Declaration of independence

A declaration of independence or declaration of statehood is an assertion by a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state. Such places are usually declared from part or all of the territory of another state or failed state, or are breakaway territories from within the larger state. In 2010, the UN's International Court of Justice ruled in an advisory opinion in Kosovo that "International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence",[1] though the state from which the territory wishes to secede may regard the declaration as rebellion, which may lead to a war of independence or a constitutional settlement to resolve the crisis.

For other uses, see Declaration of Independence (disambiguation).

List of declarations of independence
State Declaration Date Year Association SignatoriesFirst recognizing state
AlbaniaAlbanian Declaration of IndependenceNovember 281912 Ottoman EmpireAssembly of Vlorë Austria-Hungary
Provinces of the Rio de la Plata
(present-day
 Argentina
 Uruguay
 Bolivia)		Argentine Declaration of IndependenceJuly 91816 SpainCongress of Tucumán Hawaii
 ArmeniaDeclaration of Independence of ArmeniaMay 281918 RussiaArmenian National Congress (1917) Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF Dashnak) Russia
 AzerbaijanDeclaration of Independence of AzerbaijanMay 281918 RussiaAzerbaijani National Council (Hasan bey Aghayev, Fatali Khan Khoyski, Nasib Yusifbeyli, Jamo bey Hajinski, Şefi bey Rustambeyli, Nariman bey Narimanbeyov, Javad Malik-Yeganov, Mustafa Mahmudov) Ottoman Empire
 AzawadAzawadi declaration of independenceApril 62012 MaliNational Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
 BangladeshProclamation of Bangladeshi IndependenceMarch 261971 PakistanConstituent Assembly of Bangladesh  Bhutan
 BelarusThird Constituent CharterMarch 251918 RussiaRada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic
BelarusAnnouncement of the Declaration of Independence of the Soviet Socialist Republic of ByelorussiaJuly 311920 PolandCommunist Party (bolsheviks) of Byelorussia, trade unions Russia
 BelarusDeclaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist RepublicJuly 271990 Soviet UnionSupreme Soviet of the BSSR Turkey
 BelgiumBelgian Declaration of IndependenceOctober 41830 NetherlandsProvisional Government of Belgium
 Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnian Declaration of IndependenceMarch 11992 Yugoslavia Bulgaria
 BrazilIndependence of BrazilSeptember 71822 PortugalPedro I of Brazil United States
BougainvilleBougainville Declaration of IndependenceMay1990 Papua New GuineaBougainville Interim Government
 BulgariaBulgarian Declaration of IndependenceSeptember 221908 Ottoman EmpireFerdinand of Bulgaria and the Government of Bulgaria Russia (5 February 1909)
 BurmaBurmese Declaration of IndependenceJanuary 41948 United Kingdom
 CataloniaDeclaration of the Catalan Republic as a state of the Iberian FederationApril 141931 SpainFrancesc Macià, Generalitat Government of Catalonia
 CataloniaDeclaration of the Catalan state within the Federal Republic of SpainOctober 61934 SpainLluís Companys, Generalitat Government of Catalonia
 CataloniaDeclaration from the representatives of Catalonia as the Catalan RepublicOctober 272017 Spain
 Central AmericaAct of Independence of Central AmericaSeptember 151821 Spain
 ChileChilean Declaration of IndependenceFebruary 121818 SpainNational Congress Portugal
 ColombiaColombian Declaration of IndependenceJuly 201810 Spain
ComorosComorian Declaration of IndependenceJuly 61975 France- Guinea
 CroatiaDeclaration of the Establishment of the Sovereign and Independent Republic of CroatiaJune 251991 Yugoslavia Iceland
 CrimeaDeclaration of Independence of the Republic of CrimeaMarch 112014 UkraineSupreme Council of Crimea Russia
 CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovak Declaration of IndependenceOctober 181918 Austria-HungaryCzechoslovak National Council United States
 Dominican RepublicDominican Declaration of IndependenceFebruary 271844 Haiti United Kingdom
 East TimorEast Timorese declaration of independenceNovember 281975 Portugal Morocco
 EgyptUnilateral Declaration of Egyptian IndependenceFebruary 281922 United KingdomUnilateral grant of independence by the British government United Kingdom
 EstoniaEstonian Declaration of IndependenceFebruary 241918 RussiaSalvation Committee Russia
 EstoniaEstonian Reconfirmation of IndependenceAugust 201991 Soviet UnionCongress of Estonia Iceland (reconfirmed earlier recognition)
 FinlandFinnish Declaration of IndependenceDecember 61917 RussiaParliament of Finland Russia
FloridaFlorida's Constitution of 1861January 101861 United StatesFlorida State Legislature
