List of contemporary ethnic groups

The following is a list of contemporary ethnic groups. There has been constant debate over the classification of ethnic groups. Membership of an ethnic group tends to be associated with shared ancestry, history, homeland, language or dialect and cultural heritage; where the term "culture" specifically includes aspects such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing (clothing) style and other factors.

By the nature of the concept, ethnic groups tend to be divided into subgroups, which may themselves be or not be identified as independent ethnic groups depending on the source consulted.

Ethnic groups
See also: List of languages by number of native speakers

The groups commonly identified as "ethnic groups" (as opposed to ethno-linguistic phyla, national groups, racial groups or similar). Smaller groups (i.e. less than 100,000) are often indigenous peoples and are not usually listed.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
Name Native language (primary language) Primary homeland Population (estimate) Subgroups Majority (plurality) religion and sect
Abazins Northwest Caucasian languages → Abazgi → Abaza Abazinia (Russia) 0.1 million significant populations in Turkey, Egypt and Ukraine Islam → Sunni
Abkhazians Northwest Caucasian → Abazgi → Abkhaz Abkhazia[note 1] 0.2 million[1] Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Acehnese Austronesian → Chamic → Acehnese Aceh (Indonesia) 4.1 million[2] Aneuk Jamee Islam → Sunni Islam
Acholi Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Luo → Acholi Acholiland (Uganda, South Sudan) 1 million[3] Christianity
Afemai Niger–Congo → Edoid → Afenmai Edo State (Nigeria) 0.5 million Christianity
Afar Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Afar Afaria (Ethiopia, Djibouti, Eritrea) 2.1 million[4] Islam
Afrikaners Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch → Afrikaans South Africa (Northern and Western Cape), Namibia, Botswana 3.5 million[5] Boers, White Namibians, White Botswanans, Coloureds (including Cape Coloureds, Griqua, Basters, Oorlam, Goffal) Christianity → Protestantism
Agaw Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Agaw[note 2] Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea)[note 3] 1.5 million Bilen, Ximre, Awi, Qemant Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy
Ahom Kra–Dai → Tai → Ahom[note 4] Assam (India) 1.3–8 million[6] Hinduism
Aimaq Indo-European → Iranian → Persian → Aimaq Afghanistan 0.7 million[7] Aimaq Hazara, Firozkohi, Jamshidi, Kipchak, Timuri, Taymani Islam → Sunni Islam
Aja Niger–Congo → Kwa → Gbe → Adja Benin, Togo 1.1 million[8] Traditional African religions
Adjoukrou Niger–Congo → Kwa → Adjukru Dabou (Ivory Coast) 0.1 million Christianity
Akan Niger–Congo → Kwa → Akan[note 5] Gold Coast (Ghana)[note 6] 20.9 million[9] Twi (including Ashanti and Akuapem), Fante, Abbé, Abidji, Ahafo, Ahanta, Akwamu, Akyem, Anyi, Aowin, Assin, Attie, Avatime, Avikam, Baoulé, Brong, Chakosi, Evalue, M'Bato, Nzema, Sefwi, Tchaman, Wassa, Abure, Alladian, Ghanaians, along with numerous slave descendants such as Antiguans and Barbudans, African Americans, Afro-Bahamians, Afro-Barbadians, Afro-Brazilians, Afro-Dominicans, Afro-Haitians, Afro-Saint Lucians, Afro-Trinbagonians, Americo-Liberians, Belizean Creoles and Curaçaoans Christianity
Akha Sino-Tibetan → Loloish → Hani → Akha Yunnan (Pu'er and Xishuangbanna)[note 7] 0.6 million[10] Akeu Animism
Albanians Indo-European → Albanian Albania, Kosovo, Ilirida (North Macedonia), Chameria (Greece), Presevo Valley (Serbia) 10 million[11][12][13][14][15] Ghegs, Tosks (including Arbëreshë and Arvanites), Kosovars, Cham Albanians, Macedonian Albanians, along with significant populations in Turkey, Germany, Switzerland and the United States Islam and Christianity
Alur Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Luo → Alur West Nile sub-region (Uganda), Ituri (Democratic Republic of the Congo) 1.7 million[16] Christianity
Ambonese Austronesian → Malayic → Malay → Ambonese Malay Ambon Island (Indonesia) 0.3 million[17] Christianity → Protestantism
Ambundu Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kimbundu Angola 2.4 million[18] numerous slave descendants such as Angolares and Curaçaoans Christianity
Amhara Afroasiatic → Semitic → Ethiopic → Amharic Amharia (Ethiopia) 19.9 million[19] Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy
Amis Austronesian → Formosan → Amis Taiwan (Taitung and Hualien Counties) 0.2 million[20] Animism, Christianity
Anaang Niger–Congo → Cross River → Ibibio-Efik → Anaang Akwa Ibom State (Nigeria) 2.6 million[21] Christianity
Anuak Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Luo → Anuak Anuakia (Ethiopia), Boma (South Sudan) 0.1 million[22] Christianity
Apache Dené–Yeniseian → Na-Dene → Apachean[note 8] Apacheria (United States) 0.1 million[23] Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan, Mescalero, Salinero, Plains Apache, Western Apache Native American religion → Native American Church
Arabs Afroasiatic → Semitic → Arabic Arabia (Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates)[note 9] 450 million[24] Bedouins, Druze, Shirazis (including Zanzibaris, Comorians and Maores), Baggara, Arab-Berbers (including Algerians, Libyans, Mauritanians, Moroccans, Sahrawis and Tunisians), Bahrainis, Sudanese, Egyptians, Iraqis (including Marsh Arabs), Jordanians, Lebanese (including Maronites), Kuwaitis, Omanis (including Dhofaris), Qataris, Saudis (including Rashaida, Hejazis, and Najdis), Syrians (including Alawites), Palestinians, Emiratis, Yemenis (including Hadhrami, Ta'izzis-Adenis, Akhdam, Sanʽani, and Tihami), along with significant populations in Brazil, Indonesia, Iran, Turkey, Pakistan (including Mugheri), Venezuela, Afghanistan, and the United States Islam
Argobba Afroasiatic → Semitic → Ethiopic → Argobba[note 10] Ethiopia (Afar, Harari, Amhara, and Oromia Regions)[note 3] 0.1 million[19] Islam → Sunni Islam
Armenians Indo-European → Armenian Greater Armenia (Armenia, Republic of Artsakh, Turkey)[note 11] 6[25]–8 million[26] Turkish Armenians (including Armenians in Istanbul, Hemshin and Hidden Armenians), Cherkesogai, Armeno-Tats, Hayhurum Karabakhis, along with significant populations in Russia, the United States, France, Georgia (including the Javakheti Armenians), Lebanon, and Germany Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy
Aromanians Indo-European → Romance → Aromanian Balkans (Greece, Albania, North Macedonia)[note 3] 0.3 million[27] Significant populations in Greece, Albania, and North Macedonia Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Assyrians Afroasiatic → Semitic → Neo-Aramaic[note 12] Assyria (Iraq, Iran, Syria, Turkey)[note 13] 2[28]–4 million[29] Iraqi Assyrians, Turkish Assyrians, Syrian Assyrians and Iranian Assyrians. Groupings include Chaldean Assyrians from Nineveh and Bohtan, Syriac Assyrians from Tur Abdin, Hakkari and Urmia tribes including; Tyari, Jilu, Baz, Tkhuma, Nochiya. Majority in diaspora Christianity → Syriac Christianity
Atayal Austronesian → Formosan → Atayal Taiwan 0.1 million[30] Animism, Christianity
Atoni Austronesian → Timoric → Uab Meto West Timor (Indonesia), Oecusse (East Timor) 0.5 million[31] Amarasi Christianity
Atyap Niger–Congo → Plateau → Atyap Kaduna State (South Sudan) 0.2 million Christianity
Austrians Indo-European → Germanic → German → Bavarian Austria, South Tyrol 8.1 million[32] Significant populations in United States, Canada, and Australia Christianity → Catholicism
Avars Northeast Caucasian → Avar Dagestan (Russia) 1.3 million[33] Islam → Sunni Islam
Awadhis Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Hindustani → Awadhi Awadh (India) 3.9 million[34] Barhai Hinduism
Aymara Aymaran → Aymara Bolivia, Peru, Chile 3 million[35] Mestizos such as Bolivians Christianity → Catholicism
Azerbaijanis Turkic → Oghuz → Azerbaijani Azerbaijan, Iranian Azerbaijan (Iran) 30–35 million[36] Ayrums, Bayat, Karadaghis, Qajars, Küresünni, Qarapapaqs, Shahsevan, Terekeme, Yeraz, Afshar, Iranian Azerbaijanis, along with significant populations in Georgia and Russia Islam → Shia Islam
Bahnar Austroasiatic → Bahnar Central Highlands (Vietnam) 0.2 million[37] Animism
Bai Sino-Tibetan→ Bai Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (China) 1.9 million[38] Buddhism
Bakossi Niger–Congo → Bantu → Akoose Bakossi Mountains (Cameroon) 0.2 million[39] Christianity → Catholicism
Balanta Niger–Congo → Atlantic → Senegambian → Balanta Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, The Gambia 0.5 million[40] Traditional African religions
Balinese Austronesian → Balinese Bali (Indonesia) 3.9 million[2] Bali Aga Hinduism
Balkars Turkic → Kipchak → Balkar Kabardino-Balkaria (Russia) 0.1 million[33] Islam → Sunni Islam
Balochs Indo-European → Iranian → Balochi Balochistan (Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan) 10 million[41] Askani, Bajkani, Bangulzai, Barazani, Bhurgari, Bugti, Buledi, Chandio, Darzada, Dehwar, Dodai, Dombki, Gabol, Ghazini, Jamali, Jatoi, Kalmati, Khetran, Kunara, Langhani, Lango, Lashkrani, Loharani, Lund, Marri, Mazari, Mengal, Mirali, Mugheri, Muhammad Shahi, Mullazai, Nothazai, Pitafi, Qaisrani, Rind, Sadozai, Sethwi, Shaikhzadah, Talpur, Tauki, Umrani, Yarahmadzai, Zardari, Makrani, along with significant populations in the United Arab Emirates (including Al Balushi) and Turkmenistan Islam → Sunni Islam
Balti Sino-Tibetan → Tibetic → Balti Gilgit-Baltistan (Pakistan) 0.3 million[42] Islam → Shia Islam
Bamars Sino-Tibetan → Burmese Myanmar 32.9 million[43] Taungyo, Yaw, Intha, Danu, Anglo-Burmese Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Bambara Niger–Congo → Mande → Manding → Bambara Mali 4.1 million[44] Haratin Islam
Bamileke Niger–Congo → Grassfields → Bamileke[note 2] Cameroon (West and Northwest Regions) 2.1 million[45] Mengaka, Ngiemboon, Ngombale, Ngomba, Ngwe, Yemba, Fe'fe', Ghomala', Kwa’, Nda’nda’, Medumba Christianity
Bamum Niger–Congo → Grassfields → Bamum West Region (Cameroon) 0.4 million[46] Islam
Banda Niger–Congo → Ubangian → Banda[note 2] Central African Republic, South Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo 1.3 million[47] Central Banda, South Banda, West Banda Christianity
Banjarese Austronesian → Malayic → Malay → Banjarese South Kalimantan (Indonesia) 4.1 million[2] Islam → Sunni Islam
Bari Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Bari Central Equatoria (South Sudan), Uganda 0.8 million[48] Pojulu, Kakwa, Nyangwara, Mandari, Kuku Christianity
Bariba Niger–Congo → Gur → Bariba Borgu (Benin, Nigeria) 1.1 million[49] Islam
Bassa Niger–Congo → Kru → Bassa Bassaland (Liberia) 0.6 million[50] Christianity → Protestantism
Bashkirs Turkic → Kipchak → Bashkir Bashkortostan (Russia) 1.6 million[33] Islam
Basurians Sino-Tibetan → Basurian Basuria 100 million Bashu Buddhism
Basques Basque[note 14] Basque Country (Spain, France) 1.2 million[51] Significant populations in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela, and Uruguay Christianity → Catholicism
Batak Austronesian → Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands → Batak[note 2] North Sumatra (Indonesia) 8.5 million[2] Angkola, Karo, Mandailing, Pakpak, Simalungun, Toba, Alas, Kluet, Singkil Christianity → Protestantism
Beja Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Beja Sudan, Egypt, Eritrea 1.9 million[52] Bishari, Ababda, Hadendoa, Hedareb, Amarar, Beni-Amer Islam → Sunni Islam
Belarusians Indo-European → Slavic → Belarusian[note 15] Belarus 10 million Significant populations in the United States, Ukraine, and Russia Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Bemba Niger–Congo → Bantu → Bemba Zambia (Northern, Luapula, and Copperbelt Provinces), Katanga Province (Democratic Republic of the Congo) 5.3 million Christianity → Protestantism
Bembe Niger–Congo → Bantu → Bembe Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania 0.3 million[53] Christianity
Bengalis Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bengali Bengal (Bangladesh, India) 230 million[54] Bengali Hindus, Bengali Hindu diaspora, Bangal, Bangladeshis, along with the Bangladeshi diaspora (British Bangladeshis, Middle Eastern Bangladeshis, Malaysian Bangladeshis, Bangladeshi Canadians, Italo-Bangladeshis, Polish Bangladeshis, Bangladeshi New Zealanders, Bangladeshi Australians, Maldivian Bangladeshis, Japanese Bangladeshis, Bengali Americans and Bangladeshi Americans), Dhakaiyas, Ghotis, Sylhetis Islam → Sunni Islam

Hinduism

Berbers Afroasiatic → Berber[note 2] Maghreb (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya) 20[55]–50 million[56] Brabers, Chaouis, Kabyle, Sahrawi, Chenouas, Ghomaras, Houara, Jerbis, Matmatas, Mozabite, Nafusis, Rifian, Sanhaja de Srair, Shilha, Siwi, Tuaregs, Awjila, Arab-Berbers (including Algerians, Libyans, Moroccans, and Tunisians), along with significant populations in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands Islam → Sunni Islam
Berom Niger–Congo → Plateau → Berom Plateau State (Nigeria) 1 million[57] Christianity
Berta Nilo-Saharan → Berta Benishangul-Gumuz Region (Ethiopia), South Sudan 0.4 million[58] Islam
Betawis Austronesian → Malayic → Malay → Betawian Jakarta (Indonesia) 6.8 million[2] Islam → Sunni Islam
Beti Niger–Congo → Bantu → Beti[note 16] Cameroon 1 million[59] Ewondo, Eton Christianity
Bhils Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bhil[note 2] India (Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharastra) 17.1 million[60] Barda, Bhagalia, Bhilala, Bhil Gametia, Bhil Garasia, Bhil Kataria, Bhil Mama, Bhil Mavchi, Dholi Bhil, Dungri Bhil, Damor, Dungri Garasia, Mewasi Bhil, Nirdhi Bhil, Rawal Bhil, Tadvi Bhil, Vasava, Bhil Meena, Chaudhri Hinduism
Bhojpuris Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bihari → Bhojpuri Bhojpur (India, Nepal) 50.6 million[34] Paswan Hinduism
Bhumij Austroasiatic → Munda → Bhumij[note 17] India (West Bengal, Odisha, Jharkhand) 0.9 million[60] Sarnaism
Bicolanos Austronesian → Philippine → Bikol[note 2] Bicol Region (Philippines) 4.1 million[61] Central Bikol, Sorsoganons, Catandunganons, Rinconada, Albayanon Christianity → Catholicism
Bidayuh Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Land Dayak[note 2] Sarawak (Malaysia) 0.2 million[62] Kendayan, Selako, Bakati’, Sara Bakati', Laraʼ, Bukar Sadong, Biatah, Tringgus, Jagoi, Jangkang, Kembayan, Semandang, Ribun, Nyadu’, Sanggau Christianity
Bilala Nilo-Saharan → Central Sudanic → Naba Lake Fitri (Chad) 0.1 million[63] Islam
Bishnupriya Manipuris Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bishnupriya Manipuri Manipur (India), Bangladesh 0.1 million[64] Hinduism
Bissa Niger–Congo → Mande → Bissa Burkina Faso 0.6 million[65] Islam
