Cannes

Cannes (/kæn, kɑːn/; French: [kan]; Occitan: Canas) is a city located on the French Riviera. It is a commune located in the Alpes-Maritimes department, and host city of the annual Cannes Film Festival, Midem, and Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity. The city is known for its association with the rich and famous, its luxury hotels and restaurants, and for several conferences. On 3 November 2011 it hosted the 2011 G20 summit.

Cannes
Commune
Coat of arms
Location of Cannes
Cannes
Cannes
Coordinates: 43°33′05″N 7°00′46″E
CountryFrance
RegionProvence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
DepartmentAlpes-Maritimes
ArrondissementGrasse
CantonCannes-1 and 2
IntercommunalityCA Cannes Pays de Lérins
Government
 • Mayor (2020–2026) David Lisnard[1] (LR)
Area
1
19.62 km2 (7.58 sq mi)
Population
 (2017-01-01)[2]
73,868
 • Density3,800/km2 (9,800/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
06029 /06400
Elevation0–260 m (0–853 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

History

By the 2nd century BC, the Ligurian Oxybii established a settlement here known as Aegitna (Ancient Greek: Αἴγιτνα).[3] Historians are unsure what the name means. The area was a fishing village used as a port of call between the Lérins Islands.

Cannes seen from Spot Satellite

In 154 BC, it became the scene of violent but quick conflict between the troops of Quintus Opimius and the Oxybii.[4]

In the 10th century, the town was known as Canua.[5] The name may derive from "canna", a reed. Canua was probably the site of a small Ligurian port, and later a Roman outpost on Le Suquet hill, suggested by Roman tombs discovered here. Le Suquet housed an 11th-century tower, which overlooked swamps where the city now stands. Most of the ancient activity, especially protection, was on the Lérins Islands, and the history of Cannes is closely tied to the history of the islands.

An attack by the Saracens in 891, who remained until the end of the 10th century, devastated the country around Canua. The insecurity of the Lérins islands forced the monks to settle on the mainland, at the Suquet. Construction of a castle in 1035 fortified the city by then known as Cannes, and at the end of the 11th century construction was started on two towers on the Lérins islands. One took a century to build.

Around 1530, Cannes detached from the monks who had controlled the city for hundreds of years and became independent.

During the 18th century, both the Spanish and British tried to gain control of the Lérins Islands but were chased away by the French. The islands were later controlled by many, such as Jean-Honoré Alziary and the Bishop of Fréjus. They had many different purposes: at the end of the 19th century, one served as hospital for soldiers wounded in the Crimean War.

Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux bought land at the Croix des Gardes and constructed the villa Eleonore-Louise. His work to improve living conditions attracted the English aristocracy, who also built winter residences.

At the end of the 19th century, several railways were completed, which prompted the arrival of streetcars. In Cannes, projects such as the Boulevard Carnot and the rue d'Antibes were carried out. After the closure of the Casino des Fleurs (hôtel Gallia), a luxury establishment was built for the rich winter clientele, the Casino Municipal next to the pier Albert-Edouard. This casino was demolished and replaced by the new Palace in 1979.

In the 20th century, new luxury hotels such as the Carlton, Majestic, Martinez, and JW Marriott Cannes were built. The city was modernised with a sports centre, a post office, and schools. There were fewer British and German tourists after the First World War, but more Americans. Winter tourism gave way to summer tourism, and the summer casino at the Palm Beach was constructed.

The city council had the idea of starting an international film festival shortly after World War II.

Climate

Cannes has a subtropical Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa) and the city enjoys 11 hours of sunshine per day during summer (July), while in winter (December to February) the weather is mild. Both seasons see a relatively low rainfall and most rain occurs during October and November, when 110 mm (4.3 in) falls.

Cannes summers are long and warm, with summer daytime temperatures regularly hitting 30 °C (86 °F), while average temperatures are about 25 °C (77 °F). Temperatures remain high from June to September, the busiest time of the year.

Mean temperatures drop below 10 °C (50 °F) for only three months of the year (December to February). The spring and autumn are also warm, although more suited to those who prefer slightly cooler weather.

