] but, after some unsuccessful clinical trial results, the product was dropped in favour of fresolimumab,[88] which was initially developed by Genzyme.[67] In February 2011, Sanofi-Aventis purchased Genzyme for approximately US$20 billion[69] and, as of March 2013, Sanofi continue to list fresolimumab in their research and development portfolio.[89]
  • Lerdelimumab is a human monoclonal antibody to TGF beta 2,[90] initially developed to combat fibrotic scarring that results from glaucoma drainage surgery.[91] The drug was branded Trabio, and development was stopped in late 2005 after unsuccessful trial results.[92]
  • Bertilimumab (CAT-213) is a human monoclonal antibody to eotaxin 1.[93] In January 2007, CAT licensed the drug for treatment of allergy disorders to iCo Therapeutics Inc., who renamed it from CAT-213 to iCo-008.[94]
  • Mavrilimumab (CAM-3001) – a human monoclonal igG4 antibody to the alpha chain of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF Receptor).[78] In 2007, some elements of the local press suggested this product could be the next HUMIRA.[95] CAM-3001 is currently being developed by MedImmune in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis,[96][97] and mentioned in the rheumatology section of AstraZeneca's pipeline in their 2008 Annual Report.[98] The first clinical trial was initiated by MedImmune in late 2007.[99]
  • Tralokinumab (CAT-354) – a human monoclonal antibody (IgG4) that potently and specifically neutralises interleukin 13, a T-lymphocyte-derived cytokine that plays a key role in the development and maintenance of the human asthmatic phenotype. CAT-354 was CAT's first antibody to be discovered using ribosome display,[22] and was further developed by developed by MedImmune.[100]Tralokinumab was licensed by AstraZeneca to LEO Pharma for skin diseases in July 2016.[101] On 15 June 2017, Leo Pharma announced that they were starting phase 3 clinical trails with tralokinumab in atopic dermatitis[102]
  • Moxetumomab pasudotox (CAT-3888) – CAT-3888 (formerly GCR-3888 and BL22) and CAT-8015 (formerly GCR-8015 and HA22) are both anti-CD22 immunotoxins comprising a modified Pseudomonas exotoxin and an anti-CD22 antibody fragment.[103] CAT acquired these two oncology product candidates in November 2005 from Genencor, a subsidiary of Danisco.[41] CAT-8015 is being developed by MedImmune.[104] In Sept 2018 the US FDA approved it (as Lumoxiti) for some cases of relapsed or refractory hairy cell leukemia (HCL).[105]
  • CAT-5001 (formerly SS1P) – a Pseudomonas exotoxin immunotoxin that targets mesothelin, which is a cell surface glycoprotein present on normal mesothelial cells that is over-expressed in numerous cancers including pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma, ovarian cancer and pancreatic cancer.[103] CAT-5001 was acquired from Enzon Pharmaceuticals in May 2006.[106]

CAT developed their display technologies further into several patented antibody discovery/functional genomics tools which were named Proximol[107] and ProAb. ProAb was announced in December 1997[108] and involved high throughput screening of antibody libraries against diseased and non-diseased tissue, whilst Proximol used a free radical enzymatic reaction to label molecules in proximity to a given protein.[109][110]

In September 1999, it was announced that CAT's Library product and ProAb would each receive Millennium Products status.[111] Of the 4,000 products submitted to the Design Council for these awards, 1,012 were chosen and, to attain Millennium Product status, products had to: open up new opportunities, challenge existing conventions, be environmentally responsible, demonstrate the application of new or existing technology, solve a key problem and show clear user benefits.[112]

Patents

CAT pioneered the application of Phage Display and Ribosome Display technology for the design and development of human monoclonal antibody therapeutics and which was reflected in the breadth of the company's patent portfolio. The Cambridge patent portfolio includes about 40 families of patents, covering both technologies and products.

Three main families of major patents cover Cambridge antibody library and Phage Display technology:

'Winter II' and 'Winter/Huse/Lerner' patents cover Medimmune's processes for generating the collections of human antibody genes that comprise MedImmune Cambridge libraries. MedImmune has patents issued in Europe, South Korea, Japan, Australia and the US and a patent application is pending in Canada. These patents are co-owned by the MRC, The Scripps Research Institute and Stratagene and MedImmune currently has exclusive commercial exploitation rights, subject to certain rights held by the Medical Research Council (MRC), Scripps and Stratagene and their pre-existing licencees.