Blaan Austronesian → Philippine → Blaan Soccsksargen (Philippines) 0.2 million[66] Anitism
Boa Niger–Congo → Bantu → Boa Bas-Uele (Democratic Republic of the Congo) 0.2 million[67] Christianity
Bodo Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Bodo Bodoland (India) 1.5 million[34] Mech, Kachari Bathouism, Hinduism
Bosniaks Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian → Bosnian Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sandžak (Serbia, Montenegro) 2.5 million[68] Significant populations in Serbia, Turkey, Austria, Germany and the United States Islam → Sunni Islam
Bouyei Kra–Dai → Tai → Bouyei Guizhou (China) 3 million[69] Giáy Moism
Bozo Niger–Congo → Mande → Bozo Mali 0.2 million[70] Islam
Brahuis Dravidian → Brahui Balochistan (Pakistan) 1.6 million[71] Raisani, Jhalawan, Sarawan, Mengal (including Zagar and Zakria Zae), Sasoli Islam → Sunni Islam
Bretons Indo-European → Celtic → Breton[note 18] Brittany (France) 4.6 million[72] Christianity → Catholicism
Bru Austroasiatic → Katuic → Bru Savannakhet Province (Laos), Vietnam (Quảng Bình and Quảng Trị Provinces) 0.3 million[73] Animism
Budu Niger–Congo → Bantu → Budu Wamba Territory (Democratic Republic of the Congo) 0.4 million Christianity
Buduma Afroasiatic → Chadic → Yedina Lake Chad (Chad, Nigeria, Cameroon) 0.1 million Islam
Buginese Austronesian → South Sulawesi → Buginese South Sulawesi (Indonesia) 6.4 million[2] Islam
Bulgarians Indo-European → Slavic → Bulgarian Bulgaria 9–10 million[74] Pomaks, along with significant populations in Turkey, Ukraine and Moldova, Romania and Serbia, Germany, Spain and the United States Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Burusho Burushaski Gilgit-Baltistan (Pakistan) 0.1 million[75] Islam → Shia Islam
Butonese Austronesian → Celebic → Butonese[note 2] Buton (Indonesia) 0.3 million Islam
Bwa Niger–Congo → Gur → Bwa[note 2] Burkina Faso, Mali 0.3 million[76] Traditional African religions
Catalans Indo-European → Romance → Catalan Catalan Countries (Spain, France) 8.4 million Valencians, Balearics, Andorrans Christianity → Catholicism
Chamorro Austronesian → Chamorro Mariana Islands (United States) 0.2 million[77] Christianity → Catholicism
Chams Austronesian → Chamic → Cham Champa (Cambodia, Vietnam) 0.6–0.7 million[78] Islam → Sunni Islam
Chechens Northeast Caucasian → Nakh → Chechen Chechnya (Russia) 2 million[79] Kists Islam → Sunni Islam
Cherokee Iroquoian → Cherokee[note 19] United States (North Carolina, Tennessee)[note 20] 0.8 million[23] Cherokee Nation, Eastern Band, United Keetoowah Band Christianity
Choctaw Muskogean → Choctaw[note 19] United States (Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana)[note 20] 0.2 million[23] Native American religion
Chokwe Niger–Congo → Bantu → Chokwe Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia 1.3 million[80] Christianity
Chukchi Chukotko-Kamchatkan → Chukchi Chukchia 0.1 million Chuvans Russian Orthodoxy
Chutiya Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Deori[note 4] Assam (India) 2.5 million[81] Deori Hinduism
Chuukese Austronesian → Micronesian → Chuukese Chuuk Lagoon (Federated States of Micronesia) 0.1 million[82] Christianity → Catholicism
Chuvash Turkic → Oghur → Chuvash Chuvashia (Russia) 1.4 million[33] Virjal, Anatri Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Circassians Northwest Caucasian → Circassian[note 2] Circassia (Russia)[note 1] 0.7 million[83] Adygeans, Kabardians, Cherkess, Shapsugs Islam → Sunni Islam
Chakmas Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Chakma Chittagong Hill Tracts (Bangladesh) 0.3 million[84] Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Chewa Niger–Congo → Bantu → Chewa Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique 9.7 million[85] Christianity
Copts Afroasiatic → Coptic[note 21] Egypt 15-20 million[86] Sudan and Libya along with significant populations in United States, Canada and Australia Christianity → Coptic Orthodoxy
Cornish Indo-European → Celtic → Cornish[note 22] Cornwall (United Kingdom) 11 million[87] Significant populations in the United States and Australia Christianity
Corsicans Indo-European → Romance → Corsican[note 18] Corsica (France) 0.3 million[88] Christianity → Catholicism
Cree Algic → Algonquian → Cree[note 23] Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador) 0.4 million[89] Innu, Naskapi, Atikamekw, James Bay Cree, Moose Cree, Swampy Cree, Woods Cree, Plains Cree, Métis (including Métis in Canada), Oji-Cree Christianity
Croats Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian → Croatian Croatia, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnia and Herzegovina) 5.5 million[90] Bunjevci, Krashovani, Janjevci, Sokci, Bosnian Croats, along with significant populations in Italy (including Molise Croats), Austria, United States, Chile, Argentina, Germany, Australia and Canada Christianity → Catholicism
Cuyunon Austronesian → Philippine → Visayan → Cuyonon Cuyo Archipelago (Philippines) 0.2 million[91] Christianity → Catholicism
Czechs Indo-European → Slavic → Czech Czech Republic 11 million[92] Bohemians, Moravians, Silesians, along with significant populations in United States and Canada Christianity → Catholicism[note 24]
Dagaaba Niger–Congo → Gur → Dagaare Ghana, Burkina Faso 1.1 million[93] Christianity
Dagombas Niger–Congo → Gur → Dagbani Kingdom of Dagbon (Ghana) 1.2 million[94] Islam → Sunni Islam
Damara Khoe → Khoekhoe Damaraland (Namibia) 0.2 million[95] Christianity
Danes Indo-European → Germanic → Nordic → Danish Denmark 5.6 million[96] Significant populations in the United States, Canada, Greenland, and Germany. Christianity → Protestantism
Dargins Northeast Caucasian → Dargwa Dagestan (Russia) 0.6 million[33] Kajtak, Kubachi, Itsari, Chirag Islam
Dinka Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Dinka South Sudan 4.5 million[97] Christianity
Dogon Niger–Congo → Dogon[note 2] Bandiagara Escarpment (Mali) 0.8 million[98] Ampari Dogon Traditional African religions
Dogra Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Dogri Jammu Division (India) 2.5 million[34] Hinduism
Dubla Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bhil → Dubli[note 25] Gujarat (India) 0.7 million[60] Hinduism
Dutch Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch Netherlands 29 million[99] Gronings, Arubans, Bonairians, Curaçaoans, Sabans, St. Maarteners, St. Eustatians, Surinamese, Mennonites (including Russian Mennonites), Indos, Dutch Burghers, along with significant populations in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand Christianity[note 24]
Dyula Niger–Congo → Mande → Manding → Dyula Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Mali 2.2 million[100] Islam → Sunni Islam
Ebira Niger–Congo → Nupoid → Ebira Kogi State (Nigeria) 1.8 million[101] Islam
Edo Niger–Congo → Edoid → Edo Edo State (Nigeria) 1.6 million[102] Ika, Emai Christianity
Efik Niger–Congo → Cross River → Ibibio-Efik → Efik Cross River State (Nigeria) 0.7 million Christianity
Ekoi Niger–Congo → Ekoi Nigeria, Cameroon 0.2 million Christianity
Emberá Choco → Embera Chocó Department (Colombia), Panama (Darién, Emberá) 0.1 million[103] Shamanism
English Indo-European → Germanic → English England (United Kingdom)[note 26] 58.5 million[104] numerous colonial descendants such as Americans, Canadians, Australians, New Zealanders, White Bahamians, White Barbadians, Cayman Islanders, White Dominiquais, White Jamaicans, White Botswanans, White Kenyans, White Saint Helenians, White Zambians, White Zimbabweans, Anglo-Burmese, Anglo-Indians, British Hongkongers, and White Pakistanis Christianity → Protestantism
Esan Niger–Congo → Edoid → Esan Esanland (Nigeria) 0.7 million[105] Christianity
Estonians Uralic → Finnic → Estonian Estonia, Setomaa 1.2 million[106] Võros, Setos Christianity → Protestantism[note 24]
Evenks Tungusic → Evenki Russia, China 0.07 million Shamanism
Ewe Niger–Congo → Kwa → Gbe → Ewe Togo, Ghana 6.7 million[107] Anlo Ewe, Waci Christianity
Fang Niger–Congo → Bantu → Beti → Fang Río Muni (Equatorial Guinea), Gabon 1 million[59] Christianity
Fijians Austronesian → Fijian Fiji 0.5 million[108] Christianity → Protestantism
Finns Uralic → Finnic → Finnish Finland 5.5 million[109] Kvens, Forest Finns, Tornedalians, Ingrian Finns, along with significant populations in Sweden, United States, and Canada. Christianity → Protestantism
Flemings Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch Flanders (Belgium) 6.2 million[110] Christianity → Catholicism
Fon Niger–Congo → Kwa → Gbe → Fon Dahomey (Benin) 1.7 million[111] Egun Christianity → Catholicism
French Indo-European → Romance → French France, Romandy (Switzerland), Aosta Valley (Italy) 76.8 million[112] Arpitans, Burgundians, Champenois, Free Countians, Gallo, Lorrainers, Normans (including Channel Islanders), Picards, Poitevins (including Saintongeais), Barthélemoise, Saint-Martinois, French Guianese, Caldoche, Réunionese (including Zoreilles), Saint-Pierrais, along with numerous colonial descendants such as Pieds-Noirs, French Canadians (including Quebecers, Acadians, and Métis), Louisianians (including Creoles of color and Cajuns), French Haitians, French Malagasy, Franco-Mauritians, and Franco-Seychellois Christianity → Catholicism
Frisians Indo-European → Germanic → Frisian[note 2] Frisia (Netherlands, Germany) 0.9 million[113] West Frisians, East Frisians, North Frisians Christianity → Protestantism
Friulians Indo-European → Romance → Friulian Friuli (Italy) 0.6 million[114] Christianity → Catholicism
Fula Niger–Congo → Atlantic → Senegambian → Fula West Africa (Guinea, Senegal, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Cameroon, Niger, Burkina Faso, Benin, Chad)[note 27] 20[115]–25 million[74] Wodaabe, Haratin, Fula Jalon, Fulakunda, Maasina Fulfulde Islam
Fur Nilo-Saharan → Fur Darfur (Sudan) 0.7 million[116] Islam → Sunni Islam
Ga-Adangbe Niger–Congo → Kwa → Ga–Dangme[note 2] Greater Accra (Ghana) 2.1 million[117] Ga, Adangbe Christianity
Gagauz Turkic → Oghuz → Gagauz Gagauzia (Moldova), Budjak (Ukraine) 0.2 million Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Galicians Indo-European → Romance → Galician Galicia (Spain) 3.2 million Christianity → Catholicism
Ganda Niger–Congo → Bantu → Great Lakes → Luganda Buganda (Uganda) 6.7 million[118] Abayudaya Christianity
Garifuna Arawakan → Ta-Arawakan → Garifuna[note 28] Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[note 29] 0.1 million Black Caribs Christianity → Catholicism
Garos Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Garo Garo Hills (India) 1.1 million[34] Christianity
Gayonese Austronesian → Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands → Gayo Indonesia (Bener Meriah, Central Aceh, and Gayo Lues Regencies) 0.3 million[119] Islam
Gbagyi Niger–Congo → Nupoid → Gwari Nigeria 1.2 million[120] Traditional African religions
Gbaya Niger–Congo → Ubangian → Gbaya[note 2] Central African Republic, Cameroon 1.2 million[121] Bokoto, Kàrà, Buli (including Toongo), Ali, Mandja, Gbaya-Bossangoa, Bozom, Mbodomo, Gbanu, Bangandu Islam
Gedeo Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Gedeo Gedeo Zone (Ethiopia) 1 million[19] Christianity → Protestantism
Gelao Kra–Dai → Kra → Gelao[note 30] Guizhou (China) 0.6 million[122] Taoism
Georgians Kartvelian → Georgian Georgia 4.1 million[123] Adjarians, Mingrelians, Svans, Tushetians (including Bats), Meskhetians Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Germans Indo-European → Germanic → German Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Eastern Belgium 100–150 million[124] Bavarians, Franconians, Hessians, Hunsriks, Upper Saxons, Lower Saxons, Swabians (including Danube Swabians), Rhinelanders (including Colognians), Alsatians, German Swiss, Liechtensteiners, Pomeranians, Volga Germans, Baltic Germans, Silesian Germans, Carpathian Germans, North Schleswig Germans, Eastern Belgians, Transylvanian Saxons, Amish (including Pennsylvania Dutch), Hutterites, Mennonites (including Russian Mennonites), along with significant populations in the United States (including German Texans), Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Canada, Chile, Kazakhstan, Australia, and New Zealand. Christianity
Gibraltarians Indo-European languages → Germanic languages → English, Indo-European languages → Romance languages → Spanish, Indo-European languages → Mixed language → Llanito Gibraltar Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Gilaks Indo-European → Iranian Languages → Western Iranian → Gilaki Gilan, Iran 4.24 Million Shia Islam
Gola Niger–Congo → Gola Liberia, Sierra Leone 0.2 million[125] Islam
Gonds Dravidian → Gondi[note 31] Gondwana (India) 13.3 million[60] Godha, Madia Gonds, Muria, Koya Hinduism
Gorontaloans Austronesian → Philippine → Gorontaloan Gorontalo (Indonesia) 1.8 million[2] Islam → Sunni Islam
Greeks Indo-European → Greek Greece, Cyprus 17 million[126] Greek Cypriots, Pontic Greeks, Cappadocian Greeks, Sarakatsani, Urums, Griko, Macedonian Greeks, Anatolian Greeks, and also sizeable populations of Arvanites and Aromanians who identify as ethnically Greeks, along with a significant diaspora in Albania (including Northern Epirotes), Ukraine, Georgia, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, and Canada Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Guan Niger–Congo → Kwa → Guang[note 2] Ghana (Brong-Ahafo and Volta Regions) 1 million[117] Gonja, Kyode, Cherepon, Efutu, Anyanga, Larteh, Chumburung, Krache, Anum-Boso Christianity
Guaraní Tupian → Guarani Paraguay, Misiones (Argentina), Bolivia 5 million[127] Chiriguanos, along with Mestizos such as Paraguayans Christianity → Catholicism
Gujarati Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Gujarati Gujarat (India) 60 million[34] Koli, Bharwad, Khoja, Patidar, Sunni Bohra, Lohana, Vagri, Kharva, Charan, Baria, Momna, Ghanchi, Shenva, Bhambi Khalpa, Zarabes, Bhoi, Luso-Indians, Gujarati Americans Hinduism
Gujjar / Gurjar Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Gujari Primarily Pakistan & India, also Afghanistan at smaller numbers 160 million[34] Khatana, Solanki, Parihar, Tanwar, Parmar, chandel, Chauhan, Bhadana, Bhatti, Kohli, Tomar, Panwar, Pawar, Bainsla, Bagri, Hans, etc. Islam
Gumuz Nilo-Saharan → Gumuz Benishangul-Gumuz Region (Ethiopia) 0.2 million[19] Traditional African religion
Gurage Afroasiatic → Semitic → Ethiopic → Gurage[note 2] Guragia (Ethiopia) 1.9 million[19] Kistane, Zay, Inor, Mesqan, Sebat Bet (including Chaha and Muher) Christianity
Gurma Niger–Congo → Gur → Gourmanché Gurmaland (Burkina Faso, Ghana) 1.1 million[128] Ntcham, Bimoba Islam
Gurunsi Niger–Congo → Gur → Gurunsi[note 2] Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo 1.6 million[129] Lukpa, Kabye, Tem, Lamba, Delo, Bago-Kusuntu, Chala, Lyélé, Nuna, Kalamsé, Pana, Kassena, Winye, Deg, Puguli, Paasaal, Sisaala, Chakali, Siti, Tamprusi, Vagla Traditional African religions
