East Indies Station

East Indies Station
	HMS Swiftsure at gunnery practice on the East Indies Station in the summer of 1913
Active	1744–1958
Country	United Kingdom
Branch	Royal Navy
Type	Fleet
Part of	Admiralty
Garrison/HQ	Trincomalee

The East Indies Station was a formation and command of the British Royal Navy. Created in 1744 by the Admiralty, it was under the command of the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies.[1]

Even in official documents, the term East Indies Station was often used. In 1941 the ships of the China Squadron and East Indies Squadron were merged to form the Eastern Fleet under the control of the Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Fleet.[2] The China Station then ceased as a separate command. The East Indies Station was disbanded in 1958.

It encompassed Royal Navy Dockyards and bases in East Africa, Middle East, India and Ceylon, and other ships not attached to other fleets. For many years under rear admirals, from the 1930s the Commander-in-Chief was often an Admiral or a Vice-Admiral.

History

Navy House, Trincomalee, residence of the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station from 1811 to 1942

The East Indies Station was established as a Royal Navy command in 1744. From 1831–1865, the East Indies and the China Station were a single command known as the East Indies and China Station.[3] The East Indies Station, established in 1865, was responsible for British naval operations in the Indian Ocean (excluding the waters around the Dutch East Indies, South Africa and Australia) and included the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea.[4] From 1913 the station was renamed the Egypt and East Indies Station until 1918.[5][6]

The East Indies Station had bases at Colombo, Trincomalee, Bombay, Basra and Aden.

In early May 1941, the Commander-in-Chief directed forces to support the pursuit of Pinguin, the German raider that eventually sank after the Action of 8 May 1941 against HMS Cornwall.

On 7 December 1941, cruisers on the station included the heavy cruisers HMS Cornwall, Dorsetshire, and Exeter; the light cruisers Glasgow, Danae, Dauntless, Durban, Emerald and Enterprise (some sources also place the heavy cruiser Hawkins as being on station on that date, while others report her being under refit and repair in the UK between early November 1941 & May 1942), and six armed merchant cruisers. Also assigned to the station was 814 Naval Air Squadron at China Bay, Ceylon, which unit was at that time equipped with Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers.[7][8]

In response to increased Japanese threats, the separate East Indies Station was merged with the China Station in December 1941, to form the Eastern Fleet.[9] Later the Eastern Fleet became the East Indies Fleet. In 1952, after the Second World War ended, the East Indies Fleet became the Far East Fleet.

Meanwhile, a separate Commander-in-Chief for the East Indies was reappointed. During the 1950s, the task for Royal Navy vessels in the East Indies "..was to deliver fighting power in support of British foreign policy, be that in major warfighting (Korea) or low intensity operations such as counterinsurgency (Malaya), and to offer a British military presence in support of national policy."[10] But disagreement over Suez meant that the Ceylonese Government did not wish to let British naval forces use their bases in an emergency, and this policy was reaffirmed by the new government installed after the 1956 Ceylonese parliamentary election.[11] The Navy Yard, and Admiralty House were handed over on 15 October 1957, the flag was lowered over the shore establishment HMS Highflyer, and the next day, 16 October 1957, the last flagship, HMS Ceylon, left Trincomalee. The station was temporarily relocated to Bahrain. The Senior Naval Officer, Persian Gulf was to become an independent commander with the title Commodore, Arabian Seas and Persian Gulf. "At nine o'clock on the morning of 7 September 1958, 'the flag of the one-hundredth Commander in Chief of the East Indies Station, Vice Admiral Sir Hilary Biggs, was hauled down over HMS Jufair,'" the Royal Navy base in Bahrain.

Commanders

Commander-in-Chief, East Indies

Prior to 1862 flag officers were appointed to coloured squadrons. Command flags are shown below. See: Royal Navy ranks, rates, and uniforms of the 18th and 19th centuries.