'McCafferty' covers the process by which human antibodies are displayed on phage (Phage Display) and methods of selecting antibodies to desired targets from libraries. MedImmune has patents issued in Europe, Australia, South Korea and Japan and a patent application is pending in Canada. These patents are co-owned by MedImmune and the MRC.

'Griffiths' covers the use of Phage Display technology to isolate human anti-self' antibodies that specifically bind to molecules found in the human body. CAT has patents issued in Australia, Europe and the US and patent applications are pending in Canada and Japan. This patent is co-owned by MedImmune Cambridge and the MRC.

In 2011 "The High Court of England and Wales has ruled that two patents (EP 0774511 and EP 2055777) owned by MedImmune that describe methods of phage display are invalid because of obviousness."[113]

List of Patents
Winter II Winter/Huse/Lerner McCafferty Griffiths Kawasaki
PCT Publication Number WO90/05144[114] WO90/14424[115] WO90/14430[116] WO92/01047[117] WO93/11236[118] WO91/05058[119]
US US6,248,516, US6,545,142 US6,291,158, US6,291,159 US6,291,160, US6,291,161, US6,680,192 US5,969,108, US6,172,197, US6,806,079 US5,885,793, US6,521,404, US6,544,731, US6,555,313, US6,593,081, US6,582,915 US5,643,768, US5,658,754
Europe EP0368684 EP0472638 EP0425661, EP1026239 (pending as of July 2009) EP0589877, EP0774511, EP0844306 (pending as of July 2009) EP0616640, EP1024191 (pending as of July 2009) EP0494955
Australia AU0634186 AU651065 AU643948 AU0664155 AU0665221 AU038762
Japan JP02919890 JP3321159 2-508759 JP03176917 5-509967 (pending as of July 2009) JP03127158, 2000-240298 (pending as of July 2009)
Canada 2002868 (pending as of July 2009) CA2016841 2016842 2086936 (pending as of July 2009) 2124460 (pending as of July 2009) CA2067194
South Korea KR0184860 – – KR0222326 – KR0185192, KR0204359, KR0204360
Denmark DK175392 – – – – –

Patent Dispute with MorphoSys

The German biotechnology company MorphoSys generates human antibodies using its phage display-based 'HuCal' (Human Combinatorial Antibody Library) technology.[120] In the late 1990s both companies found themselves jockeying for strong IP position in the area of therapeutic human antibody generation by way of a specific dispute (details on MorphoSys page).

The long, and protracted, dispute resulted which was eventually settled in late 2002 when some argued the settlement was enforced by an industry cash crunch. The 'delighted' CEO at the time, Peter Chambré, reflected that the deal put an end to the distraction to both parties caused by the litigation.[121]

Publications

Scientists at CAT pioneered the use of phage display such that variable antibody domains could be expressed on filamentous phage antibodies, as reported in a key Nature publication, "Phage antibodies: filamentous phage displaying antibody variable domains".[122]

Other key CAT publications included:

  • Marks, JD; Hoogenboom, HR; Bonnert, TP; Mccafferty, J; Griffiths, AD; Winter, G (1991). "By-passing immunization. Human antibodies from V-gene libraries displayed on phage". Journal of Molecular Biology. 222 (3): 581–97. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(91)90498-U. PMID 1748994.
  • Vaughan, TJ; Williams, AJ; Pritchard, K; Osbourn, JK; Pope, AR; Earnshaw, JC; Mccafferty, J; Hodits, RA; et al. (1996). "Human antibodies with sub-nanomolar affinities isolated from a large non-immunized phage display library". Nature Biotechnology. 14 (3): 309–14. doi:10.1038/nbt0396-309. PMID 9630891.
  • Carmen, S; Jermutus, L (2002). "Concepts in antibody phage display". Briefings in Functional Genomics & Proteomics. 1 (2): 189–203. doi:10.1093/bfgp/1.2.189. PMID 15239904.
  • Thom, G; Cockroft, AC; Buchanan, AG; Candotti, CJ; Cohe, ES; Lowne, D; Monk, P; Shorrock-Hart, CP; Jermutus, L; Minter, RR (2006). "Probing a protein-protein interaction by directed evolution". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 103 (20): 7619–24. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.7619T. doi:10.1073/pnas.0602341103. PMC 1458619. PMID 16684878.
  • Edwards, BM; Barash, SC; Main, SH; Choi, GH; Minter, R; Ullrich, S; Williams, E; Du Fou, L; et al. (2003). "The remarkable flexibility of the human antibody repertoire; isolation of over one thousand different antibodies to a single protein, BLyS". Journal of Molecular Biology. 334 (1): 103–18. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2003.09.054. PMID 14596803.
  • Baker, KP; Edwards, BM; Main, SH; Choi, GH; Wager, RE; Halpern, WG; Lappin, PB; Riccobene, T; et al. (2003). "Generation and characterization of LymphoStat-B, a human monoclonal antibody that antagonizes the bioactivities of B lymphocyte stimulator". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 48 (11): 3253–65. doi:10.1002/art.11299. PMID 14613291.