Hadiya Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Hadiyya Hadiya (Ethiopia) 1.3 million[19] Islam
Hainanese Sino-Tibetan → Chinese→ Min → Hainanese Hainan (China) 5 million Buddhism
Han Chinese Sino-Tibetan → Chinese Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Singapore, Kokang 1,315 million[130] Subei, Cantonese (including Taishanese, Hongkongers, Tankas, Chuanqing and Macanese), Hui, Fujianese (including Fuzhounese, Hoklo, Hui'an maidens, Putianese, and Teochew), Gaoshan Han, Gan, Hakka (including Ngái), Hebei, Hunanese, Jianghuai, Shandong, Sichuanese, Wu (including Shanghainese, Ningbonese, and Wenzhou), Han Taiwanese, along with significant populations in the United States, Malaysia (including Peranakan), Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Myanmar, Canada, the Philippines (including Sangleys), Peru, Australia, Vietnam, Japan, Russia, France (including Chinois), the United Kingdom, South Africa, Italy, Germany, Korea, Spain, India, Laos, Brazil, the Netherlands, Panama, Venezuela and New Zealand no religion, see also religion in China
Hani Sino-Tibetan → Loloish → Hani Yunnan (China) 1.4 million[131] Animism
Harari Afroasiatic → Semitic → Ethiopic → Harari Hararia (Ethiopia) 0.2 million[132] Islam → Sunni Islam
Hausa Afroasiatic → Chadic → Hausa Hausaland (Niger, Nigeria) 43.7 million[133] Islam → Sunni Islam
Hawaiians Austronesian → Polynesian → Hawaiian[note 32] Hawaii (United States) 0.5 million[77] Christianity
Hazaras Indo-European → Iranian → Persian → Hazaragi Hazarajat (Afghanistan) 5–8 million[130] Aimaq Hazara, Hazara Australians Islam → Shia Islam
Herero Niger–Congo → Bantu → Herero Hereroland (Namibia), Angola 0.3 million OvaHimba, Ovambanderu Christianity
Hmong Hmong–Mien → Hmongic[note 2] Guizhou (China)[note 33] 14–15 million[134] A-Hmao, Gha-Mu, Xong, Pa-Hng, Hmong Americans Hmong folk religion
Huli Trans–New Guinea → Engan → Huli Southern Highlands Province (Papua New Guinea) 0.3 million[135] Christianity
Hungarians Uralic → Ugric → Hungarian Hungary, Székely Land (Romania), Felvidék (Slovakia) 12.6 million[136] Jasz, Palóc, along with significant populations in Romania (including Székelys and Csangos), Slovakia, Serbia, Ukraine, Croatia, Slovenia, Germany, the United States, and Canada Christianity → Catholicism
Hutu Niger–Congo → Bantu → Great Lakes → Rwanda-Rundi[note 34] Rwanda, Burundi, Kivu (Democratic Republic of the Congo) 9.5 million[137] Christianity
Iban Austronesian → Malayic → Iban Sarawak (Malaysia) 0.8 million[138] Mualang Christianity
Ibanag Austronesian → Philippine → Cordilleran → Ibanag Philippines (Isabela, Cagayan) 0.3 million[139] Christianity → Catholicism
Ibibio Niger–Congo → Cross River → Ibibio-Efik → Ibibio Akwa Ibom State (Nigeria) 4.5 million[140] Eket, Aro Christianity
Icelanders Indo-European → Germanic → Nordic → Icelandic Iceland 0.4 million Christianity → Protestantism
Idoma Niger–Congo → Idomoid → Idoma Benue State (Nigeria) 0.6 million[141] Agatu, Alago, Yala Christianity
Igbo Niger–Congo → Igbo Igboland (Nigeria) 20 million[142] Anioma, Aro, Edda, Ekpeye, Etche, Ezaa, Ika, Ikwerre, Ikwo, Isu, Izzi, Mbaise, Mgbo, Ngwa, Nri-Igbo, Ogba, Ohafia, Ohuhu, Onitsha-Ado, Ukwuani, Waawa, along with numerous slave descendants such as Antiguans and Barbudans, African Americans, Afro-Bahamians, Afro-Barbadians, Afro-Brazilians, Afro-Dominicans, Afro-Haitians, Afro-Saint Lucians, Afro-Trinbagonians, Americo-Liberians, Belizean Creoles Christianity
Igede Niger–Congo → Idomoid → Igede Benue State (Nigeria) 0.4 million Christianity
Igorot Austronesian → Philippine → Cordilleran[note 2] Cordillera Administrative Region (Philippines) 1.5 million[143] Balangao, Bontoc, Ibaloi, Ifugao (including Kalanguya), Isnag, Kalinga, Kankanaey Anitism
Ijaw Niger–Congo → Ijaw[note 2] Nigeria (Rivers, Bayelsa, and Delta States) 5 million[98] Bille, Engenni, Ibani, Kalabari, Kula, Nkoro, Nkoroo, Obolo Christianity
Ilocano Austronesian → Philippine → Cordilleran → Ilocano Ilocos Region (Philippines) 10 million[144] Christianity → Catholicism
Ingush Northeast Caucasian → Nakh → Ingush Ingushetia (Russia) 0.4 million[33] Islam → Sunni Islam
Inuit Eskimo–Aleut → Inuit[note 2] Greenland (Denmark), Canada (Nunavut, Nunatsiavut, Nunavik, NunatuKavut), Alaska (United States) 0.2 million[145] Greenlandics (including Kalaallit, Tunumiit, Inughuit and Greenlandic Danes), Iñupiat, Inuktitut, Inuvialuit Christianity
Iranun Austronesian → Philippine → Iranun Mindanao (Philippines) 0.3 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Irish Indo-European → Celtic → Irish[note 22] Ireland (Republic of Ireland, United Kingdom)[note 35] 80 million[146] Irish Travellers, Ulster Irish, along with significant populations in the United States, Australia, Canada, Argentina, Mexico and New Zealand Christianity → Catholicism
Iroquois Iroquoian[note 36] United States, Canada 0.1 million[147] Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Tuscarora Longhouse Religion
Isan Kra–Dai → Tai → Lao → Isan Isan (Thailand) 22 million[148] Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Isoko Niger–Congo → Edoid → Isoko Isoko region (Nigeria) 0.6 million Christianity
Italians Indo-European → Romance → Italian Italy, Ticino (Switzerland) 69[149]–140 million[150] Sicilians, Waldensians, Lazians, Marchigianos, Tuscans, Umbrians, Emilian, Romagnol (including Sanmarinese), Trentinis, Ligurians (including Monégasque), Lombards, Piedmontese, Apulians, Calabrians, Neapolitans (including Abruzzans, Molisans, Basilicatans, and Campanians), Venetians along with significant populations in Argentina, Brazil, the United States, Venezuela, Canada, France, Peru, Uruguay, Australia, Germany, Chile and the United Kingdom Christianity → Catholicism
Itawes Austronesian → Philippine → Cordilleran → Itawis Cagayan Valley (Philippines) 0.2 million Christianity → Catholicism
Japanese Japonic → Japanese Japan 128.2 million[151] Kantō, Kansai, Hokkaido, Tōhoku, Hōnichi, Satsugū, Chūgoku, Echigo, Tōkai, Shinshuu, Hokuriku, Hachijō, along with significant populations in Brazil, the United States and the Philippines. Shinto[note 37]
Jarai Austronesian → Chamic → Jarai Central Highlands (Vietnam) 0.4 million[37] Animism
Javanese Austronesian → Javanese Java (Indonesia) 95.2 million[2] Cirebonese, Osing, Tenggerese, Boyanese, Samin, Banyumasan, along with significant populations in Malaysia, Suriname, China, and Saudi Arabia Islam → Sunni Islam
Jews Afroasiatic → Semitic → Hebrew[note 38] Israel[note 39] 17.6 million[152] Ashkenazim, Sephardim (including Moroccan Jews, Tunisian Jews, and Toshavim), Mizrahim (including Syrian and Bukharan Jews), Teimanim, Beta Israel, Italkim, Romaniotes, Juhurim, Krymchaks, Bene Israel, Cochin, Lishanid Noshan, Israelis, along with significant populations in the United States, France, Canada, the United Kingdom, Argentina, Russia, Germany, and Australia Judaism
Jingpo Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Jingpho Kachin State (Myanmar), Yunnan (China) North-East India 1 million[153] Animism
Jola Niger–Congo → Atlantic → Senegambian → Jola[note 2] Jolaland (Senegal) 0.5 million[154] Banjaal, Bayot, Fogni, Gusilay, Karon, Kasa, Kuwaataay, Mlomp Traditional African religions
Jukun Niger–Congo → Jukun Takum[note 40] Wukari (Nigeria) 0.1 million[155] Wannu Traditional African religions
Kadazan-Dusun Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Dusunic[note 2] Sabah (Malaysia) 0.6 million[156] Kadazan, Dusun, Dumpas, Ida'an, Kwijau, Lotud, Mangka'ak, Maragang, Minokok, Orang Sungai, Rumanau, Rungus, Tambanuo Christianity
Kalanga Niger–Congo → Bantu → Shona → Kalanga Zimbabwe, Botswana 0.7 million[157] Nambya Christianity
Kalenjin Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Kalenjin[note 2] Rift Valley Province (Kenya) 5 million[158] Keiyo, Tugen, Marakwet, Nandi, Kipsigis, Sabaot, Pökoot, Okiek, Terik Christianity
Kalinago Macro-Arawakan languages → Arawakan → Kalinago Lesser Antilles 0.004 million Black Caribs Christianity → Catholicism
Kamba Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kamba Ukambani (Kenya) 3.9 million[158] Afro-Paraguayans Christianity
Kanaks Austronesian → Kanak[note 2] Kanakia (France) 0.1 million[159] Haveke, Ajië, Arhâ, Xârâgurè, Haeke Christianity → Catholicism
Kannadigas Dravidian → Kannada Karnataka (India) 43.7 million[34] Vokkaliga Hinduism
Kanuri Nilo-Saharan → Saharan → Kanuri Kanuriland (Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Cameroon) 8.6 million[160] Kanembu, Yerwa Kanuri Islam
Kapampangans Austronesian → Philippine → Kapampangan Pampanga (Philippines) 2 million[161] Christianity → Catholicism
Kapsiki Afroasiatic → Chadic → Kapsiki Mandara Mountains (Nigeria, Cameroon) 0.1 million Islam
Karachays Turkic → Kipchak → Karachay Karachay-Cherkessia (Russia) 0.2 million[33] Islam → Sunni Islam
Karakalpaks Turkic → Kipchak → Karakalpak Karakalpakstan (Uzbekistan) 0.7 million[162] Islam → Sunni Islam
Karbi Sino-Tibetan → Kuki-Chin–Naga → Karbi Karbi Anglong district (India) 0.5 million[34] Amri Hinduism
Karen Sino-Tibetan → Karenic[note 2] Karen State (Myanmar), Thailand 9 million[163] S'gaw Karen, Pwo Karen, Karenni (including Kayan) Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Kashmiris Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Dardic → Kashmiri Kashmir (India, Pakistan) 6.8 million[34] Kashmiri Pandits, Kashmiris of Punjab Islam → Sunni Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism
Kashubians Indo-European → Slavic → Kashubian Kashubia (Poland) 0.5[164]–0.6 million[165] Christianity → Catholicism
Kazakhs Turkic → Kipchak → Kazakh Kazakhstan 18 million[166] Significant populations in China, and Russia Islam → Sunni Islam
Khas Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Nepali Nepal, Uttarakhand (India) 20 million[167] Chhetri, Bahun, Kami, Damai, Sarki, Gandarbha, Thakuri, Badi Hinduism
Khmer Austroasiatic → Khmer Cambodia 17 million[148] Significant populations in the United States and Vietnam Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Khonds Dravidian → Kui Kandhamal (India) 1.6 million[60] Hinduism
Khorasani Turks Turkic → Oghuz → Khorasani Turkic Khorasan (Iran) 1 million[168] Islam → Shia Islam
Kikuyu Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kikuyu Kenya 6.6 million[158] Christianity
Kilba Afroasiatic → Chadic → Huba Hong (Nigeria) 0.3 million[169] Christianity
Kirati Sino-Tibetan → Kiranti[note 2] Eastern Development Region (Nepal) 0.9 millionNepalese. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Nepalese population only. Figure taken using the religious percentage of Kirat Mundhum followers (listed as "Kiranti") with the total populations.</ref> Limbu, Sunuwar, Yakkha (including Athpare), Rai (including Kulung, Bantawa, and Bahing) Kirat Mundhum
Kissi Niger–Congo → Atlantic → Mel → Kissi Guinea, Sierra Leone 0.1 million[170] Christianity
Kofyar Afroasiatic → Chadic → Kofyar Plateau State (Nigeria) 0.2 million Traditional African religions
Komi Uralic → Permic → Komi Russia (Komi Republic, Permyakia) 0.6 million[107] Komi-Zyrians, Komi-Permyaks, Izhma Komi Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Konkani Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Konkani Goa (India) 2.3 million[34] Luso-Indians Hinduism
Kongo Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kongo Kongoland (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Angola) 10.2 million[171] Lari, Vili, Mayombe, Suundi, along with numerous slave descendants such as, African Americans, Afro-Bahamians, Afro-Barbadians, Afro-Brazilians, Afro-Dominicans, Afro-Haitians, Afro-Saint Lucians, Afro-Trinbagonians, Americo-Liberians, Belizean Creoles Christianity
Konjo Niger–Congo → Bantu → Konjo Rwenzori Mountains (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda) 1.5 million Nande Christianity
Konso Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Konso Konso (Ethiopia) 0.4 million[19] Traditional African religions
Koreans Korean Korea (North Korea, South Korea) 77.2 million[172] Jeju Islanders, along with significant populations in the United States, China, Russia, Japan, Canada, Australia, Vietnam, and the Philippines Shamanism[note 24]
Kpelle Niger–Congo → Mande → Kpelle Liberia, Guinea 1.2 million[173] Traditional African religions
Kposo Niger–Congo → Kwa → Ghana–Togo Mountain → Kposo Plateaux (Togo), Ghana 0.2 million[174] Christianity → Catholicism
Kru Niger–Congo → Kru[note 2] Liberia (Grand Kru and Maryland Counties) 3.3 million[175] Aizi, Bété, Bakwé, Grebo, Krahn (including Sapo), Kuwaa Christianity
Kumyks Turkic → Kipchak → Kumyk Dagestan (Russia) 0.5 million[33] Islam → Sunni Islam
Kunama Nilo-Saharan → Kunama Eritrea, Ethiopia 0.3 million Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy
Kurds Indo-European → Iranian → Kurdish[note 2] Kurdistan (Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria) 45.6 million[176] Bajalan, Kurmanjis, Sorans, Zazas, Feylis, Iranian Laks, Yazidis, Shabak, along with significant populations in France and Germany Islam → Sunni Islam
Kurukh Dravidian → Kurukh Chota Nagpur Plateau (India) 3.7 million[60] Kisan Sarnaism, Christianity, Hinduism, Animism
Kuteb Niger–Congo → Jukunoid → Kuteb Taraba State (Nigeria) 0.6 million[177] Christianity
Kyrgyz Turkic → Kipchak → Kyrgyz Kyrgyzstan 4.1 million[178] Islam → Sunni Islam
Laks Northeast Caucasian → Lak Lakia (Russia) 0.2 million[33] Islam → Sunni Islam
Lamaholot Austronesian → Flores–Lembata → Lamaholot Solor (Indonesia) 0.2 million Christianity → Catholicism
Lampungs Austronesian → Lampung Lampung (Indonesia) 1.4 million[2] Islam
Lao Kra–Dai → Tai → Lao Laos 4 million[148] Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Latvians Indo-European → Baltic → Latvian Latvia 1.8 million[179] Latgalians, Kursenieki, Selonians Christianity → Protestantism
Laz Kartvelian → Laz[note 41] Lazistan (Turkey, Georgia) 1.6 million[180] Turkish Laz, Georgian Laz Islam → Sunni Islam
Lega Niger–Congo → Bantu → Lega Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.3 million[181] Traditional African religions
Lezgins Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Lezgian Lezgistan (Russia, Azerbaijan) 0.8 million[182] Islam → Sunni Islam
Li Kra–Dai → Hlai[note 2] Hainan (China) 1.2 million[183] Animism
Limba Niger–Congo → Limba Sierra Leone (Bombali and Koinadugu Districts) 0.4 million[184] Christianity
Lisu Sino-Tibetan → Loloish → Lisu China, Myanmar 0.6 million[185] Lipo Christianity → Protestantism
Lithuanians Indo-European → Baltic → Lithuanian Lithuania 3.7[186]–4.1 million[187] Samogitians, Aukstaitians, Lietuvninkai, along with significant populations in the United States, Canada, Brazil, Poland and the United Kingdom Christianity → Catholicism