Post holders included:[12][13]

	Rank	Name	Term	Ref
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station
1	Commodore	Curtis Barnett	(1744–1746)	[14]
2	Commodore	Thomas Griffin	(1746–1748)	[15][lower-alpha 1]
3	Rear-Admiral	Edward Boscawen	(1748–1750)	[16][17]
4	Rear-Admiral	Charles Watson	(1754–1757)	[18][19][lower-alpha 2]
5	Vice-Admiral	George Pocock	(1757–1759)	[20][lower-alpha 3]
6	Commodore	Charles Steevens	(1760–1761)	[21][lower-alpha 4]
7	Rear-Admiral	Samuel Cornish	(1761–1763)	.[22][23][lower-alpha 5]
8	Commodore	John Byron	(1764)	[24][lower-alpha 6]
9	Commodore	John (later Sir John) Lindsay	(1769–1772)	[25]
10	Rear-Admiral	Sir Robert Harland, 1st Baronet	(1771–1775)	[26][27]
11	Commodore	Edward Hughes	(1773–1777)	[28]
12	Commodore	Sir Edward Vernon	(1776–1780)	[29][lower-alpha 7]
13	Rear-Admiral	Sir Edward Hughes	(1780–1784)	[28][lower-alpha 8]
14	Vice-Admiral	Sir Hyde Parker, 5th Baronet	(1782)	[30][31][lower-alpha 9]
15	Commodore	Andrew Mitchell	(1784–1785)	[32]
16	Commodore	William Cornwallis	(1788–1794)	[33]
17	Commodore	Peter Rainier	(1794–1805)	[34]
18	Vice-Admiral	Sir George Keith Elphinstone	(1795)	[35][36][lower-alpha 10]
19	Rear-Admiral	Sir Edward Pellew, 1st Baronet	(1804–1809)	[37][38][lower-alpha 11]
20	Rear-Admiral	Sir Thomas Troubridge, 1st Baronet	(1805–1807)	[39][40][lower-alpha 12]
21	Rear-Admiral	William O'Bryen Drury	(1809–1811)	[41]
22	Vice-Admiral	Sir Samuel Hood, 1st Baronet	(1811–1814)	[42][lower-alpha 13]
23	Commodore	George Sayer	(1814)	[43]
24	Rear-Admiral	Sir Richard King, 2nd Baronet	(1816–1820)	[44][lower-alpha 14]
25	Rear-Admiral	Sir Henry Blackwood, 1st Baronet	(1820–1822)	[45][lower-alpha 15]
26	Commodore	Charles Grant	(1822–1824)
27	Commodore	Sir James Brisbane	(1825–1826)	[46]
28	Rear-Admiral	Joseph Bingham	(1825)	[47][lower-alpha 16]
29	Rear-Admiral	William Hall Gage	(1825–1829)	[48]
30	Rear-Admiral	Edward Owen	(1829–1832)	[49]

C-in-C, East Indies and China Station

Note: for the period 1832–1865.

C-in-C, East Indies & Cape of Good Hope Station

Post holders included:[50]

	Rank	Name	Term
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies & Cape of Good Hope Station
1	Commodore	Frederick Montresor	(1865) [3]
2	Commodore	Charles Hillyar	(1865–1867) [3]

C-in-C, East Indies Station

[3][51][52]

	Rank	Name	Term
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station
1	Rear-Admiral	Leopold Heath	(1867–1870)
2	Rear-Admiral	James Cockburn	(1870–1872)
3	Rear-Admiral	Arthur Cumming	(1872–1875)
4	Rear-Admiral	Reginald Macdonald	(1875–1877)
5	Rear-Admiral	John Corbett	(1877–1879)
6	Rear-Admiral	William Gore Jones	(1879–1882)
7	Rear-Admiral	William Hewett	(1882–1885)
8	Rear-Admiral	Frederick Richards	(1885–1888)
9	Rear-Admiral	Edmund Fremantle	(1888–1891)
10	Rear-Admiral	Frederick Robinson	(1891–1892)
11	Rear-Admiral	William Kennedy	(1892–1895)
12	Rear-Admiral	Edmund Drummond	(1895–1898)
13	Rear-Admiral	Archibald Douglas	(1898–1899)
14	Rear-Admiral	Day Bosanquet	(1899–1902)
15	Rear-Admiral	Charles Drury	(1902–1903)[53]
16	Rear-Admiral	George Atkinson-Willes	(1903–1905)
17	Rear-Admiral	Edmund Poë	(1905–1907)
18	Rear-Admiral	Sir George Warrender	(1907–1909)
19	Rear-Admiral	Edmond Slade	(1909–1912)
20	Rear-Admiral	Alexander Bethell	(1912-1913)

C-in-C, East Indies and Egypt Station

Note:The post was sometimes styled as Senior Naval Officer, Egypt and Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station.[54]