Management and notable people

CAT was founded by David Chiswell MBE and Sir Greg Winter, with major scientific contributions from John McCafferty.

Sir Greg Winter FRS is credited with invented techniques to both humanise (1986) and, later, to fully humanise using phage display, antibodies for therapeutic uses.[123][124][125][126][127][128][129] Previously, antibodies had been derived from mice, which made them difficult to use in human therapeutics because the human immune system had anti-mouse reactions to them.[130][131][132][133][134] For these developments Winter was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with George Smith and Frances Arnold.[135][136][137]

Dave Chiswell OBE was responsible for operational management of CAT from 1990 to 2002, including time as chief executive officer from 1996 to 2002. Chiswell announced he was standing down from CAT on 26 November 2001.[138] During his time at CAT, Chiswell had established himself as a significant character in the biotechnology business.[139] In 2003, Chiswell became chairman of the BioIndustry Association,[140] and in June 2006 was awarded an OBE for services to the UK Bioscience Industry in the UK and Overseas.[141]

CAT was governed by a board and, latterly, a Scientific Advisory Board. Members included:

Peter Chambré replaced Dave Chiswell as CEO in early 2002.[147] Chambré had been the CEO of Bespak PLC since May 1994[148] and, in July 2000, became the chief operating officer of the genomics company Celera.[149] After CAT, Chambré went on to hold a number of positions including Chairman of ApaTech Ltd.,[150]and, in September 2006, was appointed non-executive director of BTG plc[151] and Spectrics pls and also advisor to 3i Group plc.[152] As of July 2019, Chambré holds seven board and advisor roles including Chairman of the Board of Directors at immatics biotechnologies, Chairman of the Board of Directors at Cancer Research Technology, and Member of the Board of Directors at Spectris plc.[153][154]

John McCafferty developed much of the phage display technology used by CAT. McCafferty left CAT to start a group at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute where, as part of the ATLAS project, his group demonstrated the potential for large-scale high-throughput generation and validation of monoclonal antibodies.[155] This work built on CAT's ProAb technology. McCafferty founded a new therapeutic antibody discovery biotechnology company, IONTAS Ltd. In 2018, McCafferty's 1990 phage research paper was cited by the Nobel committee when awarding the chemistry prize to Sir Gregory Winter, George Smith and Frances Arnold.[156]

Kevin Johnson joined CAT in 1990, contributed to the discovery of D2E7, played a key role in CAT's initial public offering (IPO) and, by July 1997, was appointed to the Board as Research Director. In 2000, Johnson became Chief Technology Officer responsible for exploitation and development of CAT's technology platforms. In November 2002, CAT announced its intention to seek independent financing for its development of the application of antibodies on microarrays for personalised medicine, as this fell outside CAT's focus on therapeutic antibodies and Johnson positively spearheaded this push.[157] In the event it was not possible to procure finance for this activity and, as a result, microarray activity at CAT was terminated.[158] Johnson is currently a partner at medicxi, a venture capital firm focused on life sciences investments based on the asset-centric approach to investing.[159][160] He was formerly with Index Ventures, having joined the venture capital firm in 2010.[161][162]

Jane Osbourn OBE joined CAT as a senior scientist in 1993.[163] Osbourn was a co-author of several, high-impact publications to come out of CAT. When merged with MedImmune, after the acquisition by AstraZeneca, Osbourn became the site leader of MedImmune Cambridge. Osbourn went on to chair the UK's BioIndustry Association in 2015[164] and, in 2019, was awarded the Order of the British Empire medal for services to "Human Monoclonal Antibody Drug Research and Development and Biotechnology".[165]

Awards

CAT's most significant award was the Prix Galien,[166] awarded for outstanding achievement in product and technology development, in recognition of its creativity in the development of novel human monoclonal antibody therapeutics especially in relation to its product CAT-152, which was used to treat fibrotic scarring in certain ophthalmology conditions.[167]