Luba Niger–Congo → Bantu → Luban[note 2] Lubaland (Democratic Republic of the Congo) 7 million[59] Luba-Kasai, Luba-Katanga, Hemba (including Bangubangu), Songe, Lulua Christianity
Luhya Niger–Congo → Bantu → Luhya Western Province (Kenya) 5.3 million[158] Bukusu, Idakho, Isukha, Kabras, Khayo, Kisa, Marachi, Maragoli, Marama, Nyole, Samia, Tachoni, Tiriki, Tsotso, Wanga, Christianity
Luo Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Luo → Dholuo Kenya 4 million[158] Christianity
Lurs Indo-European → Iranian → Luri Iran (Lorestan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Khuzestan, Bushehr, and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Provinces) 5 million[188] Bakhtiari, Iranian Laks Islam → Shia Islam
Luxembourgers Indo-European → Germanic → German → Luxembourgish Luxembourg, Arelerland (Belgium) 0.4 million[189] Significant populations in Brazil and the United States Christianity → Catholicism
Maasai Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Maasai Maasailand (Tanzania, Kenya) 1.5 million[190] Samburu, Arusha, Kwavi Traditional African religions
Macedonians Indo-European → Slavic → Macedonian North Macedonia 2 million[191] Torbesh, Mijaks, along with significant populations in Australia and Greece Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Madi Nilo-Saharan → Central Sudanic → Ma'di Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan, Uganda 0.4 million Christianity
Madurese Austronesian → Madurese Madura (Indonesia)[note 42] 7.2 million[2] Boyanese Islam → Sunni Islam
Mafa Afroasiatic → Chadic → Mafa Cameroon 0.2 million[192] Christianity
Magahi Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bihari → Magahi Magadha (India) 12.7 million[34] Hinduism
Magars Sino-Tibetan → Magar[note 43] Nepal 1.6 million[193] Hinduism
Maguindanao Austronesian → Philippine → Maguindanao Maguindanao (Philippines) 1.4 million[194] Islam
Maithils Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bihari → Maithili Mithila (India, Nepal) 40 million[195] Karan Kayastha Hinduism
Makassarese Austronesian → South Sulawesi → Makassarese South Sulawesi (Indonesia) 2.7 million[2] Islam → Sunni Islam
Makonde Niger–Congo → Bantu → Makonde Tanzania, Mueda Plateau (Mozambique) 1.4 million[196] Machinga Islam
Makua Niger–Congo → Bantu → Makhuwa Mozambique 3.5 million[197] Lomwe, Chuwabu, Moniga, Koti, Nathembo Traditional African religions
Malagasy Austronesian → Malagasy Madagascar, Comoros, Mayotte, Réunion, Mauritius 25 million Merina, Sihanaka, Betsileo, Zafimaniry, Antaifasy, Antemoro, Antaisaka, Antambahoaka, Tandroy, Antankarana, Antanosy, Bara, Betsimisaraka, Bezanozano, Mahafaly, Makoa, Mikea, Sakalava, Tanala, Tsimihety, Vezo Christianity
Malays Austronesian → Malayic → Malay Malay world (Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia) 60.7 million[198] Bruneians, Kedahans, Pattani, Pahang, Musi, Palembangese, Pontianaks, Terengganuarians, Kelantanese, Perakians, Berau, Proto-Malay (including Orang Kuala, Jakun, Orang Rimba, Orang Seletar, and Temuan), Lubu, Palembangnese, Cape Malays, Cocos Malays, Bangka Malays Islam → Sunni Islam
Malayali Dravidian → Malayalam Kerala (India) 34.8 million[34] Ambalavasi, Dheevara, Nair, Paravar, Saint Thomas Christians (including Knanayas), Mappilas, Ezhava, along with significant populations in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait and Bahrain Hinduism
Maldivians Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Maldivian Maldives, Minicoy 0.3 million[199] Mahls Islam → Sunni Islam
Maltese Afroasiatic → Semitic → Arabic → Maltese Malta 0.5 million[200] Gozitans Christianity → Catholicism
Mambila Niger–Congo → Mambila Mambilla Plateau (Nigeria, Cameroon) 0.1 million[201] Somyev Traditional African religions
Manchu Tungusic → Manchu[note 44] Northeast China 10.4 million[202] Shamanism
Mandarese Austronesian → South Sulawesi → Mandar West Sulawesi (Indonesia) 0.5 million[203] Islam
Mandinka Niger–Congo → Mande → Manding[note 2] Mali, The Gambia, Guinea, Senegal 13[121]–20 million[204] Bolon, along with numerous slave descendants such as Montserratians, Cape Verdeans, and Martinicans, African Americans, Afro-Bahamians, Afro-Barbadians, Afro-Brazilians, Afro-Dominicans, Afro-Haitians, Afro-Saint Lucians, Afro-Trinbagonians, Americo-Liberians, Belizean Creoles Islam
Manggarai Austronesian → Sumba–Flores → Manggarai Manggarai (Indonesia) 0.8 million Christianity
Manjak Niger–Congo → Atlantic → Senegambian → Manjak Guinea-Bissau, Senegal 0.4 million[205] Traditional African religions
Manx Indo-European → Celtic → Manx Isle of Man (Crown dependency) 0.1 million Christianity → Protestantism
Māori Austronesian → Polynesian → Māori[note 45] New Zealand 0.9 million Cook Islanders Christianity
Mapuche Mapudungun[note 46] Araucanía (Chile, Argentina) 1.4 million[206] Huilliche, along with Mestizos such as Chileans Christianity
Maranao Austronesian → Philippine → Maranao Lanao (Philippines) 0.8 million[207] Islam
Marathi Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Marathi Maharashtra (India) 83 million[34] Mahar, Maratha, Kunbi, Dhangar, Bhoi Hinduism
Mari Uralic → Mari Mari El (Russia) 0.5 million[33] Meadow Mari, Hill Mari, Eastern Mari, Mountain Mari Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Masa Afroasiatic → Chadic → Masana Cameroon, Chad 0.5 million[208] Christianity, Islam[208]
Masalit Nilo-Saharan → Masalit Sudan, Chad 0.4 million[209] Islam → Sunni Islam
Maya Mayan[note 2] Guatemala, Belize, Mexico (Yucatán, Campeche, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Chiapas) 6 million[210] Maya, Achi, Chuj, Ch'orti', Itza, K'iche', Q'eqchi', Xinca, Tektitek, Huastecan, Mopan, Lacandon, Chontal, Akatek, Jakaltek, Q'anjob'al, Tzeltal, Mocho', Tojolab'al, Mam, Ixil, Tzotzil, Poqomam, Yucatecan Maya, Motozintlecos, Awakatek, Kaqchikel, Sakapultek, Sipakapense, Uspantek, Ch'ol, Tz'utujil, along with Mestizos such as Guatemalans (including Hispanic Belizeans) and Mexicans Christianity → Catholicism
Mazandarani Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Iranian → Western Iranian → Caspian Languages → Mazandarani Mazandaran, Iran 4.25 Million[211]
Mazahua Oto-Manguean → Oto-Pamean → Mazahua State of Mexico (Mexico) 0.1 million[212] Christianity → Catholicism
Mazatec Oto-Manguean → Popolocan → Mazatecan[note 2] Oaxaca (Mexico) 0.2 million[212] Ayautla Christianity → Catholicism
Mbaka Niger–Congo → Ubangian → Mbaka Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.3 million[59] Christianity → Catholicism
Mehri Afroasiatic → Semitic → Mehri Mahra (Yemen, Oman) 0.2 million[213] Soqotri Islam
Meitei Sino-Tibetan → Kuki-Chin–Naga → Meitei Manipur (India) 1.8 million[34] Loi Hinduism → Vaishnavism
Melanau Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Melanau Sarawak (Malaysia) 0.1 million[62] Islam
Mende Niger–Congo → Mande → Mende Sierra Leone (Southern and Eastern Provinces) 1.9 million Islam
Miꞌkmaq Algic → Algonquian → Miꞌkmaq[note 23] Mi'kma'ki (Canada) 0.2 million[89] Christianity → Catholicism
Mien Hmong–Mien → Mienic[note 2] China (Hunan, Guizhou), Vietnam 2.6 million[214] Iu Mien, Kim Mun, Dzao Min, Biao Min, Bunu, Lakkia, Biao Mon Yao folk religion
Mijikenda Niger–Congo → Bantu → Mijikenda Coast Province (Kenya) 2 million[158] Chonyi, Giriama, Digo, Segeju Christianity
Minahasan Austronesian → Philippine → Minahasan[note 2] Minahassa Peninsula (Indonesia) 1.2 million[2] Tonsawang, Tontemboan, Tondano, Tombulu, Tonsea Christianity → Protestantism
Minangkabau Austronesian → Malayic → Malay → Minangkabau Minangkabau Highlands (Indonesia) 6.5 million[2] Aneuk Jamee Islam → Sunni Islam
Mising Sino-Tibetan → Tani → Mising India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh) 0.6 million[34] Donyi-Polo
Miskito Misumalpan → Miskito Mosquito Coast (Nicaragua, Honduras) 0.2 million[215] Christianity → Protestantism
Mixe Mixe–Zoque → Mixe[note 2] Oaxaca (Mexico) 0.1 million[212] Christianity → Catholicism
Mixtec Oto-Manguean → Mixtecan → Mixtec La Mixteca (Mexico) 0.5 million[212] Trique, Cuicatecs, Amoltepec Christianity → Catholicism
Mon Austroasiatic → Mon Mon State (Myanmar) 1.1 million[216] Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Mongo Niger–Congo → Bantu → Mongo Democratic Republic of the Congo (Équateur, Tshuapa, Mongala, Nord-Ubangi, Sud-Ubangi) 3.2 million[217] Bolia, Ntomba, Ngando, Iyaelima, Mbole, Mpama, Nkutu, Sengele, Hendo, Dengese, Tetela Christianity
Mongols Mongolic[note 2] {Inner Mongolia, Dorbetia, Bayingolin, Bortala, Hoboksaria, Subei-Mongolia, Santania, Kharchinia} (China), Mongolia, {Buryatia, Kalmykia, Altai, Khakassia, Shoria, Ust-Orda, Aginia, Chulymia} (Russia) 7 million[218] Khalkha, Buryats, Barga, Oirats, Kalmyks, Daur, Moghols, Hamnigan, Tsagaan, Yugur, Khatso, Bonan, Sart Kalmyks, Soyot, Sichuan Mongols, Sogwo Arig, Altai Uriankhai, Ordos, Kanja, Sogwo Arig, Mughals, Altaians, Khakhas, Santa, Naimans, Dariganga, Chelkans, Khorchin, Kharchin, Köke Nuur, Chaharian, Jalairs, Gorlos, Sartuul, Myangad, Kumandins, Chulyms, Tubalar, Uzemchin, Uradian, Tumed, Baarins, Tofalar, Zakhchin, Hishigten, Teleuts, Dorbet, Muumyangan, Dukhan, Jalaids, Abaganar, Shor, Chantuu, Olot, Sunud, Eastern Dorbet, Aohans, Onnigud, Telengits, Khoshut, Abagas, Khotons, Alasha, Khoid, Eljigin, Choros, Qaidam, Fujin Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism,
Mongondow Austronesian → Philippine → Mongondow Mongondowia (Indonesia) 0.2 million[219] Islam → Sunni Islam
Montenegrins Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian → Montenegrin Montenegro 0.6 million Significant populations in Serbia and the United States Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Mordvins Uralic → Mordvinic[note 2] Mordovia (Russia) 0.7 million[33] Erzyas, Mokshas, Qaratays, Teryukhans, Tengushev, Shoksha Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Mossi Niger–Congo → Gur → Mossi Mossiland (Burkina Faso) 6 million[220] Islam
Mumuye Niger–Congo → Adamawa → Mumuye Taraba State (Nigeria) 0.4 million[221] Traditional African religions
Munanese Austronesian → Celebic → Munanese[note 2] Muna (Indonesia) 0.3 million Islam
Mundas Austroasiatic → Munda → Mundari India (Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal) 2.2 million[60] Sabar, Mahali Sarnaism
Murut Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Murutic[note 2] Murutia (Malaysia) 0.1 million[222] Okolod, Keningau, Tagal, Paluan, Selungai, Timugon, Serudung, Sembakung, Tidong, Kalabakan, Bulungan, Bookan Christianity → Catholicism
Muscogee Muskogean → Muscogee[note 19] United States (Alabama, Tennessee, Georgia)[note 20] 0.1 million[23] Coushatta, Alibamu, Hitchiti, Natchez, Seminoles (including Black Seminoles), Yuchi, Shawnee, Creoles of color, Miccosukee Native American religion → Creek mythology
Musgum Afroasiatic → Chadic → Musgu Far North Region (Cameroon), Chad (Chari-Baguirmi, Mayo-Kebbi Est) 0.2 million[223] Islam
Mwera Niger–Congo → Bantu → Mwera Tanzania (Mtwara and Ruvuma Regions) 0.4 million[224] Islam
Naga Sino-Tibetan → Kuki-Chin–Naga[note 47] India (Nagaland, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam), Myanmar 1.7 million[60] Angami, Ao, Sangtam, Yimchunger, Lotha, Chakhesang (including Chokri and Khezha), Mao, Pochury, Rengma, Tangkhul, Maring, Zemi, Liangmei, Kabui, Maram, Konyak, Chang, Wancho, Phom, Khiemnungan, Tangsa, Nocte Christianity
Nagpuri Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bihari → Sadri Chota Nagpur Plateau (India) 4.3 million[34] Chik Baraik Hinduism
Nahuas Uto-Aztecan → Nahuatl Mexico 1.5 million[212] Huasteca Nahuas, Mexicaneros, Sierra Puebla Nahuas, Guerrero Nahuas, Orizaba Nahuas, Southeastern Puebla Nahuas, Central Nahuas, Pipil, along with Mestizos such as Mexicans Christianity → Catholicism
Nama Khoe → Khoekhoe Namaland (Namibia), South Africa 0.1 million[95] Christianity
Nauruans Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Oceanic → Micronesian → Nauruan Nauru 0.15 million Christianity → Protestantism
Navajo Dené–Yeniseian → Na-Dene → Apachean → Navajo Navajo Nation (United States) 0.3 million[23] Christianity → Catholicism
Newar Sino-Tibetan → Newar Kathmandu Valley (Nepal) 1.3 million[225] Chitrakar, Shrestha Hinduism
Ngaju Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Barito → Ngaju Central Kalimantan (Indonesia) 1 million[226] Bakumpai, Meratus Kaharingan
Ngalop Sino-Tibetan → Tibetic → Dzongkha Bhutan 0.4 million[227] Kheng, Bumthang Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism
Ngbandi Niger–Congo → Ubangian → Ngbandi Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic 0.1 million[228] Yakoma Christianity
Nias Austronesian → Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands → Nias Nias (Indonesia) 1 million[2] Christianity
Nogais Turkic → Kipchak → Nogai Russia (Stavropol Krai, Dagestan) 0.1 million[33] Ak Nogai, Karagash Islam → Sunni Islam
Norwegians Indo-European → Germanic → Nordic → Norwegian Norway 5.3 million[229] Significant populations in the United States, and Norwegian Canadians Christianity → Protestantism
Nubians Nilo-Saharan → Nubian[note 2] Nubia (Egypt, Sudan) 3-4 million[230] Nobiin, Mattokki, Dongolawi, Midob, Hill Nubians (including Dilling, Debri, Ghulfan, Kadaru, Karko, and Wali), Birgid, Ja'alin (including Bedaria), Shaigiya Islam
Nuer Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Nuer Nuerland (South Sudan) 2.9 million Traditional African religions
Nùng Kra–Dai → Tai → Zhuang → Nung Vietnam, Guangxi (China) 1 million[37] Animism
Nuristanis Indo-European → Nuristani[note 2] Nuristan (Afghanistan) 0.3 million[231] Safed-Posh Kaffirs (including Askunis), Kamkata-viris (including Kata and Kom) Islam → Sunni Islam
Nyishi Sino-Tibetan → Tani → Nishi Arunachal Pradesh (India) 0.3 million[34] Christianity
Occitans Indo-European → Romance → Occitan[note 18] Occitania (France, Italy, Spain) 6 million[232] Aranese, Auvergnats, Provençals, Languedociens, Gascons Christianity
Odia Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Odia Odisha (India) 37 million[34] Utkala Brahmins, Khandayat, Bonaz Hinduism
Ogoni Niger–Congo → Cross River → Ogoni[note 2] Ogoniland (Nigeria) 0.7 million[233] Baan, Eleme, Gokana, Tẹẹ Christianity
Ojibwe Algic → Algonquian → Ojibwe[note 48] Anishinaabeland (Canada, United States) 0.3 million[147] Oji-Cree, Odawa, Potawatomi, Mississaugas Midewiwin
Oromo Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Oromo Oromia (Ethiopia), Kenya 25.5 million[19] Boran, Barentoo, Salale, Macha, Arsi, Wollo Islam → Sunni Islam
Ossetians Indo-European → Iranian → Ossetian South Ossetia, North Ossetia-Alania (Russia) 0.7 million[234] Iron, Digor Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Ot Danum Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Barito → Ot Danum Indonesia (West and Central Kalimantan) 0.4 million Lawangan, Ma'anyan Kaharingan