GaliciaDeclaration of the Republic of GaliciaJune 271931 Spain
 Georgia, Democratic Republic ofDemocratic Republic of GeorgiaMay 261918 Russia Germany
 Georgia, Republic ofAct of Restoration of State Independence of GeorgiaApril 91991[2] Soviet UnionSupreme Council of the Republic of Georgia  Switzerland
Georgia, State ofGeorgia's secession declarationJanuary 291861 United States
 GreeceGreek Declaration of IndependenceJanuary 1 OS1822 Ottoman EmpireFirst National Assembly Haiti (1822)
 Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau Declaration of IndependenceSeptember 241973 Portugal
 HaitiHaitian Declaration of IndependenceJanuary 11804 FranceJean-Jacques Dessalines France
(April 17, 1825)[3]
HungaryHungarian Declaration of IndependenceApril 141849 Habsburgs
 IcelandIcelandic Declaration of IndependenceJune 171944 Denmark United States
 IraqIraq Declaration of IndependenceOctober 31932 United Kingdom United Kingdom
 IndiaDeclaration of the Independence of IndiaJanuary 261930 United Kingdom
 IndonesiaProclamation of Indonesian IndependenceAugust 171945 NetherlandsSukarno & Mohammad Hatta Egypt
  Vatican City[4]
 IrelandProclamation of the Irish RepublicApril 24
(Easter Monday)		1916 United KingdomProvisional Government of the Irish Republic
Irish RepublicIrish Declaration of IndependenceJanuary 211919 United KingdomDáil Éireann Russia
 IsraelIsraeli Declaration of IndependenceMay 141948 United KingdomJewish People's Council United States
Northern EpirusNorthern Epirote Declaration of IndependenceFebruary 281914 AlbaniaProvisional Government of Northern Epirus
KatangaKatangan Declaration of Independence1960 Congo-Léopoldville
 KoreaKorean Declaration of IndependenceMarch 11919 JapanProvisional Government of the Republic of Korea China (1933)
North SolomonsDeclaration of Independence of the Republic of the North SolomonsSeptember 11975 Territory of Papua and New Guinea (Australia)Unknown  Vatican City
 KosovoKosovo declaration of independenceFebruary 172008 Serbia
 UN Administration		Democratically elected leaders of our people[5] Afghanistan
 Albania
 Costa Rica
 KosovaProclamation of the Republic of KosovaSeptember 221992 FR YugoslaviaAssembly of Kosovo Albania
 LatviaLatvian Declaration of IndependenceNovember 181918 Germany
 Russia		 People's Council of Latvia Russia
 LatviaOn the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of LatviaMay 41990 Soviet UnionSupreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR Iceland
 LiberiaLiberian Declaration of IndependenceJuly 161847 American Colonization SocietyLiberian Constitutional Convention United Kingdom
 LithuaniaAct of Independence of LithuaniaFebruary 161918 Germany
 Russia		 Council of Lithuania Germany
 LithuaniaAct of the Re-Establishment of the State of LithuaniaMarch 111990 Soviet UnionSupreme Council of Lithuania Iceland
MacedoniaIndependence of the Republic of MacedoniaSeptember 81991 Yugoslavia Bulgaria
 Malaya
(present day Malaysia)		Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957August 311957 United KingdomTunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaysia United Kingdom[6]
MississippiA Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal UnionJanuary 91861 United States
 First Mexican Empire
(present day  Mexico)		Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire
(real independence)		September 281821 SpainSupreme Provisional Governmental Board United Kingdom (January 4, 1825)[7]
 MoldovaDeclaration of Independence of the Republic of MoldovaAugust 271991 Soviet UnionParliament of the Republic of Moldova Romania
 MoroccoMoroccan Declaration of IndependenceJanuary 111944 FranceIstiqlal Party
 MontenegroMontenegro declaration of independenceJune 32006 Serbia and MontenegroAssembly of the Republic of Montenegro Iceland
 NetherlandsAct of AbjurationJuly 261581 SpainUnion of Utrecht
United Tribes of New ZealandDeclaration of the Independence of New ZealandOctober 281835—Māori chiefs United Kingdom[8]
Northern America
(present day  Mexico		Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern AmericaNovember 61813 SpainCongress of Anáhuac
 Northern CyprusDeclaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern CyprusNovember 151983 Cyprus Turkey
 Norway
(Kingdom of Norway)		Declaration of Independence of Norway (short after, sovereign under the Swedish monarchy), and the Constitution of NorwayMay 171814 Denmark-Norway
(As of Treaty of Kiel)		Norwegian Constituent Assembly
 PadaniaPadanian Declaration of IndependenceSeptember 151996 Italy
 PakistanPakistan ResolutionMarch 241940 United KingdomMuslim League (Pakistan)
 PalestinePalestinian Declaration of IndependenceNovember 151988 Palestinian territories