See also

References
  1. "GlaxoSmithKline and Human Genome Sciences announce FDA approval of Benlysta (belimumab) for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus". Archived from the original on 17 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  2. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 was divided, one half awarded to Frances H. Arnold "for the directed evolution of enzymes", the other half jointly to George P. Smith and Sir Gregory P. Winter "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies."". nobelprize.org. 3 October 2018.
  3. "AstraZeneca UK Limited Completes Acquisition of Cambridge Antibody Technology Group plc Compulsory Acquisition Procedure Completed Subsequent Offer Period Closed" (Press release). AstraZeneca. 22 August 2006. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  4. "AstraZeneca to buy CAT for £702m". BBC News. 15 May 2006.
  5. "AstraZeneca International – pharmaceutical company, prescription drugs, medicine manufacturers". Astrazeneca.com. 19 June 2007. Archived from the original on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  6. "MEDIMMUNE LIMITED, company number 02451177, credit report, annual accounts from Companies House and free company monitoring". Ukdata.com. 31 December 2008. Archived from the original on 26 April 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  7. "Investment: The drugs don't work". The Independent. London. 22 August 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  8. "Launch of Babraham BioConcepts Ltd – £1 million investment by Avlar BioVentures". Babraham.ac.uk. 5 September 2006. Archived from the original on 8 September 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  9. "MedImmune" (PDF). Cambridgeantibody.com. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  10. "Twenty homes plan for research building site | Cambridge City News, Cambridge Local News Stories & Latest Headlines About Cambridge". Cambridge-news.co.uk. 23 January 2006. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  11. Shah, Saeed (2 March 2000). "Cambridge Antibody shares soar 58% as investors applaud move to exploit genes". The Independent. London. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  12. "Offices To Let/Rent | Business Parks, Science Parks, Industrial Estates". MEPC. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  13. "Cambridgeshire". Ukbusinesspark.co.uk. Archived from the original on 15 February 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  14. "Offices To Let/Rent | Business Parks, Science Parks, Industrial Estates". MEPC. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  15. "Demonstration Projects | Project Details". Constructing Excellence. 6 March 2006. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  16. "Home | InPharm". Pharmafocus.com. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  17. "Offices To Let/Rent | Business Parks, Science Parks, Industrial Estates". MEPC. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  18. "Articles: Interview With Cambridge Antibody Technology Medical Director David Glover". Pharmalicensing.com. 6 March 2002. Archived from the original on 3 February 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  19. http://www.cambridgeantibody.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/5246/catannualreport1998.pdf%7C%5B%5D page 29 of the CAT Annual Report 1998
  20. "Management". Acciumbio.com. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  21. Abbott, Alison (January 2002). "Betting on tomorrow's chips". Nature. 415 (6868): 112–114. Bibcode:2002Natur.415..112A. doi:10.1038/415112a. PMID 11805803.
  22. Thom, G.; Cockroft, A. C.; Buchanan, A. G.; Joberty Candotti, C.; Cohen, E. S.; Lowne, D.; Monk, P.; Shorrock-Hart, C. P.; Jermutus, L.; Minter, R. R. (9 May 2006). "Probing a protein-protein interaction by in vitro evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (20): 7619–7624. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.7619T. doi:10.1073/pnas.0602341103. PMC 1458619. PMID 16684878.
  23. Douthwaite, J.A.; Groves, M.A.; Dufner, P.; Jermutus, L. (February 2006). "An improved method for an efficient and easily accessible eukaryotic ribosome display technology". Protein Engineering, Design and Selection. 19 (2): 85–90. doi:10.1093/protein/gzj003. PMID 16368721.
  24. Dufner, Patrick; Jermutus, Lutz; Minter, Ralph R. (November 2006). "Harnessing phage and ribosome display for antibody optimisation". Trends in Biotechnology. 24 (11): 523–529. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.09.004. PMID 17000017.
  25. Buchanan, A.; Ferraro, F.; Rust, S.; Sridharan, S.; Franks, R.; Dean, G.; McCourt, M.; Jermutus, L.; Minter, R. (31 August 2012). "Improved drug-like properties of therapeutic proteins by directed evolution". Protein Engineering Design and Selection. 25 (10): 631–638. doi:10.1093/protein/gzs054. PMC 3449403. PMID 22942395.
  26. Monk, Phillip; Jermutus, Lutz; Minter, Ralph; Shorrock, Celia (28 January 2005), Human Antibody Molecules for Il-13, retrieved 7 February 2016
  27. "Drug Royalty's B of D Recommends Inwest Cash Offer". Archived from the original on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2009.