Otomi Oto-Manguean → Otomian → Otomi Mexico (Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz, State of Mexico, Querétaro) 0.3 million[212] Christianity → Catholicism
Ovambo Niger–Congo → Bantu → Ovambo Ovamboland (Namibia), Angola 1.6 million Christianity → Protestantism
Ovimbundu Niger–Congo → Bantu → Umbundu Angola 4 million[235] Christianity
Pa'O Sino-Tibetan → Karenic → Pa'O Shan State (Myanmar) 0.8 million Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Pamiris Indo-European → Iranian → Pamir[note 2] Pamir Mountains (Tajikistan, Afghanistan, China) 0.3 million Shughni, Sarikoli (including Tajiks of Xinjiang), Yazghulami, Munji, Yidgha, Sanglechi, Ishkashimi, Wakhi Islam → Shia Islam
Pangasinese Austronesian → Philippine → Pangasinan Pangasinan (Philippines) 1.5 million[236] Christianity → Catholicism
Papel Niger–Congo → Atlantic → Senegambian → Papel Biombo Region (Guinea-Bissau) 0.2 million[237] Christianity → Catholicism
Pare Niger–Congo → Bantu → Pare Pare Mountains (Tanzania) 0.9 million Islam
Pashayi Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Dardic → Pashayi[note 2] Afghanistan (Laghman, Kapisa and Nangarhar Provinces) 0.4 million[238] Islam
Pashtuns Indo-European → Iranian → Pashto Pashtunistan (Afghanistan, Pakistan) 49.6 million[239] Pashtun Americans, Kakar Islam → Sunni Islam
Pedi Niger–Congo → Bantu → Sotho–Tswana → Sepedi Limpopo (South Africa) 3.7 million[240] Christianity
Pende Niger–Congo → Bantu → Pende Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.3 million[241] Christianity
Persians Indo-European → Iranian → Persian Iran 52.5 million[242] Tat, along with significant populations in the United States, the United Arab Emirates, Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, Bahrain, Australia, and Sweden Islam → Shia Islam
Pitcairn Islanders Indo-European → Germanic → English → Pitkern Pitcairn Island 0.001 million[243] Significant population in Norfolk Island, along with a diaspora in Australia, and New Zealand[244] Christianity → Protestantism
Poles Indo-European → Slavic → Polish Poland 58–60 million[245] Significant populations in the United States, Brazil, Germany, Canada, Iceland, Sweden, France, the United Kingdom, Argentina, Belarus, Russia, Australia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Ireland, and Norway Christianity → Catholicism
Portuguese Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese Portugal 42–125 million[note 49][246] Azoreans, Madeirans, along with numerous colonial descendants such as Brazilians (including Ribeirinhos and Pardo Brazilians), Cape Verdeans, Portuguese Angolans, Portuguese Mozambicans, Luso-Indians, Macanese, Kristangs, and Portuguese Burghers Christianity → Catholicism
Punjabis Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Punjabi Punjab (Pakistan, India) 125 million[247] Sikhs, Gujjars, Jat, Khatris, Arain, Awan, along with significant populations in the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States. Islam → Sunni Islam


Purépecha Purépecha Michoacán (Mexico) 0.1 million[212] Christianity → Catholicism
Qashqai Turkic → Oghuz → Qashqai Fars Province (Iran) 1 million[248] Islam → Shia Islam
Qiang Sino-Tibetan → Qiangic[note 2] Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture (China) 0.3 million[249] Qiang folk religion
Quechua Quechuan[note 2] Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador 7.7 million[250] Yaru, Cusco, Ayacucho, along with Mestizos such as Peruvians, Ecuadorians, and Bolivians Christianity → Catholicism
Rade Austronesian → Chamic → Rade Central Highlands (Vietnam) 0.3 million[37] Christianity
Rajasthanis Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Hindustani → Rajasthani Rajasthan (India) 25.8 million[34] Banjara, Gurjars, Rajputs (including Mahyavanshi, Chandels, and Molesalam), Marwari, Charan, Kachhi, Meena Hinduism
Rajbongshi Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Kamtapuri India (Assam, West Bengal), Bangladesh 15 million[251] Hinduism
Rakhine Sino-Tibetan → Burmese → Arakanese Rakhine State (Myanmar) 3 million[252] Marma Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Rejangese Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Land Dayak → Rejang Rejang Lebong Regency (Indonesia) 2 million[253] Islam → Sunni Islam
Rohingyas Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Rohingya Rakhine State (Myanmar) 2.4 million[254] Islam
Roma Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Romani Europe (Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, North Macedonia, Serbia, Slovakia, Czech Republic)[note 27] 12 million[255] Roma (including Austrian Roma), Iberian Kale, Finnish Kale, Welsh Kale, Romanichal, Sinti, Manush, Romanisæl, Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians, Boyash, Lom, Dom (including Halebi, Lori, and Madari), along with significant populations in the United States, and Brazil. Christianity
Romanians Indo-European → Romance → Romanian Romania, Moldova 23.4 million[256] Moldovans, along with significant populations in Italy, Germany, Spain, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and France. Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Russians Indo-European → Slavic → Russian Russia 129 million[257] Cossacks, Pomors, Lipovans, along with significant populations in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Germany, the United States, Uzbekistan, Israel, Brazil, Belarus, Canada, Latvia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Estonia, Turkmenistan, France, Lithuania and Azerbaijan. Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Ryukyuans Japonic → Ryukyuan[note 50] Ryukyu Islands (Japan) 1.5 million[258] Amami (including Kikai, Amami Ōshima, Tokunoshima, Okinoerabu, and Yoron), Okinawan (including Kunigami) Miyako, Yaeyama, Yonaguni Ryukyuan religion
Rusyns Indo-European → Slavic → Rusyn Carpathian Ruthenia (Ukraine, Slovakia, Poland)[note 51] 1.2 million[259] Pannonian Rusyns, Lemkos, Hutsuls, Boykos Christianity
Saho Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Saho Eritrea 0.3 million[260] Islam
Salar Turkic → Oghuz → Salar China (Qinghai, Gansu) 0.1 million[261] Islam → Sunni Islam
Sama-Bajau Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Barito → Sama–Bajaw[note 2] Maritime Southeast Asia (Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei)[note 27] 0.5–1 million[262] Sama (including Banguingui), Bajaw, Abaknon Islam → Sunni Islam
Sambal Austronesian → Philippine → Sambalic[note 2] Zambales (Philippines) 0.1 million[263] Bolinao, Botolan (including Banguingui) Islam → Sunni Islam
Sámi Uralic → Sami[note 2] Sápmi (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia) 0.1 million[264] Inari Sami, Kildin Sami, Lule Sami, Northern Sami, Pite Sami, Skolt Sami, Southern Sami, Ter Sami, Ume Sami Christianity → Protestantism
Samoans Austronesian → Polynesian → Samoan Samoan Islands (Samoa, American Samoa) 0.6 million American Samoans Christianity
Sangirese Austronesian → Philippine → Sangirese Sangihe Islands (Indonesia) 0.4 million[265] Christianity → Protestantism
Santal Austroasiatic → Munda → Santali India (West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha)[note 3] 6.6 million[60] Christianity → Catholicism
Sara Nilo-Saharan → Central Sudanic → Sara[note 2] Chad, Central African Republic 5.4 million[266] Ngambay, Doba, Laka, Kabba, Sar, Mbay, Ngam, Dagba, Gulay Traditional African religions
Sardinians Indo-European → Romance → Sardinian Sardinia (Italy) 1.2 million[267] Christianity → Catholicism
Sasak Austronesian → Sasak Lombok (Indonesia) 3.2 million[2] Islam
Savu Austronesian → Sumba–Flores → Sumba → Hawu Savu (Indonesia) 0.1 million[268] Christianity → Protestantism
Scots Indo-European → Germanic → Scots, Indo-European → Celtic → Scottish Gaelic[note 22] Scotland (United Kingdom) 40 million Ulster Scots, Orcadians, Shetlanders, Highlanders, Lowlanders, along with significant populations in the United States (including Scotch-Irish Americans), Canada, Australia, Argentina, and the Bahamas Christianity → Protestantism
Senufo Niger–Congo → Senufo[note 2] Mali, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso 3 million[269] Nafana, Minyanka Traditional African religions
Serbs Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian → Serbian Serbia, Republika Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina) 11.5–12.5 million[270][271] Kosovo Serbs, Triestine Serbs, along with significant populations in Croatia, Germany, Austria, France, and Sweden Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Serer Niger–Congo → Atlantic → Senegambian → Serer Senegal 1 million[272] Laalaa, Ndut, Niominka, Serer-Noon, Palor, Saafi Islam
Shan Kra–Dai → Tai → Shan Shan State (Myanmar) 5 million[216] Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Sharchops Sino-Tibetan → Tshangla Bhutan (Lhuntse, Mongar, Pemagatshel, Samdrup Jongkhar, Trashigang, and Trashiyangtse Districts) 0.1 million Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism
Sherbro Niger–Congo → Atlantic → Mel → Sherbro Sherbro Island (Sierra Leone) 0.2 million Traditional African religions
Shilluk Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Luo → Shilluk South Sudan 1.5 million Gule Christianity → Catholicism
Shona Niger–Congo→ Bantu → Shona Mashonaland (Zimbabwe) 7.2 million[273] Manyika, Ndau Christianity
Sibe Tungusic → Xibe[note 44] China (Liaoning, Jilin, Xinjiang)[note 3] 0.2 million[274] Shamanism[note 24]
Sidama Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Sidaama Sidamia (Ethiopia) 7.8 million[19] Christianity
Siddi Niger–Congo → Bantu → Swahili[note 52] → Sidi Pakistan (Baluchistan, Sindh), India (Karnataka, Gujarat, Hyderabad) 0.4 million Islam
Sika Austronesian → Flores–Lembata → Sika Sikka Regency (Indonesia) 0.2 million[275] Christianity → Catholicism
Silesians Indo-European → Slavic → Silesian Silesia (Poland), Czech Silesia (Czech Republic) 2 million Cieszyn Vlachs, Silesian Gorals Christianity → Catholicism
Silt'e Afroasiatic → Semitic → Ethiopic → Gurage → Silt'e Siltia (Ethiopia) 1 million[19] Islam
Sindhis Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Sindhi Sindh (Pakistan) 26 million[276] Jat, Memon, Arain, Indian Sindhis Islam → Sunni Islam, Hinduism
Sinhalese Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Sinhala Sri Lanka 13.8 million[277] Dewa, British Sri Lankans, Burghers (including Portuguese Burghers and Dutch Burghers) Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Sioux Siouan → Sioux[note 53] Lakotah (United States) 0.2 million[23] Lakota, Dakota, Nakota (including Nakoda and Assiniboine) Native American religion
Slovaks Indo-European → Slavic → Slovak Slovakia 6 million[278] significant populations in Czech Republic, Serbia, Hungary, United States and Canada Christianity → Catholicism
Slovenes Indo-European → Slavic → Slovene Slovenia 2.5 million Carinthian Slovenes, Italy Slovenes Christianity → Catholicism
Soga Niger–Congo → Bantu → Soga Busoga (Uganda) 2.1 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Somalis Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Somali Greater Somalia (Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya) 20.3 million[279] Hawiye, Darod (including Majeerteen), Isaaq, Dir, Rahanweyn, Madhiban, Yibir, Ajuran along with significant populations in the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Canada Islam → Sunni Islam
Songhai Nilo-Saharan → Songhai Mali, Niger 4.5 million[280] Zarma Islam
Soninke Niger–Congo → Mande → Soninke Mali 2.1 million[281] Haratin Islam → Sunni Islam
Sorbs Indo-European→Slavic→Sorbian Lusatia (Germany) 0,6–0,8 milion Upper Sorbs, Lower Sorbs Christianity→Catholicism
Sotho Niger–Congo → Bantu → Sotho–Tswana → Sotho Free State (South Africa), Lesotho 6 million[282] Christianity
Spaniards Indo-European → Romance → Spanish Spain[note 54] 47 million[283] in Spain. Castilians, Andalusians, Asturians (including Vaqueiros de alzada), Leonese, Cantabrians, Aragonese, Extremadurans, Mirandese, Canary Islanders (including Isleños), Criollos, along with numerous colonial descendants such as Hispanos (including Californios, Tejanos, and Neomexicanos), Mexicans, Guatemalans (including Hispanic Belizeans), Salvadorans, Hondurans, Nicaraguans, Costa Ricans, Panamanians, Colombians, Venezuelans, Ecuadorians, Peruvians, Bolivians, Paraguayans, Chileans, Argentines, Uruguayans, Cubans, Dominicans, Zamboangueños, Puerto Ricans, Fernandinos, and Spanish Filipinos Christianity → Catholicism
Sui Kra–Dai → Kam–Sui → Sui Sandu Shui Autonomous County (China) 0.4 million[284] Animism
Sumba Austronesian → Sumba–Flores → Sumba[note 2] Sumba (Indonesia) 0.4 million[285] Anakalangu, East Sumbanese, Kodi, Lamboya, West Sumbanese, Mamboru, Wanukaka Christianity → Protestantism
Sundanese Austronesian → Sundanese Java (Indonesia) 36.7 million[2] Bantenese, Baduy, Cirebonese Islam → Sunni Islam
Sukuma Niger–Congo → Bantu → Sukuma Tanzania 9.6 million Christianity → Catholicism
Sumbawa Austronesian → Sumbawa Sumbawa (Indonesia) 0.4 million Islam
Surma Nilo-Saharan → Surmic[note 2] Ethiopia, South Sudan 0.2 million[19] Me'en, Mursi, Kichepo Traditional African religions
Susu Niger–Congo → Mande → Susu Guinea, Kambia (Sierra Leone) 2.4 million[286] Islam
Swahili Niger–Congo → Bantu → Swahili Swahili coast (Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Comoros) 0.5 million[287] Shirazi (including Zanzibaris, Comorians and Maore) Islam
Swazi Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nguni → Swazi Mpumalanga (South Africa), Eswatini 1.8 million[288] Christianity → African Zionism
Swedes Indo-European → Germanic → Nordic → Swedish Sweden 7.7 million[289] Scanians, Jamtish, Gutnish, along with significant populations in Finland (including Åland Swedes), the United States, Canada, Argentina and the United Kingdom Christianity → Protestantism
Tabasaran Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Tabasaranese Tabasaranstan (Russia) 0.1 million[33] Islam → Sunni Islam
Tagalogs Austronesian → Philippine → Tagalog Philippines 19.6 million[290] Filipino Americans Christianity → Catholicism
Tahitians Austronesian → Polynesian → Tahitian[note 18] Tahiti (France) 0.2 million Christianity
Tajiks Indo-European → Iranian → Persian → Tajik Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan 11.2 million[291] Chagatai Islam → Sunni Islam
Talysh Indo-European → Iranian → Talysh Azerbaijan, Iran 0.2 million[292] Islam → Shia Islam
Tama Nilo-Saharan → Tama Chad, Sudan 0.3 million Islam