	Rank	Name	Term
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies and Egypt Station
1	Rear-Admiral	Sir Richard Peirse	(1913–1915) [55]
2	Rear-Admiral	Rosslyn Wemyss	(1916–1917) [56]

C-in-C, East Indies Station

	Rank	Name	Term
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station
21	Rear-Admiral	Ernest Gaunt	(1917–1919)
22	Rear-Admiral	Hugh Tothill	(1919–1921)
23	Rear-Admiral	Lewis Clinton-Baker	(1921–1923)
24	Rear-Admiral	Herbert Richmond	(1923–1925)
25	Rear-Admiral	Walter Ellerton	(1925–1927)
26	Rear-Admiral	Bertram Thesiger	(1927–1929)
27	Rear-Admiral	Eric Fullerton	(1929–1932)
28	Rear-Admiral	Martin Dunbar-Nasmith	(1932–1934)
29	Vice-Admiral	Frank Rose	(1934–1936)
30	Vice-Admiral	Alexander Ramsay	(1936–1938)
31	Vice-Admiral	James Somerville	(1938–1939)
32	Admiral	Sir Ralph Leatham	(1939–1941)
33	Vice-Admiral	Geoffrey Arbuthnot	(1941–1942)[7]
34	Admiral	Sir Geoffrey Layton	(1942–1944)
35	Vice-Admiral	Sir Arthur Power	(1944–1945)
36	Admiral	Sir Arthur Palliser	(1946–1948)
37	Vice-Admiral	Sir Charles Woodhouse	(1948–1950)
38	Admiral	Sir Geoffrey Oliver	(1950–1952)
39	Admiral	Sir William Slayter	(1952–1954)
40	Vice-Admiral	Sir Charles Norris	(1954–1956)
41	Vice-Admiral	Sir Hilary Biggs	(1956–1958)

Chief of Staff 1939-41

Included:[57]

	Rank	Name	Term
Chief of Staff, East Indies Station/Eastern Fleet
1	Captain	Frederick Rodney Garside	3 January 1939 - June 1941 [58]
2	Rear-Admiral	Arthur F. E. Palliser	June - December 1941

Note: Under East Indies Station briefly when the Eastern Fleet its established Rear-Admiral Palliser becomes COS to C-in-C, Eastern Fleet.

Subordinate Commands

Flag Officer, East Africa

Originally established by the Royal Navy as East Coast of Africa Station (1862–1919) was administered by the Flag Officer, East Africa. This officer was subordinate to the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station, then later came under the Eastern Fleet from 1862, from April 1942 to September 1943, and then the command's name changed back to the East Indies station.

	Rank	Name	Term	Notes/Ref
Flag Officer, East Africa
1	Rear-Admiral	Charles G. Stuart	September, 1943 – 11 January 1944.	[59]
4	Rear-Admiral	Richard Shelly Benyon	11 January 1944 - November 1944	[60]
5	Commodore	Sir Philip Bowyer	November 1944 - 1945

Royal Indian Navy

The Royal Indian Navy (RIN) was the naval force of British India and the Dominion of India from 1 May 1830 – 26 January 1950. It came under the East Indies Station at the outbreak of the Second World War in 3 September 1939.[61] In December 1941 it came under the command of the new Eastern Fleet.

Vice-Admiral Sir Herbert Fitzherbert was the Flag Officer Commanding, Royal Indian Navy from September 1939 - December 1941.[62]

Red Sea

The Senior Naval Officer, Red Sea, was responsible to the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies, and during the Second World War for a period flew his flag afloat in HMS Egret.

At the beginning of the war Rear Admiral A.J.L. Murray was Senior Officer, Red Sea Force.[63]

On 21 October 1941 the title was changed to Flag Officer, Red Sea and that officer was resubordinated to the Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean Fleet, until 17 May 1942.[64] On 18 May 1942 the title was changed again to Flag Officer, Commanding Red Sea and Canal Area and transferred again to the Eastern Fleet.