  28. "DRI to seek $1bn for third fund". Private Equity International. 10 July 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  29. http://www.cambridgeantibody.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/5248/interim_report_2002.pdf%7C%5B%5D page 5 of CAT's 2002 Interim Report
  30. "Cambridge Antibody to merge with Oxford Glycosciences. – Free Online Library". Thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  31. Foley, Stephen (27 March 2003). "CAT's bid hopes floored by royalties dispute". The Independent. London. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  32. page 4 of CAT's 2003 Interim Report
  33. "UCB ::: Investor Relations – Press Releases – UCB – News Release". Ir.ucb-group.com. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  34. "drug discovery@nature.com". Nature. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  35. Foley, Stephen (27 February 2003). "Oxford Glyco turns down higher bid to stick with CAT". The Independent. London. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  36. Griffiths, Katherine (24 March 2003). "OGS presses CAT to improve offer". The Independent. London. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  37. Foley, Stephen (15 March 2003). "Oxford Glyco seeks bidders as CAT offer's value falls". The Independent. London. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  38. Foley, Stephen (12 April 2003). "Celltech wins bid battle for Oxford GlycoSciences". The Independent. London. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  39. Foley, Stephen (20 May 2003). "CAT forced to cut back research after Oxford Glyco bid fails". The Independent. London. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  40. "UCB ::: Investor Relations – Press Releases – UCB – News Release". Ir.ucb-group.com. 9 July 2004. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  41. "Cambridge Antibody Technology Acquires Oncology Product Candidates from Genencor". PR Newswire. Archived from the original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  42. "About Genencor". Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
  44. "News Releases – National Cancer Institute". Press.nci.nih.gov. 1 January 1980. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  45. "Cambridge Antibody Technology Announces Preliminary Results for the Year Ended 30 September 2005. | Goliath Business News". Goliath.ecnext.com. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  46. "moxetumomab () UKMi New Drugs Online Database". Ukmi.nhs.uk. 30 April 2013. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  47. Connolly, Allison (16 May 2013). "AstraZeneca Advances Three Cancer Drugs into Late-Stage Trials". Bloomberg. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  48. "Searle and Cambridge Combine Efforts – develop monoclonal antibody-based therapeutic drugs – Brief Article | Find Articles at BNET". 2000. Retrieved 12 May 2010 – via Find Articles.
  49. "Monsanto and Pharmacia & Upjohn to Merge, Creating Global Leader in Pharmaceuticals With Top-Tier Growth Prospects". .prnewswire.com. 19 December 1999. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  50. "and Pharmacia | Pfizer: the world's largest research-based pharmaceutical company". Pfizer. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  51. "Technology Collaborations – Hgs". Hgsi.com. 7 February 2008. Archived from the original on 5 August 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  52. "MedImmune". Cambridgeantibody.com. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  53. "GSK completes acquisition of Human Genome Sciences | GlaxoSmithKline". Gsk.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  54. "BENLYSTA (belimumab) – HGS". Hgsi.com. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  55. "GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) – global healthcare company. Do more, feel better, live longer". Hgsi.com. Archived from the original on 25 December 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  56. "FDA approves Benlysta to treat lupus". Fda.gov. 9 March 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  57. "Raxibacumab – HGS". Hgsi.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  58. "GSK announces FDA Advisory Committee vote in favour of raxibacumab for the treatment of inhalational anthrax infection | GlaxoSmithKline". Gsk.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  59. "TRAIL Receptor Antibodies – HGS". Hgsi.com. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  60. Pukac, L; Kanakaraj, P; Humphreys, R; Alderson, R; Bloom, M; Sung, C; Riccobene, T; Johnson, R; Fiscella, M; Mahoney, A; Carrell, J; Boyd, E; Yao, X T; Zhang, L; Zhong, L; von Kerczek, A; Shepard, L; Vaughan, T; Edwards, B; Dobson, C; Salcedo, T; Albert, V (20 April 2005). "HGS-ETR1, a fully human TRAIL-receptor 1 monoclonal antibody, induces cell death in multiple tumour types in vitro and in vivo". British Journal of Cancer. 92 (8): 1430–1441. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602487. PMC 2361994. PMID 15846298.
  61. http://www.trailr2mab.com/news/press/02-01-08_trail_cat.html%5B%5D