Tamils Dravidian → Tamil Tamil Nadu (India), Sri Lanka (Northern and Eastern Provinces) 64 million[293] Indian Tamils (including Vanniyar and Adi Dravida), Sri Lankan Tamils (including Sri Lankan Moors), Paravar, along with significant populations in Malaysia, South Africa, the United States, Singapore, Canada, the United Kingdom, and France (including Malbars). Hinduism
Tarok Niger–Congo → Plateau → Tarok Plateau State (Nigeria) 0.3 million[294] Christianity
Tatars Turkic → Kipchak → Tatar Tatarstan (Russia) 5 million[295] Volga Tatars, Crimean Tatars, Lipka Tatars, Siberian Tatars, Mishar Tatars, Finnish Tatars, Dobruja Tatars, Chinese Tatars, Nagaybak, Kryashens Islam → Sunni Islam
Tausūg Austronesian → Philippine → Visayan → Tausug Sulu Archipelago (Philippines) 1.1 million[296] Islam → Sunni Islam
Tboli Austronesian → Philippine → Tboli South Cotabato (Philippines) 0.1–0.2 million[297] Anitism
Telugu Dravidian → Telugu India (Andhra Pradesh, Telangana) 81.1 million[34] Kamma, Reddy, Velama, Kapu, Raju, Madiga, Mala Hinduism
Temne Niger–Congo → Atlantic → Mel → Temne Northern Sierra Leone (Sierra Leone) 1.6 million[298] Islam
Thais Kra–Dai → Tai → Thai Thailand 31.1 million[299] Southern Thai, Khorat, Lanna, Tai Lü, Thai Americans Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Tibetans Sino-Tibetan → Tibetic[note 2] Tibet (China) 5.4[300]–6.2 million[301] Amdolese (including Golok and Tebbu), Khams, Ü-Tsang (including Ngari and Walung), Changpa, Baima Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism
Tigrayans Afroasiatic → Semitic → Ethiopic → Tigrinya Eritrean Highlands (Eritrea), Tigrayia (Ethiopia) 10-11 million[302] Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy
Tigre Afroasiatic → Semitic → Ethiopic → Tigre Eritrea 1.8 million[303] Islam
Tiv Niger–Congo → Tiv Benue State (Nigeria) 2.5 million[304] Christianity
Tiwa Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Tiwa[note 4] India (Assam, Meghalaya) 0.2 million[60] Hinduism
Tlapanec Oto-Manguean → Tlapanec Guerrero (Mexico) 0.1 million[212] Christianity → Catholicism
Tokelauan people Austronesian languages → Malayo-Polynesian languages → Oceanic languages → Polynesian languages → Tokelauan language Tokelau significant populations in Samoa and New Zealand 0.046 million Christianity → Congregationalism
Toraja Austronesian → South Sulawesi → Toraja Tana Toraja (Indonesia) 1.1 million[305] Christianity → Protestantism
Toubou Nilo-Saharan → Saharan → Tebu[note 2] Toubouland (Chad, Niger, Sudan, Libya) 2.3 million[121] Daza, Teda Islam → Sunni Islam
Toucouleur Niger–Congo → Atlantic → Senegambian → Fula → Pulaar Futa Tooro (Senegal) 1 million[59] Islam
Tripuri Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Kokborok Tripura (India) 1 million[34] Jamatia, Murasing Hinduism
Tsonga Niger–Congo → Bantu → Tsonga Mozambique (Maputo City and Maputo Province, Gaza Province), South Africa (Limpopo, Mpumalanga) 4.6 million[306] Christianity → Catholicism
Tswana Niger–Congo → Bantu → Tswana Botswana, South Tswanaland (South Africa) 4 million[307] Balete, Mangwato, Bangwaketse, Bakwena, Batlokwa, Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, Rolong Christianity
Tujia Sino-Tibetan → Tujia[note 55] Wuling Mountains (China) 5.7 million[308] Nuo folk religion
Tupuri Niger–Congo → Adamawa → Tupuri Far North Region (Cameroon), Mayo-Kébbi (Chad) 0.2 million[309] Christianity
Turkana Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Turkana Turkanaland (Kenya) 1 million[158] Christianity → Catholicism
Turks Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish Turkey 79 million[310] Turkish Cypriots, Meskhetian Turks, Yörüks, along with significant populations in Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Sweden, the United States, Syria, and Iraq Islam → Sunni Islam
Turkmens Turkic → Oghuz → Turkmen Turkmenistan 6 million[311] Islam → Sunni Islam
Tutsi Niger–Congo → Bantu → Great Lakes → Rwanda-Rundi[note 34] Rwanda, Burundi, Kivu (Democratic Republic of the Congo) 3 million Banyamulenge Christianity, Islam
Tuvans Turkic → Siberian → Tuvan Tuva (Russia) 0.3 million[33] Tozhu Tuvans Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism
Udmurts Uralic → Permic → Udmurt Udmurtia (Russia) 0.6 million[33] Besermyan Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Urhobos Niger–Congo → Edoid → Urhobo Delta State (Nigeria) 1 million Christianity
Ukrainians Indo-European → Slavic → Ukrainian Ukraine 58.7 million[312] Poleshuks, Cossacks, along with significant populations in the United States, Brazil, Kazakhstan, Germany, Canada, Italy, Argentina, the Czech Republic, and Romania Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Uyghurs Turkic → Karluk → Uyghur Uyghuristan (China) 10.3 million[313] Uyghurs in Kazakhstan Islam → Sunni Islam
Uzbeks Turkic → Karluk → Uzbek Uzbekistan 20 million[314] Uzbeks in Russia Islam → Sunni Islam
Venda Niger–Congo → Bantu → Tshivenda Vendaland (South Africa) 1.3 million[315] Christianity, Traditional African religions
Vietnamese Austroasiatic → Vietic → Vietnamese Vietnam 73.6 million[37] Muong, Gin, Phen, Chut, Thổ, Nung, Giáy, along with significant populations in the United States, Cambodia, France, Australia, Canada, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Germany and Laos Buddhism → Mahayana
Visayans Austronesian → Philippine → Visayan[note 2] Visayas (Philippines) 35.7 million[316] Aklanon, Butuanon, Cebuano (including Boholano and Eskaya), Caluyanon, Capiznons, Hiligaynon, Karay-a, Masbateños, Negrense, Porohanon, Romblomanon (including Bantoanons), Waray Christianity → Catholicism
Wa Austroasiatic → Palaungic → Wa Wa State (Myanmar) 1.2 million Buddhism, Animism
Walloons Indo-European → Romance → French → Walloon[note 56] Wallonia (Belgium) 4.9 million[317] Christianity → Catholicism
Waxiang Sino-Tibetan → Chinese → Waxiang Chinese Hunan (China) 0.3 million[318] Chinese folk religion
Welayta Afroasiatic → Omotic → Wolayitta Wolayitia (Ethiopia) 1.7 million[19] Christianity → Protestantism
Welsh Indo-European → Celtic → Welsh[note 22] Wales (United Kingdom) 16.3 million[319] significant populations in Argentina, the United States, Canada, and Australia. Christianity → Protestantism
Wolof Niger–Congo → Atlantic → Senegambian → Wolof Senegambia (Senegal, The Gambia) 5.9 million[320] Lebu, along with numerous slave descendants such as Haratins and Martinicans, African Americans, Afro-Bahamians, Afro-Barbadians, Afro-Brazilians, Afro-Dominicans, Afro-Puerto Ricans, Afro-Haitians, Afro-Saint Lucians, Afro-Trinbagonians, Americo-Liberians, Belizean Creoles Islam → Sunni Islam
Xhosa Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nguni → Xhosa Xhosaland (South Africa) 7.3 million[321] Christianity
Yakan Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Barito → Sama–Bajaw → Yakan Basilan (Philippines) 0.1 million[322] Islam → Sunni Islam
Yakö Niger–Congo → Cross River → Yakö Yakurr Local Government (Nigeria) 0.1 million[323] Christianity
Yakuts Turkic → Siberian → Yakut Yakutia (Russia) 0.5 million[33] Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Yao Niger–Congo → Bantu → Yao Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania (Ruvuma and Mtwara Regions) 2.6 million[324] Islam
Yi Sino-Tibetan → Loloish[note 2] China (Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi)[note 3] 7.8 million[325] Phù Lá, Azha Bimoism
Yoruba Niger–Congo → Yoruba Yorubaland (Nigeria, Benin) 45 million[326] Egun, Ijesha, Egba, Yewa, Igbomina, Awori, Akoko, Okun, Ana, Ekiti, Ilaje, Oku Christianity
Zaghawa Nilo-Saharan → Saharan → Zaghawa Chad, Sudan 0.3 million[98] Islam → Sunni Islam
Zande Niger–Congo → Zande Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, South Sudan 3.8 million[327] Barambu Christianity
Zapotecs Oto-Manguean → Zapotec[note 2] Oaxaca (Mexico) 0.5 million[212] Ixtlán Christianity → Catholicism
Zhuang Kra–Dai → Tai → Zhuang[note 2] Zhuangia (China) 16.2 million[328] Moism
Zomi Sino-Tibetan → Kuki-Chin–Naga[note 47] Zogam (Myanmar, Bangladesh, India) 10 million[329] Thadou, Paite, Simte, Zou, Lamkang, Kom, Lushai, Hmar, Koireng, Mizo, Aimol, Mru, Mrucha (including Anu-Hkongso), Bawm, Biate, Chin people Asho Christianity
Zulu Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nguni → Zulu KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) 9 million[330] Northern Ndebele Christianity

    Lists of ethnic groups
    by status
    regional lists

    See also

    Notes
    1. Following the Caucasian War, the majority of Circassians and Abkhazians were deported to Turkey.
    2. Language family; with some exceptions, all speakers of the various languages within this family are typically seen as one singular ethnicity.
    3. Non-contiguous homeland. Throughout most of their history (if not their entire history), this ethnic group have lived in separate, isolated communities scattered throughout the countries/subdivisions listed.
    4. Assamese ethnic group; the vast majority only speak Assamese.
    5. As the Akan language has only recently been standardized, the majority of them still speak their local dialects, which are usually considered by linguists to be separate languages altogether.
    6. Due to historical migrations, about half of the Akan population reside in Ivory Coast.
    7. Some time around 1860s, many Akha have been migrating to Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand. Today, the majority reside outside of China.
    8. With the exception of Navajo, all Apachean speakers are seen as one ethnicity. However, due to a history of forced assimilation by the American government, the majority can only speak English.
    9. Between 632 and 861, the Arabs controlled most of West Asia and North Africa, with Bedouin tribes forming in what is now Algeria, Sudan, and Iraq. Today, the majority of the Arab world is outside of Arabia.
    10. The Argobba have typically been a merchant community and usually trades with other ethnic groups; recently, these factors have resulted in the majority only speaking Amharic or Oromo.
    11. During the Armenian Genocide that occurred in the Turkish part of Greater Armenia (usually called Western Armenia), many Armenians fled to Russia, France, and the United States. Today, the majority reside outside of Greater Armenia, and Western Armenia no longer has an openly Armenian population (the Hemshin largely avoid identifying themselves as being Armenian, while the vast majority of people that are openly Armenian in Turkey reside in Istanbul, which is not a part of Western Armenia).
    12. The Aramaic language morphed into the Neo-Aramaic languages around 1200 AD. Whether the majority of the Assyrians are still speaking these languages is unclear, however.
    13. Modern Assyria have seen long periods of violence throughout the region, some of which (such as the Assyrian genocide and the Persecution of Christians by ISIL) have been directed against the Assyrians themselves. This has caused many to flee to places such as the United States and Sweden; it is believed that the majority now reside outside of the Middle East.
    14. Due to the widespread presence of both Spanish and French, the majority of Basques only have a passive knowledge of their language.
    15. Unlike the rest of the Soviet republics, who were able to maintain their native language despite the de facto Russianization during the Soviet era, the Russian language has largely replaced Belarusian in everyday use.
    16. The Beti and the Fang form the Beti-Pahuin peoples. While the term Beti is sometimes used interchangeably to refer to the Beti-Pahuin people, the Beti ethnicity is specifically limited to Ewondo and Eton speakers.
    17. Due to their historical low status in India, the majority only speak Bengali.
    18. Due to France's long history of promoting the French language at the expense of others, the vast majority only speak French.
    19. Due to the a long history of forced assimilation by the American government, the vast majority only speak English.
    20. Following the passage of the Indian Removal Act, the Cherokee, the Choctaw, and the Muscogee were all forced to relocate their entire population to Oklahoma.
    21. The original Egyptian language, which morphed into the Coptic language around the 1st century AD, died out as a spoken language around the 17th century and is now only used for religious ceremonies. Today, the Egyptians, including the Copts, speak Arabic.
    22. Due to a long history of English dominance within Great Britain, the Celtic languages within the islands have seen steady decline in use, with some of them eventually going extinct. Although all of them have since seen major language revival movements, English continues to be main language for the majority of this group.
    23. Due to the a long history of forced assimilation by the Canadian government, the vast majority can only either speak English.
    24. Largest practiced religion; the majority/plurality of this group are actually non-religious.
    25. Due to their historical low status in India, the majority only speak Gujarati.
    26. Between 1583 and 1997, the English, via being the dominant ethnic group in the United Kingdom, created the largest empire in the world, setting up settler colonies in areas such as what is now the United States, Canada, and Australia. Today, the majority of the Anglosphere is outside of the United Kingdom.
    27. This ethnic group is largely a nomadic or semi-nomadic one and do not have a particular area to claim as a primary homeland; these countries are listed here due to having a significant population.
    28. Like its speakers, the Garfuna language is the only remnant of the Island Carib language.
    29. Following the Second Carib War, the majority of the Garifuna were deported to Honduras, where they later spread to Guatemala, Belize, and Nicaragua. Since then, Honduras have seen high murder rates, causing many to flee to United States.
    30. Many of the Gelao dialects are mutually unintelligible from each other and are known to intermarry with other ethnic groups; recently, these factors have resulted in most of the populations speaking only Chinese.
    31. Due to their historical low status in India, the majority only speak Hindi.
    32. Since Hawaii's annexation into the United States, English has almost completely supplanted Hawaiian.
    33. Following the suppression of Miao Rebellion of 1854–1873, the majority of the Hmong fled further south to Guangxi, Yunnan, Vietnam, and Laos.
    34. Refers specifically to the Kinyarwanda and Kirundi dialects. The other speakers of the dialects within the Rwanda-Rundi continuum are considered to be separate from the Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa peoples.
    35. During the Great Famine, many Irish people fled to places like Argentina, Mexico, and the United States. Today, the majority of people claiming Irish ethnicity resides outside of Ireland.