Climate data for Cannes (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.9
(73.2)		 26.0
(78.8)		 24.8
(76.6)		 27.6
(81.7)		 31.6
(88.9)		 34.7
(94.5)		 38.0
(100.4)		 37.0
(98.6)		 35.0
(95.0)		 31.0
(87.8)		 25.7
(78.3)		 23.4
(74.1)		 38.0
(100.4)
Average high °C (°F) 13.1
(55.6)		 13.5
(56.3)		 15.7
(60.3)		 17.3
(63.1)		 21.0
(69.8)		 24.5
(76.1)		 27.5
(81.5)		 27.8
(82.0)		 24.8
(76.6)		 20.9
(69.6)		 16.7
(62.1)		 13.9
(57.0)		 19.7
(67.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 8.4
(47.1)		 8.7
(47.7)		 10.8
(51.4)		 13.0
(55.4)		 16.9
(62.4)		 20.5
(68.9)		 23.2
(73.8)		 23.4
(74.1)		 20.2
(68.4)		 16.6
(61.9)		 12.3
(54.1)		 9.2
(48.6)		 15.3
(59.5)
Average low °C (°F) 3.6
(38.5)		 3.9
(39.0)		 6.2
(43.2)		 8.7
(47.7)		 12.8
(55.0)		 16.4
(61.5)		 18.8
(65.8)		 18.8
(65.8)		 15.5
(59.9)		 12.3
(54.1)		 7.8
(46.0)		 4.6
(40.3)		 10.8
(51.4)
Record low °C (°F) −12
(10)		 −8.6
(16.5)		 −9.9
(14.2)		 −0.5
(31.1)		 2.3
(36.1)		 7.4
(45.3)		 8.8
(47.8)		 10.5
(50.9)		 5.3
(41.5)		 0.9
(33.6)		 −3
(27)		 −5.6
(21.9)		 −12
(10)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 76.7
(3.02)		 41.9
(1.65)		 41.9
(1.65)		 72.5
(2.85)		 49.4
(1.94)		 30.9
(1.22)		 16.0
(0.63)		 24.6
(0.97)		 79.6
(3.13)		 120.1
(4.73)		 107.0
(4.21)		 95.6
(3.76)		 756
(29.8)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 5.80 4.80 4.97 6.53 5.17 3.73 1.83 2.77 4.43 7.03 7.20 6.50 60.8
Average relative humidity (%) 72 70 70 70 73 74 72 72 74 75 74 72 72.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 152.3 175.3 225.4 225.3 265.3 311.5 343.2 316.0 254.6 193.5 148.3 133.8 2,750
Source 1: Meteo climat[6][7]
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity 1961–1990)[8][9]

Landmarks
Promenade de la Croisette along the waterfront.

The Promenade de la Croisette is the waterfront avenue with palm trees. La Croisette is known for picturesque beaches, restaurants, cafés, boutiques and luxury hotels. Le Suquet, the old town, provides a good view of La Croisette. The fortified tower and Chapel of St Anne house the Musée de la Castre. A distinctive building in Cannes is the Russian Orthodox church.

Hotels

Villas

Cannes of the 19th century can still be seen in its grand villas, built to reflect the wealth and standing of their owners and inspired by anything from medieval castles to Roman villas. They are not open to the public. Lord Brougham's Italianate Villa Eléonore Louise (one of the first in Cannes) was built between 1835 and 1839. Also known as the Quartier des Anglais, this is the oldest residential area in Cannes. Another landmark is the Villa Fiésole (known today as the Villa Domergue) designed by Jean-Gabriel Domergue in the style of Fiesole, near Florence, which may be visited on appointment.

Île Sainte-Marguerite
St Marguerite Island

It took the Man in the Iron Mask 11 years to leave the tiny, forested St Marguerite Island. The mysterious individual was believed to be of noble blood, but his identity has never been proven. His cell can be visited in the Fort of St Marguerite, now renamed the Musée de la Mer (Museum of the Sea). This museum also houses discoveries from shipwrecks off the island, including Roman (1st century BC) and Saracen (10th century AD) ceramics.

Île Saint-Honorat
St Honorat Island

Cistercian monks are the only inhabitants of the smaller, southern St Honorat Island. Monks have inhabited the island since AD 410 and, at the height of their powers, owned Cannes, Mougins, and Vallauris. Medieval vestiges remain in the stark church, which is open to the public, and in the ruins of the 11th-century monastery on the sea shore. The monks inhabit the Lérins Abbey and divide their time between prayer and producing red and white wines.

Museums

The Musée d'Art et d'Histoire de Provence houses artifacts from prehistoric to present, in an 18th-century mansion. The Musée de la Castre has objects from the Pacific Atolls, Peruvian relics and Mayan pottery. Other venues include the Musée de la Marine, Musée de la Mer, Musée de la Photographie and Musée International de la Parfumerie.

Theatre and music

Cannes is not known for traditional theatre. However, small venues stage productions and host short sketches during the annual International Actors' Performance Festival. Local theaters include the Espace Miramar and the Alexandre III.

Festivals and show events
  • The Cannes Film Festival founded in 1946 is held annually, usually in May, at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès.
  • The Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity is a global event and awards show for those working in advertising and related fields, held annually in June.
  • Midem, the foremost trade show for the music industry.
  • MIPIM, the world's largest property-related trade show.
  • Carnival on the Riviera is an annual parade through the streets to mark the 21-day period prior to Shrove Tuesday.
  • The International Festival of Games is festival of bridge, belote, backgammon, chess, draughts, tarot and more (February).
  • Cannes Yachting Festival is an event for boating enthusiasts in the Vieux Port (September).
  • The International Actors' Performance Festival: comedy sketches and performances by fringe artists
  • The International Luxury Travel Market brings together under one roof the top international luxury travel providers and suppliers from all around the world.
  • Le Festival d'Art Pyrotechnique is an annual fireworks competition held in the summer at the Bay of Cannes.
  • The Global Champions Tour showjumping league has an annual event in the ports of Cannes.
  • Mipcom and MIPTV, held in October and April respectively, the world's most important trade markets for the television industry.
  • The Pan-African Film Festival, held in early April and featuring films from the African diaspora.