  62. Murray-West, Rosie (29 September 2000). "CAT leaps on tie-up deal with Genzyme". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  63. "Cambridge Antibody, Genzyme to collaborate on human anti-TGFBeta". Drugdiscoveryonline.com. 2 October 2000. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  64. "Genzyme General and Cambridge Antibody Technology To Collaborate on Development of Human Anti-TGF-beta Monoclonal Antibodies". Prnwire.com. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  65. Grutter, C.; Wilkinson, T.; Turner, R.; Podichetty, S.; Finch, D.; McCourt, M.; Loning, S.; Jermutus, L.; Grutter, M. G. (2008). "A cytokine-neutralizing antibody as a structural mimetic of 2 receptor interactions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (51): 20251–20256. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10520251G. doi:10.1073/pnas.0807200106. PMC 2600578. PMID 19073914.
  66. "Genzyme's Research and Development – Technology Platforms". Genzyme.com. Archived from the original on 4 January 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  67. "Home – Sanofi". genzymeoncology.com. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
  68. "Cambridge Antibody Technology Group PLC Takeover Gives Genzyme Corporation Buyout Rights To Drug – News, Search Jobs, Events". Biospace.com. 15 May 2006. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  69. "Sanofi-Aventis to buy Genzyme in search for new sales". BBC. 16 February 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  70. "Cambridge Antibody Technology Partners With Immunex Corporation to Develop Novel Human Monoclonal Antibodies. – PR Newswire | HighBeam Research: Online Press Releases". 1 December 2000. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  71. "Cambridge Antibody Technology, Immunex to co-develop human". Drugdiscoveryonline.com. 21 May 2001. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  72. Mesure, Susie (22 May 2001). "CAT signs deal with Immunex to share R&D costs". The Independent. London. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  73. "Media – Press Release". Amgen. 16 July 2002. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  74. Foley, Stephen (26 December 2003). "CAT ties up skin treatments deal with Amgen". The Independent. London. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  75. "Cambridge Antibody Technology/Amgen Restructure Agreement. – Free Online Library". Thefreelibrary.com. 1 February 2004. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  76. "Amgen – Media – Press Release". Xt.amgen.com. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  77. "Science – Pipeline". Amgen. 5 February 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  78. "Cambridge Antibody Technology and AMRAD to develop antibody therapeutics. | Europe – Western Europe from". AllBusiness.com. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  79. https://web.archive.org/web/20061009142845/http://www.biomelbourne.org/640.0.html. Archived from the original on 9 October 2006. Retrieved 28 July 2009. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  80. "News Archive". Csl.com.au. 17 July 2006. Archived from the original on 30 October 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  81. "CSL" (PDF). csl.com.au.
  82. "Abbott Completes Separation of Research-Based Pharmaceuticals Business| January 2, 2013". Abbott.com. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  83. "The Top 15 Best-Selling Drugs of 2016 – The Lists – GEN". GEN.
  84. "AbbVie Reports Full-Year and Fourth-Quarter 2017 Financial Results – AbbVie News Center". news.abbvie.com.
  85. "Abbott 2007 Annual Report : Pharmaceuticals". Abbott.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  86. Abbott Reports Psoriasis Phase III Results of its Investigational IL-12/23 Inhibitor Briakinumab (ABT-874)
  87. "Genzyme Oncology Clinical Trial Details". Genzymeoncology.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  88. Foley, Stephen (10 February 2004). "CAT may abandon skin drug after trial results disappoint". The Independent. London. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  89. "Sanofi – R&D portfolio". En.sanofi.com. 2 September 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  90. "IngentaConnect Lerdelimumab: 6B1, Anti-TGF-Beta-2 Monoclonal Antibody – Cambridge". Ingentaconnect.com. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  91. Cordeiro, MF (2003). "Technology evaluation: lerdelimumab, Cambridge Antibody Technology" (Free full text). Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics. 5 (2): 199–203. PMID 12772512.
  92. "CAT abandons Trabio after second clinical trial failure. | Goliath Business News". Goliath.ecnext.com. 28 March 2005. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  93. Ding, C; Li, J; Zhang, X (2004). "Bertilimumab Cambridge Antibody Technology Group". Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs. 5 (11): 1213–8. PMID 15573873.