    36. With the exception of Cherokee, all Iroquoian speakers are seen as one ethnicity. However, due to a long history of forced assimilation by both American and Canadian governments, the vast majority can only speak English.
    37. The majority of the Japanese practiced a syncretised form of Shinto and Buddhism called Shinbutsu-shūgō.
    38. Despite the successful revival of the Hebrew language, many Jews continue to speak the various languages that have developed by the diaspora populations, including Yiddish, Ladino, and Judeo-Arabic. In addition, English serves as the lingua franca of Israel.
    39. Until 1948, the Jews were largely a diaspora ethnicity, with the Jewish identity being claimed mostly by descendants of those that left Israel following the First Jewish–Roman War. Despite some entire Jewish communities migrating back to Israel, the Israelis only make up a plurality of the worldwide Jewish population.
    40. The Wapan language have largely replaced Jukun Takum as the main language.
    41. Due to both Turkification and the tendency among Georgia-residing Laz to see themselves as being a Georgian subgroup, the majority of Laz either speak Turkish or Georgian.
    42. Due to poor soil condition in Madura, the majority now live on Java.
    43. The majority of the Magars have recently switched to Nepali.
    44. The majority of the Tungusic languages are endangered, and many Tungusic ethnic groups now mostly speak only Russian or Chinese depending on the location of their homeland.
    45. Although the Māori have been able to halt the extinction of their language, the majority still only speak English fluently.
    46. Due to gradual Hispanicization following the Occupation of Araucanía, the majority of Mapuche can only speak Spanish.
    47. The Kuki-Chin–Naga language grouping (it is unclear whether the Kuki-Chin–Naga form an actual language family) consists of five to eight branches. Except for Karbi and Meitei, the Kuki-Chin–Naga is divided between the Chin and the Naga. The Mruic and most of the Kuki-Chin speakers are seen as Chin, while speakers of the remaining Kuki-Chin–Naga branches (Ao, Angami–Pochuri, Tangkhulic, and Zeme) and the speakers Northwestern Kuki-Chin are seen as Naga.
    48. Due to a long history of forced assimilation by both American and Canadian governments, the vast majority can only speak English.
    49. Portuguese ethnicity is more clear-cut than Spanish ethnicity, but here also, the case is complicated by the Portuguese ancestry of populations in the former colonial empire. Portugal has 11 million nationals. The 42 million figure is due to a study estimating a total of an additional 31 million descendants from Portuguese grandparents; these people would be eligible for Portuguese citizenship under Portuguese nationality law (which grants citizenship to grandchildren of Portuguese nationals).
    50. All Ryukyuan speakers are seen as one ethnicity; however, due to a history of forced assimilation by the Japanese government, the majority can only speak Japanese.
    51. The Rusyn identity is mostly limited to those residing outside of Carpathian Ruthenia. Within Carpathian Ruthenia itself (especially in the Ukrainian region), the majority of its residents identify themselves as being Ukrainian.
    52. The Siddi now speak the dominant language of their region.
    53. Due to a history of forced assimilation by the American government, the majority can only speak English.
    54. Between 1492 and 1833, the Spaniards controlled most of the Americas, with Mestizo communities forming in areas such as what is now Mexico, Argentina, and Colombia. Today, the majority of the Hispanosphere is outside of Spain.
    55. Due to the widespread presence of Chinese, the majority of Tujia only have a passive knowledge of their language.
    56. Prior to the mid-twentieth century, the lingua franca of Belgium was French; this, paired with the fact that the Walloons are usually considered to be a French subgroup, have now resulted in the majority of them speaking only standard French.

    References
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    2. Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010. Statistics Indonesia. 2011. ISBN 978-979-064-417-5. Archived from the original on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2018. Indonesian population only.
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    4. "Afar". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 December 2018. Figure taken by adding the ethnic populations of Ethiopia and Djibouti with the Eritrean population.
    5. "Afrikaners constitute nearly three million out of approximately 53 million inhabitants of the Republic of South Africa, plus as many as half a million in diaspora." Afrikaner – Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
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    9. Cote D'Ivoire. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Ghana. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Figure taken using the percentages listed with the total populations. Akan residing outside these countries not included.
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    25. Dennis J.D. Sandole (24 January 2007). Peace and Security in the Postmodern World: The OSCE and Conflict Resolution. Routledge. p. 182. ISBN 9781134145713. The nearly 3 million Armenians in Armenia (and 3–4 million in the Armenian Diaspora worldwide) 'perceive' the nearly 8 million Azerbaijanis in Azerbaijan as 'Turks.'
    26. Von Voss, Huberta (2007). Portraits of Hope: Armenians in the Contemporary World. New York: Berghahn Books. p. xxv. ISBN 9781845452575. ...there are some 8 million Armenians in the world...
    27. Puig, Lluis Maria de (17 January 1997). "Report: Aromanians". Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly. Doc. 7728. Aromanian speaking population. The idea that the Aromanians are a separate ethnicity is a minority opinion within the Aromanian community; they are much more likely to either see themselves as being a Romanian subgroup or belonging to the same ethnicity as the majority ethnic group of their residing country.
    28. Ronald Roberson. "The Eastern Catholic Churches 2016" (PDF). Catholic Near East Welfare Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016. Information sourced from Annuario Pontificio 2016 edition
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    30. "The Atayal people numbered around 90,000, approximately 15.9% of Taiwan's total indigenous population, making them the third-largest indigenous group". Retrieved 14 July 2020.
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    32. "Bavarian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 29 January 2019. Figure taken by adding the Austrian and Italian population.
    33. "Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity". Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2013. Russian population only.
    34. 2011 Indian census, Abstract of Speakers' Strength of Languages and Mother Tongues. Indian population only. Figure taken using the language grouping population or the specific mother tongue population.
    35. "Aymara". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    36. Sela, Avraham (2002). The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Continuum. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-8264-1413-7. 30–35 million
    37. "The 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing Census: Completed Results". General Statistics Office of Vietnam: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee. June 2010. p. 134. Archived from the original on 18 October 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013. Vietnamese population only.
    38. "The Bai ethnic minority". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 30 January 2019. Chinese population only.
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    41. "Baluchi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 8 June 2019. Population total of all languages of the Baluchi macrolanguage.
    42. "Balti". Ethnologue. Retrieved 24 November 2018. Total Balti users in all countries.
    43. "Burmese". Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 December 2018. Total first-language Burmese users in all countries.
    44. "Bamanankan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 1 December 2018. Total first-language Bamanankan users in all countries.
    45. "Bamileke". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    46. "Bamun". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
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    49. Benin. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Beninese population only. Figure taken using the percentages listed with the total populations.
    50. Liberia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Liberian population only. Figure taken using the percentage listed with the total population.
    51. "Basque". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019. 850,000 in Spain, 130,000 in France, and 170,000 possibly living in South America and the United States.
    52. "Bejah". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    53. "Bembe". Ethnologue. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
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    65. "Bisa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 5 February 2019. Total Bissa users in all countries.
    66. "Blaan, Koronadal". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2 March 2019. "Blaan, Sarangani". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2 March 2019. Figure taken by combining both sources.
    67. "Bwa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
    68. "Bosnian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 January 2019. Total Bosnian users in all countries.
    69. "The Bouyei ethnic minority". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 17 February 2019. Chinese population only.
    70. "Bozo, Jenaama". Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 February 2019. Includes only speakers of Jenaama dialect.
    71. "Brahui". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
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    78. "Cham, Western". Ethnologue. Retrieved 22 October 2017. Both figures taken by combining the ethnic population of Cambodia with the Vietnamese population, the former using the 2009 census and the latter using the Bradley estimate. (Both sources include speakers of Eastern Cham).
    79. "Chechnya 'has no troops in Ukraine'". BBC News. 28 May 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
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    84. "Chakma". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
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    89. "Aboriginal Population Profile, 2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 23 November 2017. Canadian population only. Figure taken using total population of Aboriginal ancestry responses.
    90. "Croatian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 28 March 2019. Total first-language Croatian users in all countries.
    91. "Cuyonon". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
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    94. "Dagbani". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
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    97. "Dinka". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
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    101. "Ebira". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
    102. "edo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 5 February 2019. Total Edo users in all countries.
    103. "Emberá, Northern". Ethnologue. Retrieved 31 January 2019. Figure taken by combining the ethnic population of Colombia (which includes speakers of Southern Emberá) with the Panamanian population.
    104. "Subnational population projections for England: 2016-based". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 20 February 2020.England only - no estimate of English in diaspora.
    105. Rolle, Nicholas. , University of California in Berkeley, Berkeley, October 17, 2012. Retrieved on 1 November 2014. Population of Esanland.
    106. "Estonian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 26 November 2018. Population total of all languages of the Estonian macrolanguage.
    107. Minahan, James (2002a). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations. II (D–K). Greenwood. ISBN 9780313321108.
    108. Fiji Islands Bureau of Statistics Archived 9 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
    109. "Finnish". Ethnologue. Retrieved 3 March 2019. Total first-language Finnish users in all countries.
    110. "Dutch". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 March 2019. Belgian population.
    111. "Fon". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    112. "French". Ethnologue. Retrieved 15 December 2018. Total first-language French users in all countries, including Walloons and minorities residing in France.
    113. "Frisian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 March 2019. "Frisian, Northern". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 March 2019. Figure taken by combining the total West Frisian users in all countries with the Northern Frisian ethnic population.
    114. http://www.arlef.it/en/friulian-language/sociolinguistic-condition/5#/sociolinguistic-condition Archived 7 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine - Study made by Arlef, Association of Region for the Friulian Language. Number of Friuilian speakers.
    115. Felicity Crowe (2010). Modern Muslim Societies. Marshall Cavendish. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-7614-7927-7.
    116. "A Closer Look: Sudan, The Peoples of Darfur". Cultural Survival. Cultural Survival. 7 May 2010. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
    117. Ghana. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Ghanaian population only. Figure taken using the percentage listed with the total population.
    118. Uganda. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Ugandan population only. Figure taken using the percentages listed with the total populations.
    119. Aris Ananta; Evi Nurvidya Arifin; M Sairi Hasbullah; Nur Budi Handayani; Agus Pramono (2015). Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 120. ISBN 978-981-4519-87-8.
    120. "Gbagyi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 January 2019. "Gbari". Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 January 2019. Figure taken by combining both sources.
    121. Olson, James Stuart (1996). The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-27918-8.
    122. "The Gelo ethnic minority". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 25 January 2019. Chinese population only.
    123. "Georgian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 30 January 2019. Figure taken by combining the ethnic populations of Georgia and Turkey.
    124. Jeffrey Cole (2011). Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 171. ISBN 9781598843026. "Estimates of the total number of Germans in the world range from 100 million to 150 million, depending on how German is defined..."
    125. "Gola". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 January 2019. Total Gola users in all countries.
    126. Clogg, Richard (2013) [1992]. A Concise History of Greece. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-65644-4.
    127. "Guaraní". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    128. "Gourmanchéma". Ethnologue. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
    129. Burkina Faso. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Ghana. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Figure taken using the percentages listed with the total populations. The CIA does not have percentages for the Togolese population.
    130. James B. Minahan (2014). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781610690188.
    131. "The Hani ethnic minority". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 16 December 2018. Chinese population only.
    132. Lovise, Alean (22 June 2011). The Politics of Ethnicity in Ethiopia. BRILL. p. 154. ISBN 978-9004207295. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
    133. "Hausa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 16 December 2018. Total first-language Hausa users in all countries.
    134. Lemoine, Jacques (2005). "What is the actual number of (H)mong in the world?" (PDF). Hmong Studies Journal. 6.
    135. "Papua New Guinea National Population and Housing Census 2011: Final figures", Port Moresby PNG National Statistical Office 2014
    136. "Hungarian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 17 December 2018. Total Hungarian users in all countries.
    137. "Hutu". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    138. "Iban". Ethnologue. Retrieved 18 February 2019. Total first-language Iban users in all countries.
    139. "Ibanag". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
    140. Nigeria. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Nigerian population only. Figure taken using the percentage listed with the total population.
    141. "Idoma". Ethnologue. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
    142. "Igbo". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    143. "Igorot". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
    144. "Ilocano". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    145. Greenland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. "Inuit population by residence inside or outside Inuit Nunangat, 2016". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 12 November 2017. Figure taken by combining both sources. Inuit residing outside these countries not included.
    146. ceu@scotland.gsi.gov.uk, Scottish Government, St. Andrew's House, Regent Road, Edinburgh EH1 3DG Tel:0131 556 8400 (29 May 2009). "The Scottish Diaspora and Diaspora Strategy: Insights and Lessons from Ireland". www.scotland.gov.uk. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
    147. "The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010" (PDF). census.gov. Retrieved 7 March 2017. "Aboriginal Population Profile, 2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 23 November 2017. Figure taken by combining the American Indian and Alaska Native tribal grouping alone from Table 7 or in any combination from the American Census with the total population of Aboriginal ancestry responses in the Canadian census. The American Census lists the Ojibwe as Chippewa. The Canadian Census spells the Ojibwe as Ojibwa and splits the Iroquois into four groups: Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga, and Iroquois.
    148. Hattaway, Paul (ed.) (2004). Peoples of the Buddhist World. William Carey Library.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
    149. "Eurobarometer – Europeans and their languages" (PDF)., February 2006. Number of native Italian speakers.
    150. "Rapporto Italiani nel Mondo 2010" (PDF). Fondazione Migrantes (in Italian). December 2010. Retrieved 22 November 2018. Includes citizens of Brazil and the United States who identify as being of partial Italian ancestry.
    151. "Japanese". Ethnologue. Retrieved 17 December 2018. Total first-language Japanese users in all countries.
    152. Dashefsky, Arnold; DellaPergola, Sergio; Sheskin, Ira, eds. (2017). World Jewish Population, 2016 (PDF) (Report). Berman Jewish DataBank. Retrieved 12 June 2017. Population with Jewish parents (including converts to Judaism, descendants of converts to Judaism, non-observant Jews and those with only Jewish fathers).
    153. "Jingpho". Ethnologue. Retrieved 28 December 2018. Figure taken by combining the Burmese population with the ethnic population of China.
    154. Klein, Martin A. "Shrines of the Slave Trade: Diola Religion and Society in Precolonial Senegambia." The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 31.2 (Autumn 2000): 315. Accessed through Gale (Cengage), 6 Aug. 2009
    155. "Wapan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 April 2019. Wapan population.
    156. Saw Swee-Hock (2015). The Population of Malaysia (Second ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-98-146-2036-9.
    157. "Language". Kalanga. Kalanga Language and Cultural Development Association (KLCDA). Retrieved 18 September 2018. Taken by combining the Zimbabwean and the Botswanan populations.
    158. "2009 Census". Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013. Kenyan population only.
    159. "Population Structure and Trends". Institute de la Statistique et des études économiques Nouvelle-Calédonie (in French). Institute de la Statistique et des études économiques Nouvelle-Calédonie. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
    160. "Kanuri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 28 November 2018. "Kanembu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 22 February 2019. Figure taken by combining the population total of all languages of the Kanuri macrolanguage with the Kanembu population.
    161. "Kapampangan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    162. "Karakalpak". Ethnologue. Retrieved 28 November 2018. Ethnic population.
    163. "Karen people". Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2018. Karen population.
    164. "The Institute for European Studies, Ethnological institute of UW" (PDF). Retrieved 16 August 2012.
    165. "Polen-Analysen. Die Kaschuben" (PDF). Länder-Analysen (in German). Polen NR. 95: 10–13. September 2011. Polish population only.
    166. "Kazakhstan's population tops 18 million". 31 March 2018.
    167. "Pahāṛī". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    168. "TURKIC LANGUAGES OF PERSIA: AN OVERVIEW". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
    169. "Nya Huba". Ethnologue. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
    170. "Kisi". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    171. "Kongo". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    172. "Korean". Ethnologue. Retrieved 19 December 2018. Total Korean users in all countries.