 Jordan (claimed the West Bank until 1988)

 Palestinian National Council Arab League
PeruAct of the Declaration of Independence of PeruJuly 281821 SpainJosé de San Martín Argentina
PhilippinesPhilippine Declaration of IndependenceJune 121898 Spain98 representatives of Dictatorial Government of the Philippines[9] (ratified on September 29, 1898 by the Malolos Congress[10])
 RhodesiaRhodesian Unilateral Declaration of IndependenceNovember 111965 United KingdomIan Smith and the rest of the Cabinetnone
 RomaniaRomanian Declaration of IndependenceMay 221877 Ottoman EmpireKing Carol I
 RussiaBelavezha AccordsDecember 121991 Soviet UnionSupreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR
 Western SaharaBir Lehlou declarationFebruary 271976 Spanish SaharaPolisario Front Madagascar
 ScotlandDeclaration of ArbroathApril 61320 EnglandScottish leaders
SerbiaThe Proclamation (Proglašenije/Проглашеније)February1809 Ottoman EmpireKarađorđe Petrović and Serbian MPs
 SingaporeProclamation of Singapore[11]August 91965 Malaysia[12][13]Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore United Kingdom
(confirmed earlier recognition)[14]
 SlovakiaSlovak National Council's Declaration of Independence of the Slovak NationJuly 171992 CzechoslovakiaSlovak National Council
 SloveniaSlovenian Declaration of IndependenceJune 251991 Yugoslavia Croatia
 SomalilandSomaliland Declaration of IndependenceMay 181991 Somalianone
South CarolinaDeclaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal UnionDecember 241860 United StatesSouth Carolinians in Charleston
 Sri LankaDeclaration of Independence of Sri Lanka (Then known as "Ceylon")February 41948 United Kingdom
 Texas, Republic ofTexas Declaration of IndependenceMarch 21836 Mexico France
Texas, State ofA Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal UnionFebruary 11861 United StatesTexas Legislature
 TibetTibet's Declaration of IndependenceFebruary 131913 China13th Dalai Lamanone
 TurkmenistanDeclaration of independence 1991 Soviet Unionnone Turkey
 UkraineIV UniversalJanuary 221918 RussiaCentral Council of Ukraine
 UkraineDeclaration of Independence of UkraineAugust 241991 Soviet UnionVerkhovna Rada Poland
 Canada[15]
 United StatesUnited States Declaration of IndependenceJuly 2[lower-alpha 1]1776 Great BritainSecond Continental Congress Morocco[18][19]
 UzbekistanDeclaration of IndependenceAugust 311991 Soviet UnionSupreme Council of Uzbekistan Turkey
 VenezuelaVenezuelan Declaration of IndependenceJuly 51811 SpainNational Congress
 VermontVermont Declaration of IndependenceJanuary 151777 United States British Quebec  United States
 VietnamProclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of VietnamSeptember 21945 FranceHồ Chí Minh Soviet Union
Lower CanadaDeclaration of Independence of Lower CanadaFebruary 221838 United KingdomRobert Nelsonnone