  94. "iCo Therapeutics Inc – Pipeline". Icotherapeutics.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  95. "Business News, Cambridge and UK business news | Wonder drug promise to help with arthritis". Cambridge-news.co.uk. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  96. Archived 29 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  97. "A Single Dose Study of the CAM-3001 in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis – Full Text View". ClinicalTrials.gov. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  98. "Rheumatology – Respiratory & inflammation – Therapy area review – Directors' Report – AstraZeneca Annual Report 2008". Astrazeneca-annualreports.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  100. "Our Pipeline | Biopharmaceutical Process". MedImmune. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  101. https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2016/astrazeneca-enters-licensing-agreements-with-leo-pharma-in-skin-diseases-01072016.html
  102. "LEO Pharma starts phase 3 clinical study for tralokinumab in atopic dermatitis". leo-pharma.com.
  103. "MedImmune" (PDF). Cambridgeantibody.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  104. https://web.archive.org/web/20081226091707/http://www.medimmune.com/pipeline/cambridge/product.asp?t=CAT-8015. Archived from the original on 26 December 2008. Retrieved 12 August 2009. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  105. FDA approves new kind of treatment for hairy cell leukemia Sept 2018
  106. "Reuters.com". Reuters. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  107. Osbourn, JK (2002). "Proximity-guided (ProxiMol) antibody selection". Antibody Phage Display (Free full text). Methods in Molecular Biology. 178. pp. 201–5. doi:10.1385/1-59259-240-6:201. ISBN 978-1-59259-240-1. PMID 11968489.
  108. "Cambridge Antibody Technology". Ukbusinesspark.co.uk. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  109. Osbourn, Jane K; Derbyshire, Elaine J; Vaughan, Tristan J; Field, Anne W; Johnson, Kevin S (January 1998). "Pathfinder selection: in situ isolation of novel antibodies". Immunotechnology. 3 (4): 293–302. doi:10.1016/S1380-2933(97)10007-0. PMID 9530562.
  110. "CHI's Molecular Med Monthly Articles". Chidb.com. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  111. http://www.prnewswire.ae/cgi/news/release?id=54703%5B%5D
  113. "Patent watch". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 10 (8): 568–569. 2011. doi:10.1038/nrd3529.
  114. "Espacenet Bibliographic data". Espacenet. 17 May 1990. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  115. "Espacenet Bibliographic data". Espacenet. 29 November 1990. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  116. "Espacenet Bibliographic data". Espacenet. 29 November 1990. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  117. "Espacenet Bibliographic data". Espacenet. 23 January 1992. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  118. "Espacenet Bibliographic data". Espacenet. 10 June 1993. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  119. "Espacenet Bibliographic data". Espacenet. 18 April 1991. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  120. https://web.archive.org/web/20090623031738/http://www.morphosys.com/en/technologies/advantages_of_human_antibodies-130.html. Archived from the original on 23 June 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2009. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  121. Mitchell, Peter (February 2003). "Cash crunch quells antibody litigation". Nature Biotechnology. 21 (2): 114–115. doi:10.1038/nbt0203-114. PMID 12560822.
  122. McCafferty, John; Griffiths, Andrew D.; Winter, Greg; Chiswell, David J. (December 1990). "Phage antibodies: filamentous phage displaying antibody variable domains". Nature. 348 (6301): 552–554. Bibcode:1990Natur.348..552M. doi:10.1038/348552a0. PMID 2247164.
  123. The Scientific Founders Archived 13 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine of Bicycle Therapeutics Ltd. – Christian Heinis and Sir Greg Winter, FRS.
  124. McCafferty, J.; Griffiths, A.; Winter, G.; Chiswell, D. (1990). "Phage antibodies: filamentous phage displaying antibody variable domains". Nature. 348 (6301): 552–554. Bibcode:1990Natur.348..552M. doi:10.1038/348552a0. PMID 2247164.
  125. www.trin.cam.ac.uk Archived 6 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  126. Cambridge Antibody Technology's publications indexed by the Scopus bibliographic database. (subscription required)
  127. Winter, G; Griffiths, A. D.; Hawkins, R. E.; Hoogenboom, H. R. (1994). "Making antibodies by phage display technology". Annual Review of Immunology. 12: 433–455. doi:10.1146/annurev.iy.12.040194.002245. PMID 8011287.
  128. Griffiths, A. D.; Williams, S. C.; Hartley, O; Tomlinson, I. M.; Waterhouse, P; Crosby, W. L.; Kontermann, R. E.; Jones, P. T.; Low, N. M.; Allison, T. J. (1994). "Isolation of high affinity human antibodies directly from large synthetic repertoires". The EMBO Journal. 13 (14): 3245–60. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06626.x. PMC 395221. PMID 8045255.
  129. Hoogenboom, H. R.; Griffiths, A. D.; Johnson, K. S.; Chiswell, D. J.; Hudson, P.; Winter, G. (1991). "Multi-subunit proteins on the surface of filamentous phage: Methodologies for displaying antibody (Fab) heavy and light chains". Nucleic Acids Research. 19 (15): 4133–4137. doi:10.1093/nar/19.15.4133. PMC 328552. PMID 1908075.
  130. Anon (2011). "The inventor of humanized monoclonal antibodies and cofounder of Cambridge Antibody Technology, Greg Winter, muses on the future of antibody therapeutics and UK life science innovation". Nature Biotechnology. 29 (3): 190. doi:10.1038/nbt.1815. PMID 21390009.