    173. "Kpelle". Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 December 2018. Population total of all languages of the Kpelle macrolanguage.
    174. "Ikposo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2019. Total Kposo users in all countries.
    175. Liberia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Cote D'Ivoire. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Figure taken using the percentage listed with the total population, including Grebo, Krahn, and Sapo. Kru residing outside these countries not included.
    176. The Kurdish Population. Current Estimate.
    177. "The Kuteb People". Geoffrey G. Gania. 2005. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
    178. "Kyrgyz". Ethnologue. Retrieved 24 November 2018. Figure taken by combining the ethnic populations of Kyrgyzstan, China, and Tajikistan.
    179. "Latvian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 January 2019. Population total of all languages of the Latvia macrolanguage.
    180. Bülent Günal (20 December 2011). "67 milletten insanımız var!" (in Turkish). Retrieved 31 January 2015. Largest estimate of the Laz population in Turkey.
    181. "Lega Information". University of Iowa. 3 November 1998. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
    182. "Lezgins". Ethnologue. Retrieved 17 January 2019. Figure taken by combining the ethnic populations of Russia and Azerbaijan.
    183. "The Li ethnic minority". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 20 December 2018. Chinese population only.
    184. Sierra Leone. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Sierra Leonean population only. Figure taken using the percentages listed with the total populations.
    185. "Lisu". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    186. "Lietuviai Pasaulyje" (PDF). Lietuvos statistikos departamentas. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
    187. Lietuviai Lietuvoje ir užsienyje: kur ir kiek mūsų yra Archived 2015-07-29 at the Wayback Machine
    188. "LORI LANGUAGE ii. Sociolinguistic Status – Encyclopaedia Iranica". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 20 August 2018. In 2003, the Lori-speaking population in Iran was estimated at 4.2 million speakers, or about 6 percent of the national figure (Anonby, 2003b, p. 173). Given the nationwide growth in population since then, the number of Lori speakers in 2012 is likely closer to 5 million.
    189. "Luxembourgish". Ethnologue. Retrieved 24 November 2018. Total first-language Luxembourgish users in all countries.
    190. "Maasai". Ethnologue. Retrieved 13 January 2019. Total Maasai users in all countries.
    191. Nasevski, Boško; Angelova, Dora. Gerovska, Dragica (1995). Македонски Иселенички Алманах '95. Skopje: Матица на Иселениците на Македонија. pp. 52–53.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    192. "Mafa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 21 February 2019. Total Mafa users in all countries.
    193. "Magar". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    194. "Maguindanao". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    195. "Kirti Azad demands a separate Mithila state". m.indiatoday.in. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
    196. John Ndembwike (October 2009). Tanzania: Profile of a Nation. Intercontinental Books. p. 149. ISBN 978-9987-9308-1-4.
    197. Andrew Dalby (1998). Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages. Columbia University Press. pp. 386–387. ISBN 978-0-231-11568-1.
    198. "Malay". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 December 2018. Population total of all languages of the Malay macrolanguage.
    199. "Maldivian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 21 December 2018. Total Maldivian users in all countries
    200. "Maltese". Ethnologue. Retrieved 21 December 2018. Total Maltese users in all countries.
    201. "Mambila, Nigeria". Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 February 2019. "Mambila, Cameroon". Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 February 2019. Figure taken by combining both sources.
    202. 《中国2010年人口普查资料（上中下》 [Data of 2010 China Population Census]. China Statistics Press. 2012. ISBN 9787503765070.
    203. "Mandar". Ethnologue. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
    204. Godfrey Mwakikagile (2010). The Gambia and Its People: Ethnic Identities and Cultural Integration in Africa. New Africa Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-9987-16-023-5.
    205. "Mandjak". Ethnologue. Retrieved 10 February 2019. Total Manjak users in all countries.
    206. "Mapuche". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    207. "Maranao". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    208. "Masa People". Joshua Project. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
    209. "Masalit". Ethnologue. Retrieved 22 September 2016. Total Masalit users in all countries.
    210. Lorenzo Ochoa; Patricia Martel(dir.) (2002). Lengua y cultura mayas (in Spanish). UNAM. p. 170. ISBN 9703200893. El "Pueblo Maya" lo constituyen actualmente algo menos de 6 millones de hablantes de 25 idiomas
    211. "Iran". www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
    212. México: Lenguas indígenas nacionales. Mexican population only. Number of indigenous language speakers. Figure taken using the 2010 figures of Table 1.
    213. "Mehri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 February 2019. "Soqotri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 February 2019. Figure taken by the total Mehri users in all countries with the Soqotri population.
    214. "The Yao ethnic minority". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 16 December 2018. Chinese population only.
    215. Robles, Frances (16 October 2016). "Nicaragua Dispute Over Indigenous Land Erupts in Wave of Killings". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
    216. Burma. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Myanma population only. Figure taken using the percentages listed with the total populations.
    217. "Mongo". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 11 April 2017. Number of speakers of all Mongo languages. Source dates backs to 1977; population most likely grown since then.
    218. "Mongolian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 22 December 2018. "Daur". Ethnologue. Retrieved 5 February 2019. "Buriat". Ethnologue. Retrieved 5 February 2019. "Kalmyk-Oirat". Ethnologue. Retrieved 5 February 2019. "Bonan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 5 February 2019. "Tu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 5 February 2019. Figure taken by combining the total users of the Mongolian macrolanguage, the Buryat macrolanguage, and Oirat with the ethnic populations of Dagur, Bonan, and Monguor.
    219. "Mongondow". Ethnologue. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
    220. "Mossi". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    221. "Mumuye". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
    222. "2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia" (PDF) (in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
    223. "Musgu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 21 February 2019. Total Musgu users in all countries.
    224. "Mwera". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
    225. "Newar". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    226. "Ngaju". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 December 2018. "Bakumpai". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 February 2019. Figure taken by combining both sources.
    227. Bhutan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Bhutanese population only. Figure taken using the percentage listed with the total population.
    228. Ngbandi Art
    229. "Norwegian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 February 2019. Total Norwegian users in all countries.
    230. "Nubians". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 June 2019. Possible number of Nubians living in Egypt.
    231. "Afghanistan - Nuristani". countrystudies.us.
    232. "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous People". Archived from the original on 29 April 2009. Total number of people with some knowledge of Occitan.
    233. "Khana". Ethnologue. Retrieved 17 February 2019. "Baan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 17 February 2019. "Eleme". Ethnologue. Retrieved 17 February 2019. "Gokana". Ethnologue. Retrieved 17 February 2019. "Tee". Ethnologue. Retrieved 17 February 2019. Figure taken by combining the Tẹẹ ethnic population with the other four sources.
    234. "Ossetic". Ethnologue. Retrieved 19 February 2019. Figure taken by combining the ethnic population of Russia with the Georgian, Syrian, and Turkish populations.
    235. "Ovimbundu". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    236. "Pangasinan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    237. Guinea-Bissau. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Bissau-Guinean population only. Figure taken using the percentage listed with the total population.
    238. "Pashai, Southeast". Ethnologue. Retrieved 15 January 2019. Ethnic population; includes other Pashayi speakers.
    239. "Pashto, Northern". Ethnologue. Retrieved 23 December 2018. Possible ethnic population; includes Southern and Central Pashto speakers.
    240. "Pedi". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
    241. "Pende". Art & Life in Africa. University of Iowa. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
    242. "Persian, Iranian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 11 December 2018. Total Iranian Persian users in all countries.
    243. "Community | Pitcairn Island Immigration". www.immigration.gov.pn. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
    244. "2013 Census ethnic group profiles: Pitcairn Islander". Retrieved 29 July 2020.
    245. "Polmap. Rozmieszczenie ludności pochodzenia polskiego (w mln)". Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
    246. Emigração: A diáspora dos portugueses Archived 28 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine (2009)
    247. "Punjabi, Eastern". Ethnologue. Retrieved 23 December 2018. "Punjabi, Western". Ethnologue. Retrieved 23 December 2018. Figure taken by combining total users of Punjabi, Eastern and Punjabi, Western in all countries.
    248. "Kashkay". Ethnologue. Retrieved 10 February 2019. Ethnic population.
    249. "The Qiang ethnic minority". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 25 February 2019. Chinese population only.
    250. "Quechua". Ethnologue. Retrieved 23 December 2018. Population total of all languages of the Quechua macrolanguage.
    251. "Rangpuri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 February 2019. Total first-language Rangpuri users in all countries.
    252. "Arakanese". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    253. Wurm, Stephen A. and Shiro Hattori, (eds.) (1981) Language Atlas of the Pacific Area Australian Academy of the Humanities in collaboration with the Japan Academy, Canberra, ISBN 0-85883-239-9
    254. David Mathieson (2009). Perilous Plight: Burma's Rohingya Take to the Seas. Human Rights Watch. p. 3. ISBN 9781564324856.
    255. "EU demands action to tackle Roma poverty". BBC News. 5 April 2011. Does not include those residing outside of Europe.
    256. "Romanian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 13 November 2014. Total Romanian users in all countries.
    257. "журнал "Демоскоп Weekly" № 571 - 572 14 - 31 октября 2013. А. Арефьев. Тема номера: сжимающееся русскоязычие. Демографические изменения - не на пользу русскому языку".
    258. Shimoji, Michinori; Pellard, Thomas, eds. (2010). An Introduction to Ryukyuan languages (PDF). Tokyo: ILCAA. p. 2. ISBN 9784863370722. Retrieved 10 June 2018. Total population of the Ryukyu Islands.
    259. Paul Magocsi (1995). "The Rusyn Question". Political Thought. 2–3 (6). Estimate of people with Rusyn ancestry.
    260. "Saho". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    261. "Salar". Ethnologue. Retrieved 26 February 2019. Ethnic population.
    262. "Sama". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    263. "Zambales: Dependency Ratio Down by Five Persons (Results from the 2000 Census of Population and Housing, NSO)". 19 June 2013. Archived from the original on 19 June 2013. Sambal population within Zambales.
    264. Sami people (14 December 2015). "Sami in Sweden". sweden.se.
    265. Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. 2003.
    266. Chad. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Central African Republic. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Figure taken using the percentage listed with the total population. Sara residing outside these countries not included.
    267. "Sardinian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 January 2019. Population total of all languages of the Sardinian macrolanguage.
    268. "Hawu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
    269. Diagram Group (2013). Encyclopedia of African Peoples. San Francisco, CA: Routledge. ISBN 9781135963415.
    270. "Svaki drugi Srbin živi izvan Srbije" (PDF). Novosti. May 2014. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
    271. "Serbs around the World by region" (PDF). Serbian Unity Congress. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 December 2013. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
    272. "Serer". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    273. "Shona". Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 December 2018. Total first-language Shona users in all countries.
    274. "Xibe". Ethnologue. Retrieved 1 January 2019. Ethnic population.
    275. "Sikanese". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    276. "Sindhi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 31 March 2019. Ethnic population.
    277. "Sinhalese". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    278. "Ako žijú Slováci za hranicami? Slovensko mám rád, ale mojím domovom už nie je" [How do Slovaks live abroad? I like Slovakia but it is no longer my home.]. Sme.sk. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
    279. "Somali". Ethnologue. Retrieved 24 December 2018. Total first-language Somali users in all countries.
    280. Mali. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Niger. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Figure taken using the percentage listed with the total population. Songhai residing outside these countries not included.
    281. "Soninke". Ethnologue. Retrieved 24 December 2018. Total Soninke users in all countries.
    282. "Sotho, Southern". Ethnologue. Retrieved 1 December 2018. Total first-language Southern Sotho users in all countries.
    283. "Spain's population falls for first time since 1940s as immigrants flee crisis". Toronto. 22 April 2013. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013.
    284. "The Shui ethnic minority". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 25 February 2019. Chinese population only.
    285. "Anakalangu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 June 2019. "Kambera". Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 June 2019. "Kodi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 June 2019. "Lamboya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 June 2019. "Laura". Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 June 2019. "Mamboru". Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 June 2019. "Wanukaka". Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 June 2019. "Wejewa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 June 2019. Figure taken by combining the Anakalangu, Kambera, Kodi, Lamboya, Laura, Mamboru, and Wejewa populations.
    286. Guinea. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Guinean population only. Figure taken using the percentages listed with the total populations.
    287. "Swahili facts, information, pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about Swahili". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
    288. "Swazi". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    289. "Befolkningsstatistik i sammandrag 1960-2015". 27 March 2016. Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2017.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Swedish population only. Figure taken by subtracting the population with a foreign background with the total population.
    290. "Tagalog". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    291. "Tajik". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019. 5.2 million in Tajikistan, 1 million in Uzbekistan, and 5 million in Afghanistan.
    292. "Talysh". Ethnologue. Retrieved 24 December 2018. Total Talysh users in all countries.
    293. "Tamil". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    294. "Tarok". Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
    295. "Tatar". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    296. "Tausug". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019. 900,000 in Philippines and 200,000 in Malaysia.
    297. http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/210932/the-tboli-a-story-of-massive-land-grabbing-through-the-centuries/
    298. "Temne". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    299. "Thai". Ethnologue. Retrieved 20 December 2018. "Thai, Northern". Ethnologue. Retrieved 20 December 2018. "Thai, Southern". Ethnologue. Retrieved 20 December 2018. Figure taken by combining the total number of first-language Thai speakers in all countries with the other two populations.
    300. "The Tibetan ethnic minority". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 16 December 2018. Chinese population only.
    301. Tournadre, Nicolas (2014). "The Tibetic languages and their classification". In Owen-Smith, Thomas; Hill, Nathan W. (eds.). Trans-Himalayan Linguistics: Historical and Descriptive Linguistics of the Himalayan Area. De Gruyter. pp. 103–129. ISBN 978-3-11-031074-0. (preprint)
    302. "Tigrigna". Ethnologue. Retrieved 27 February 2019. Figure taken by combining the ethnic population of Ethiopia with the Eritrean population.
    303. Eritrea. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Eritrean population only. Figure taken using the percentages listed with the total populations.
    304. "Tiv". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    305. "Tana Toraja official website" (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 29 May 2006. Retrieved 4 October 2006. Figure taken by combining both local and diaspora populations.
    306. "Tsonga". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    307. "Tswana". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    308. "The Tujia ethnic minority". People's Daily. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
    309. "Tupuri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 February 2019. Total Tupuri users in all countries.
    310. "Turkish". Ethnologue. Retrieved 24 December 2018. Total first-language Turkish users in all countries, including a large number of minorities residing in Turkey.
    311. "Turkmen". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    312. Vic Satzewich (2003). The Ukrainian Diaspora. Routledge. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-134-43495-4.
    313. "Uighur". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019. 10 million in China, and 300,000 in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.
    314. "Uzbek". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019. 16 million in Uzbekistan, 2 million in Afghanistan, 1.38 million in Tajikistan, and 570,000 in Kyrgyzstan.
    315. "Venda". Ethnologue. Retrieved 1 December 2018. Total first-language Venda users in all countries.
    316. "Visayan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019. 16.5 million Cebuano, 6.54 million Hiligaynon, and 4.2 million Waray-Waray.
    317. "Walloon". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 March 2019. "French". Ethnologue. Retrieved 15 December 2018. Figure taken by combining the Walloon population with the total first-language French users in Belgium (this latter number includes non-Walloon French speakers residing in Brussels.
    318. "Waxianghua". Ethnologue. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
    319. Richard Webber. "The Welsh diaspora : Analysis of the geography of Welsh names" (PDF). Welsh Assembly. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
    320. Senegal. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Gambia, The. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Figure taken using the percentages listed with the total populations. Wolof residing outside these countries not included.
    321. "Xhosa". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    322. "Yakan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    323. "Lokaa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
    324. "Yao". Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 December 2018. Total Yao users in all countries.
    325. "The Yi ethnic minority". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 16 December 2018. Chinese population only.
    326. "Yoruba". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    327. "Zande". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
    328. "The Zhuang ethnic minority". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 16 December 2018. Chinese population only.
    329. "The Zomi Population"
    330. "Zulu". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
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