See also

Notes
  1. The Continental Congress voted in favor of the Declaration of Independence on July 2.[16] Versions were not printed until July 4 and later, while the signatories did not sign the Matlack declaration until August.[17]
    Further information: Lee resolution

References
  1. "Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo" (PDF). Icj-cij.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-08-21. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  2. https://web.archive.org/web/20200520083218/https://matsne.gov.ge/en/document/view/32362
  3. Ashmore, Harry S., ed. (1961). "Encyclopædia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 11". p. 85. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  4. "Murti Hadi SJ: Soegija Bukan Film Dakwah". filmindonesia.or.id.
  5. No reference in original Albanian text to the declaration being the work of the Assembly of Kosovo. The language used in the declaration differs from that employed in acts of the Assembly of Kosovo in that the first paragraph commences with the phrase “We, the democratically-elected leaders of our people . . .”, whereas acts of the Assembly of Kosovo employ the third person singular. Moreover, the procedure employed in relation to the declaration differed from that employed by the Assembly of Kosovo for the adoption of legislation. It was not transmitted to the Special Representative of the Secretary General and was not published in the Official Gazette of the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government of Kosovo. As the practice shows, he would have been under a duty to take action with regard to acts of the Assembly of Kosovo which he considered to be ultra vires. Taking all factors together, the authors of the declaration of independence of 17 February 2008 did not act as one of the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government within the Constitutional Framework, but rather as persons who acted together in their capacity as representatives of the people of Kosovo outside the framework of the interim administration.
  6. Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957
  7. "Inglaterra: primer país que reconoce la Independencia de México" (in Spanish). Memoria Politica de México. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
  8. The Lord Glenelg (25 May 1836), "EXTRACT of a DESPATCH from Lord GLENELG to Major-General Sir RICHARD BOURKE, New South Wales", written at London, Documents > Declaration of Independence, Christchurch: Waitangi Associates, retrieved 22 May 2010
  9. Philippine History. Rex Bookstore, Inc. 2004. p. 162. ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9.
  10. Tucker, Spencer (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 364. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1.
  11. Singapore was forced out of Malaysia by the Malaysian parliament, and the proclamations were then agreed by the two governments. See the Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965 (1985 Rev. Ed.) and the Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
  12. Agreement relating to the separation of Singapore from Malaysia as an independent and sovereign state
  13. Agreement relating to the separation of Singapore from Malaysia as an independent and sovereign state/proclamation of singapore
  14. Singapore Act 1966
  15. Ukraine and Russia: The Post-Soviet Transition by Roman Solchanyk, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000, ISBN 0742510182 (page 100)
    Canadian Yearbook of International Law, Vol 30, 1992, University of British Columbia Press, 1993, ISBN 9780774804387 (page 371)
    Szporluk, Roman (24 February 2020). Russia, Ukraine and the Breakup of the Soviet Union. Hoover Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-9543-0., p. 355
  16. A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates 1774-1875. Library of Congress. 2003. pp. 506–507. Tuesday July 2, 1776 [...] Resolved, That these United colonies are, and, of right, ought to be, Free and Independent States; that they are absolved of all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connexion between them and the state of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved.
  17. Coelho, Chris (2013), Timothy Matlack, Scribe of the Declaration of Independence, McFarland, p. 61, ISBN 978-0-7864-7443-1
  18. US-Morocco Diplomatic Relationship Archived 2015-08-12 at the Wayback Machine. Official Web site of the Embassy of the Kingdom of Morocco to the United States of America.
  19. Dolan, Kerry A. (November 21, 2013). "Why Morocco Matters To The U.S." Forbes. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
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