Economy
The Cannes Mandelieu aero centre

The area around Cannes has developed into a high-tech cluster. The technopolis of Sophia Antipolis lies in the hills beyond Cannes. The Film Festival is a major event for the industry which takes place every year during the month of May. In addition, Cannes hosts other major annual events such as the MIPIM, MIPTV, MIDEM, Cannes Lions, and the NRJ Music Awards.[10] There is an annual television festival in the last week in September.

The economic environment is based on tourism, business fairs, trade and aviation. Cannes has 6,500 companies, of which 3,000 are traders, artisans and service providers. In 2006, 421 new companies were registered.

Cannes hosts the Cannes Mandelieu Space Center, headquarters of Thales Alenia Space, the first European satellite manufacturer.

Sport

Cannes is home to football side AS Cannes.

Cannes women's volleyball team RC Cannes has been very successful (won twenty French Championships and two CEV Champions League)

Transport
Nice Côte d'Azur Airport

Located 24 km (15 mi) from Cannes, Nice Côte d'Azur Airport has close to 10 million passengers a year. Marseille Provence Airport is also 150 km (93 mi) away. The smaller Cannes – Mandelieu Airport is nearby. CannesExpress operate a regular door-to-door airport shuttle service between Nice Airport and hotels/accommodations in Cannes. Price per seat is 20 Euros.

Rail

There are several rail services including: TGVs from Paris Gare de Lyon to Nice, a TER from Marseille St Charles to Nice, a TER service from Cannes to Les Arcs, a TER service from Grasse/Cannes to Ventimiliga (Italy), and an occasional Thello (Italian train) from Marseille St Charles to Milan.

Bus

Coach services arrive at the Gare Routière de Cannes, in the centre of the city, near the Town Hall. Companies from abroad include Eurolines and Agence Phoceens. Regional services are by Rapides Côte d'Azur and CTM, with services from Nice and Grasse/Mandelieu respectively. Local bus services are provided by Bus Azur.

Ferry

Ferries are available in Nice harbour from Bastia and Calvi in Corsica, with services provided by SNCM Ferryterranée and Corsica Ferries. From Bastia, the journey is 4 hours, 45 minutes on conventional ferries and 3 hours, 40 minutes on express ferries, while from Calvi, conventional vessels take 3 hours, 45 minutes and express vessels take 2 hours, 45 minutes. An average of four ferries a day sail on these routes, with more during summer.

The Port

Cannes has 2 marinas - Vieux Port de Cannes beside the Palais des Festivals and Port Pierre Canto at the far end of the Croisette. Vieux Port is the main port and used for cruise stopovers and yacht charters.

Panorama of Cannes waterfront, from which many ferries can be caught.

International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Cannes is twinned with:

Cannes has friendship pacts with:

Personalities
  • Panoramic view of Cannes
  • Palais des Festivals et des Congrès
  • The Croisette gardens
  • The old harbour
  • Cannes by night
  • Le Suquet, the old quarter of Cannes
  • Cannes 1950

See also

References
  1. "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  2. "Populations légales 2017". INSEE. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  3. "Aegitna". Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (in German). I. 1893. p. 477.
  4. Reported in Polybius, Histories, 33.10.
  5. Meeks, Jacqueline Monsigny, Edward (2007). Le roman du festival de Cannes (in French). Monaco: Rocher. p. 19. ISBN 978-2268061931.
  6. "Moyennes 1981/2010: Région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur" (in French). Météoclimat. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  7. "STATION Cannes" (in French). Météoclimat. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  8. "Normes et records 1961-1990: Cannes - Mandelieu (06) - altitude 2m" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  9. http://www.eldoradocountyweather.com/climate/world-extremes/world-temp-rainfall-extremes.php?extremes=Eur
  10. "Major events in Cannes (French Riviera) - Program & Information". www.cannes-destination.com. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
  11. "British towns twinned with French towns [via WaybackMachine.com]". Archant Community Media Ltd. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-20.
  12. "International Exchange". List of Affiliation Partners within Prefectures. Council of Local Authorities for International Relations (CLAIR). Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
  13. Pessotto, Lorenzo. "International Affairs - Twinnings and Agreements". International Affairs Service in cooperation with Servizio Telematico Pubblico. City of Torino. Archived from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-06.

Further reading
Published in the 19th century
Published in the 20th century
  • "Cannes", The Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), New York: Encyclopædia Britannica, 1910, OCLC 14782424
  • "Cannes", Southern France, including Corsica (6th ed.), Leipzig: Baedeker, 1914, OL 24364670M
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