  131. Winter, G.; Fields, S.; Brownlee, G. G. (1981). "Nucleotide sequence of the haemagglutinin gene of a human influenza virus H1 subtype". Nature. 292 (5818): 72–5. Bibcode:1981Natur.292...72W. doi:10.1038/292072a0. PMID 7278968.
  132. Fields, S.; Winter, G.; Brownlee, G. G. (1981). "Structure of the neuraminidase gene in human influenza virus A/PR/8/34". Nature. 290 (5803): 213–7. Bibcode:1981Natur.290..213F. doi:10.1038/290213a0. PMID 7010182.
  133. Riechmann, L.; Clark, M.; Waldmann, H.; Winter, G. (1988). "Reshaping human antibodies for therapy". Nature. 332 (6162): 323–7. Bibcode:1988Natur.332..323R. doi:10.1038/332323a0. PMID 3127726.
  134. Marks, J. D.; Hoogenboom, H. R.; Bonnert, T. P.; McCafferty, J.; Griffiths, A. D.; Winter, G. (1991). "By-passing immunization". Journal of Molecular Biology. 222 (3): 581–97. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(91)90498-U. PMID 1748994.
  135. "Live blog: direction evolution takes chemistry Nobel prize". Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  136. "Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 – live". Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  137. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 was divided, one half awarded to Frances H. Arnold "for the directed evolution of enzymes", the other half jointly to George P. Smith and Sir Gregory P. Winter "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies."". nobelprize.org. 3 October 2018.
  138. Lambeth, Jonathan (27 November 2001). "Chiswell to quit Cambridge". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  139. "Trust me, I'm the CAT doctor". The Independent. London. 5 April 2000. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  141. "No. 58014". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 June 2006. p. 9.
  142. "César Milstein – Autobiography". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  143. "MedImmune". Cambridgeantibody.com. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  144. "Fellows of UCL". University College London. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  145. https://web.archive.org/web/20081201061033/http://www.bioportfolio.com/news/cat_17.htm. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 25 July 2009. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  146. "Silicon Fen Business Report – CAT recommends AstraZeneca's £702m bid; major R&D centre in Cambridge planned". Siliconfenbusiness.com. 15 May 2006. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  147. Foley, Stephen (26 February 2002). "Genome chief Chambre hired to turn Cambridge into profit". The Independent. London. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  148. Stevenson, Tom (8 January 1997). "The Investment Column: Bespak investors can breathe easy". The Independent. London. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  149. "Celera Genomics Appoints Chief Operating Officer; Peter Chambre, CEO of Bespak plc to Lead Operations. – Business Wire | HighBeam Research – FREE Article". 3 July 2000. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  150. "Axellia Pharmaceuticals – Peter Chambré". Axellia.com. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  151. "BTG – Press Releases". Btgplc.com. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  152. "Peter Chambré". 3i.com. Archived from the original on 16 June 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  153. https://www.crunchbase.com/person/peter-chambre#section-board-and-advisor-roles
  154. https://www.marketscreener.com/business-leaders/Peter-Chambre-05HT53-E/biography/
  155. "About The Sanger Institute – Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute". Sanger.ac.uk. 16 April 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  156. "Dr John McCafferty on how his antibody phage display work contributed to a Nobel Prize". Next Generation Therapeutics.
  157. Mitchell, Peter (March 2002). "A perspective on protein microarrays". Nature Biotechnology. 20 (3): 225–229. doi:10.1038/nbt0302-225. PMID 11875416.
  158. http://www.cambridgeantibody.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/5247/interim_report_2003.pdf%7C%5B%5D page 4 of CAT's Interim report
  159. "Backed by J&J and Glaxo, veteran VC group splits from Index, unveils $227M fund". FierceBiotech. 1 February 2016.
  160. "J&J and GSK join Medicxi's European life sciences push". FT. 2 February 2016.
  161. "Index Ventures appoints antibody expert as partner". MedNous. 3 September 2010.
  162. "News". Index Ventures. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  163. https://www.cambridgeindependent.co.uk/business/dr-jane-osbourn-of-astrazeneca-and-uk-bioindustry-association-thanks-colleagues-as-she-is-made-an-obe-9072863/
  164. https://www.bioindustry.org/news-listing/medimmunes-jane-osbourn-announced-as-new-bia-chair.html
  165. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/the-queens-birthday-honours-list-2019
  166. Prix Galien information Archived 21 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  167. CAT Prix Galien news release
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.