Persian Gulf

The Royal Navy's presence in the Persian Gulf was originally located at Basidu, Qishm Island in Persia (c. 1850-1935) then later Juffair, Bahrain. It was commanded by the Senior Naval Officer, Persian Gulf. It included a naval base, depot and naval forces known as the Persian Gulf Patrol, then the Persian Gulf Squadron later called the Persian Gulf Division. It was a sub-command of the East Indies Station until 1958 when it was merged with the Red Sea Station under the new appointment of Commodore, Arabian Seas and Persian Gulf.[65]

Naval officers, ports and bases

#	Location	In command	Dates	Notes
1	Aden	Naval Officer-in-Charge, Aden	1839 to 1917, 1921 to 1943, 1945	naval base/shore establishment
2	Addu Atoll	Naval Officer in Charge, Addu Atoll	1942 to 1945	fleet base [66]
3	Calcutta	Naval Officer in Charge, Calcutta	1939 to 1945	during WW2 only normally under FOCOMM, Royal Indian Navy
4	Colombo	General Staff Officer, Colombo	1938 to 1939
5	Diego Suarez	Naval Officer in Charge, Diego Suarez	1935 to 1945	fleet base [67]
6	Kilidini, Mombasa	Senior British Naval Officer, Kilindini	1935 to 1945	shore establishment
7	Port Louis	Naval Officer-in-Charge, Port Louis	18	shore establishment
8	Port Sudan	Naval Officer-in-Charge, Port Sudan	1935 to 1945
9	Seychelles	Naval Officer-in-Charge, Seychelles	1915 to 1945	fleet base [67]
10	Lake Tanganyika, Africa	Naval Officer-in-Charge, Tanganyika	1915 to 1945
11	Trincomalee	Captain-in-Charge, Ceylon	1915 to 1945
12	Zanzibar	Naval Officer-in-Charge, Zanzibar	1915 to 1945

Subordinate naval formations

Naval Units	Based at	Date	Notes
4th Cruiser Squadron	Colombo/Trincomalee, Ceylon	August to December, 1916
4th Light Cruiser Squadron	Colombo/Trincomalee, Ceylon	November 1918 to April 1919
Arabian Bengal Ceylon Escort Force (ABCEF )	Aden, Colony of Aden	1941 to 1942	Under the Eastern Fleet command from April 1942 to November 1943.[68]
East Indies and Egyptian Seaplane Squadron	Port Said, Egypt	1916 to 1918	Royal Navy's first carrier squadron
Red Sea Division	Port Tawfik, Egypt	August 1914 to November 1918
Red Sea Force	Port Tawfik, Egypt	April 1940 to 1944	Naval base HQ Red Sea Force [68]
Persian Gulf Division	Basidu, Persia,(1818-1935), Ras Al-Jufair, Bahrain	1885 to 1958
Persian Gulf Squadron	Basidu, Persia/ Ras Al-Jufair, Bahrain	1818 to- 1885

Shore establishments

#	Unit name	Location	Dates	Notes
1	Admiralty House	Trincomalee, Ceylon	1813 to 1958	Official residence of the Commander-in-Chief
2	HM Naval Dockyard, Trincomalee	Trincomalee, Ceylon	1813 to 1939, 1945-1958	Headquarters East Indies Station - HMS Highflyer
3	HMS Gloucester II	HM Naval Office, Colombo, Ceylon	1939-1945	Headquarters East Indies Station [69] Also linked to Navy House, Colombo, Official residence of the Commander-in-Chief in Colombo.
4	HM Naval Dockyard, Madras	Madras, India	1796 to 1813	Headquarters, East Indies Station [70]
5	HMS Anderson	Colombo, Ceylon	1939 to 1949	Electronic listening station of the Far East Combined Bureau built on Anderson Golf Club; reverted to previous use after war.
6	HM Naval Base, Basra	Basra	1939 to 1949	Naval base
7	HM Naval Dockyard, Bombay	Bombay, India	1811 to 1958	naval base during WW2 known as HMS Braganza
8	HM Naval Base, Calcutta	Calcutta, India	1811 to 1958	Naval base during WW2 known as HMS Braganza
9	HMS Lanka	Colombo, Ceylon	1939 - 1958	Naval base and shore station
10	HMS Mauritus	Tombeau Bay, Mauritius	1810 to 1958	Telegraphic then Wireless Station [71]
11	HM Naval Base, Port Jackson [72]	Port Jackson, New South Wales	1785 to 1865	Naval base transferred to China Station
12	Port Louis	Port Louis, Mauritius	1810 to 1968	Naval base
13	HM Naval Base, Port Tawfik	Port Tawfik, Red Sea, Egypt	August 1914 to 1944	Naval base HQ Red Sea, Patrol/Division/Force
14	HMS Sheba	Steamer Point (now Tawahi) in Aden	Example	Naval and shore base till 1958
15	RNAS China Bay	Trincomalee, Ceylon	1938 to 1945	Air Station HMS Bambara
16	RNAS Colombo Racecourse	Prince of Wales Island, George Town, Penang	1943 to 1945	Naval air station - HMS Bherunda
17	RNAS Katukurunda	Katukurunda, Ceylon	1938 to 1945	Naval air station - HMS Ukussa
18	RNAS Mackinnon Road	Mackinnon Road, Kenya, East Africa	1942 to 1944	Naval air station - HMS Tana then HMS Kipanga II [73]
19	RNAS Puttalam	Puttalam Ceylon	1942 to 1944	Naval air station - HMS Rajaliya [74]
20	RNAS Port Reitz	Port Reitz, Mombasa, Kenya	1942 to 1944	Naval air station, Aircraft Repair Yard, Reserve aircraft storage - HMS Tana then HMS Kipanga II HQ of Commdre-in-Charge, NAS, (Eastern Stations.).
21	RNAS Tanga	Tanga, Tanzania	1942 to 1944	Naval air station - HMS Kilele [75]

