Civilization state
A civilization state is a country that represents not just a historical territory, ethnolinguistic group, or body of governance, but a unique civilization in its own right.[1] It is distinguished from the concept of a nation state by describing a country's dominant sociopolitical modes as constituting a category larger than a single nation. When classifying states as civilization states, emphasis is often placed on a country's historical continuity and cultural unity across a large geographic region.
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The term was first coined in the 1990s as a way to describe China,[2] but has also been used to describe nations such as Russia, India, and Turkey.[1][3]
China as a civilization state
The term "civilization-state" was first used by scholars in the 1990s to categorize China as having a distinct sociopolitical character, as opposed to viewing it as a nation state in the European model. The use of this new term implies that China was and still is an "empire state" with a unique political tradition and governmental structure, and its proponents asserted that the nation state model fails to properly describe the evolution of the Chinese state. Proponents of the label describe China as having a unique historical and cultural unity, derived from a continuous process of cultural syncretism.[4] The term was further popularized by its use in When China Rules the World by Martin Jacques.[5][6]
According to Li Xing and Timothy Shaw, the central feature of analyzing China as a civilization state is the view that the Chinese state derives its legitimacy from the continuation of a sociopolitical order which posits that the state maintains natural authority over its subjects, and that it is the "guardian" of both its citizens and their society, a view of the state that is completely distinct from the Westphalian nation-state model.[4] Other scholars make the case that the key features of a civilization-state are the maintenance of an ethos of cultural unity despite displaying significant cultural diversity, across centuries of history and a large geographic space.[7] Some specifically draw attention to the longevity of the Chinese writing system,[8] or describe China's existence as being uniquely and inexorably tied to the past.[9][10]
Guang Xia pushes back on the idea of the uniqueness of a Chinese civilization-state. Xia argues that civilization-state discourse in China studies is an important and positive development, as it allows for characteristics of the modern Chinese state to be properly analyzed in the context of their history. However, Xia concludes that ultimately, all civilizations must reinvent themselves in the context of their history, and that it is a mistake to view China as a static entity or to portray it as being more tied to its past than the rest of the world.[5]
The government of the People's Republic of China officially denounces descriptions of China as a "civilizational state".[10]
Other examples of proposed civilization states
India
Although the modern conception of India as a single entity was created after independence from the British Rule, India has been proposed as an example of a civilization state, with political commentators arguing that a shared Indian identity predates British colonization and Islamic invasions.[6][11]
Russia
Vladimir Putin's administration has at times embraced the rhetoric of portraying Russia as a distinct Eurasian civilization-state.[1][3][12]
Criticism
Journalist Gideon Rachman argued in 2019 that the concept of a civilization state is at odds with conceptions of universal human rights and common democratic standards, and is inherently exclusive to minority groups who do not share the feature(s) that define a particular civilization state (for example, they may have a different religion).[1]
Citations
- Rachman, Gideon (4 March 2019). "China, India and the rise of the 'civilisation state'". Financial Times. Retrieved 2019-07-01.
- Pye, Lucian W.1990. "Erratic State, Frustrated Society." Foreign Affairs. 69(4): 56-74
- "Huntington's disease and the clash of civilisation-states". The Economist. 2 January 2020.
- Xing, Li (2013). "The political economy of Chinese state capitalism". Journals.AAU.dk/Index.PHP/Jcir/Article/Download/218/155. 1 – via journals.aau.dk.
- Xia, Guang (2014-08-22). "China as a "Civilization-State": A Historical and Comparative Interpretation". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2nd World Conference on Psychology and Sociology, PSYSOC 2013, 27–29 November 2013, Brussels, Belgium. 140: 43–47. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.384. ISSN 1877-0428.
- Jacques, Martin. (2014). When china rules the world : the end of the western world and the birth of a new global order. Penguin Books. ISBN 9781101151457. OCLC 883334381.
- "Civilization state versus nation-state - Martin Jacques". www.martinjacques.com. Retrieved 2019-07-01.
- Tu, Weiming (1994). The Living Tree: The Changing Meaning of Beijing Chinese Today. Stanford University Press. pp. 3–4.
- Zheng, Yongnian (2004). Will China Become Democratic?: Elite, Class and Regime Transition. Singapore EAI. p. 81.
- Huang, Ping (2005). 'Beijing Consensus' or 'Chinese Experiences' or what?. p. 6.
- "India is not a nation-state, or a state-nation. It is a civilisational-state". Hindustan Times. 2019-12-19. Retrieved 2020-07-20.
- Tsygankov, Andrei (2016-05-03). "Crafting the State-Civilization Vladimir Putin's Turn to Distinct Values". Problems of Post-Communism. 63 (3): 146–158. doi:10.1080/10758216.2015.1113884. ISSN 1075-8216.
- Zhang Weiwei 2012. The China Wave: Rise of a Civilizational State. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1142/u001