Notes

Thomas Griffin promoted later Rear- then Vice-Admiral
Charles Watson promoted later to Vice-Admiral
George Pocock appointed Vice-Admiral of the White, February 1757, Ref:Harrison. Simon, (2010-2018)
Charles Steevens promoted later to Rear-Admiral
Samuel Cornish promoted later to Vice-Admiral
Byron's appointment was initially a subterfuge, designed to provide apparent legitimacy for a voyage along the coast of Spanish South America and around the Cape of Good Hope. Byron's true mission was to establish a British naval presence on an uninhabited island off Spanish South America, which he achieved via landings on the Falkland Islands in December 1764.[24]
Edward Vernon promoted later to Rear-Admiral
Edward Hughes, second term as Commander-in-Chief
Hyde Parker appointed 1782 but lost at sea on his way out
Elphinstone went to capture the Dutch East Indies in 1795 but Rainier had already done it
Pellew was later promoted to Rear-Admiral of the Red, 9 November 1805
Troughbridge served jointly with Edward Pellew
Samuel Hood appointed Vice-Admiral of the White, 4 June 1814, Harrison, 2010-2018
Richard King appointed Rear-Admiral of the White, 4 June 1814 ref: Harrison, Simon (2010-2018)
Henry Blackwood appointed Rear-Admiral of the Blue, July 1819 ref: Harrison, Simon (2010-2018)
Joseph Bingham appointed 1825 but died before taking up post

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Parkinson, Jonathan (2018). The Royal Navy, China Station: 1864 - 1941: As seen through the lives of the Commanders in Chief. Leicester, England: Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 312. ISBN 9781788035217.
Mackie, Colin. "Royal Navy Senior Appointments from 1865". gulabin.com. Colin Mackie, July 2018. p. 153. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
Navy Lists, Monthly. London, England: H. M. Stationery Office. February 1940. p. 702.
Wells, Anne Sharp (2000). The Anglo-American "special relationship" during the Second World War : a selective guide to materials in the British Library. [London]: Eccles Centre for American Studies, The British Library. p. 25. ISBN 0712344268.
Houterman, J.N. "Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939-1945 - S". unithistories.com. Houterman and Kloppes. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
Niehorster, Dr. Leo. "East Indies Station, Royal Navy, 3.09.39". www.niehorster.org. Leo Niehorster, 30 April 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
"Herbert Fitzherbert". Unit Histories. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
I.S.O. Playfair, Annex 9: Principal Commanders and Staff Officers in the Mediterranean and Middle East, The Mediterranean and Middle East, Vol I.
Titterton, G. A. (2002). The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean. London, England: Psychology Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780714651798.
"Among surviving records at the National Archives are this file". National Archives. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
Jackson, Ashley (2006). The British Empire and the Second World War. London: A&C Black. p. 274. ISBN 9780826440495.
Jackson, p. 274
Clancey, Patrick; Jewell, Larry. "HyperWar: The Royal Indian Navy (Chapter 4)". www.ibiblio.org. Hyper War Foundation, 2006-2008. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
Navy Lists: Monthly. London, England: HM Stationaery Office. February 1940. p. 701.
Coad, Jonathan (2013). Support for the Fleet: architecture and engineering of the Royal Navy's bases 1700–1914. Swindon, Wilts.: English Heritage.
"HMS MAURITIUS WIRELESS STATION, MAURITIUS [Allocated Title]". Imperial War Museums. Imperial War Museums UK. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
Navy, corporateName=Royal Australian. "Fleet Base East". www.navy.gov.au. HM Australian Government. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
Drury, Tony. "Mackinnon Road". www.royalnavyresearcharchive.org.uk. T, Drury, 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
Drury, Tony. "Puttalam". www.royalnavyresearcharchive.org.uk. T. Drury, 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
Drury, Tony. "Tanga". www.royalnavyresearcharchive.org.uk. T. Drury, 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2018.

External links

The British Pacific and East Indies Fleets
Commander-in-Chief East Indies, recommendations for awards, 1858
National Archives, Folios 191-261: telegrams from Admiralty to Commander-in-Chief East Indies, 1914

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[16] Thomas Griffin promoted later Rear- then Vice-Admiral

[21] Charles Watson promoted later to Vice-Admiral

[23] George Pocock appointed Vice-Admiral of the White, February 1757, Ref:Harrison. Simon, (2010-2018)

[25] Charles Steevens promoted later to Rear-Admiral

[28] Samuel Cornish promoted later to Vice-Admiral

[30] Byron's appointment was initially a subterfuge, designed to provide apparent legitimacy for a voyage along the coast of Spanish South America and around the Cape of Good Hope. Byron's true mission was to establish a British naval presence on an uninhabited island off Spanish South America, which he achieved via landings on the Falkland Islands in December 1764.[24]

[36] Edward Vernon promoted later to Rear-Admiral

[37] Edward Hughes, second term as Commander-in-Chief

[40] Hyde Parker appointed 1782 but lost at sea on his way out

[46] Elphinstone went to capture the Dutch East Indies in 1795 but Rainier had already done it

[49] Pellew was later promoted to Rear-Admiral of the Red, 9 November 1805

[52] Troughbridge served jointly with Edward Pellew

[55] Samuel Hood appointed Vice-Admiral of the White, 4 June 1814, Harrison, 2010-2018

[58] Richard King appointed Rear-Admiral of the White, 4 June 1814 ref: Harrison, Simon (2010-2018)

[60] Henry Blackwood appointed Rear-Admiral of the Blue, July 1819 ref: Harrison, Simon (2010-2018)

[63] Joseph Bingham appointed 1825 but died before taking up post

[Seaforth_Publishing-1] Roberts, John (2009). Safeguarding the Nation: The Story of the Modern Royal Navy. Barnsley, England: Seaforth Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 9781848320437.

[2] Jackson, Ashley (2006). The British Empire and the Second World War. London [u.a.]: Hambledon Continuum. p. 289. ISBN 1852854170.

[loney-3] William Loney RN

[4] Royal Navy foreign stations

[5] Sheffy, Yigal (2014). British Military Intelligence in the Palestine Campaign, 1914-1918. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 9781135245702.

[6] Parkinson, Jonathan (2018). The Royal Navy, China Station: 1864 - 1941: As seen through the lives of the Commanders in Chief. Leicester, England: Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 312. ISBN 9781788035217.

[NiehorsterEIS-7] "East Indies Fleet". Orders of Battle.

[Whitley1-8] Whitley, Mike J. (1995). Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). London: Arms and Armour Press. p. 80. ISBN 1-86019-874-0.

[9] The sinking of HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse

[10] Ashley Jackson (2006), The Royal Navy and the Indian Ocean region since 1945, The RUSI Journal, Vol. 151, No. 6, December 2006, 79.

[11] Ashley Jackson (2006), The Royal Navy and the Indian Ocean region since 1945, The RUSI Journal, Vol. 151, No. 6, December 2006, 81, also drawing upon Cecil Hampshire, "The Royal Navy Since 1945: Its Transition to the Nuclear Age" (London William Kimber, 1975), p. 140-144.

[12] Joseph Haydn, The Book of Dignities, Longman, Brown Green and Longmans, 1851, p. 272–273

[13] Ward, Peter Augustus. "Admiral Peter Rainier and the Command of the East Indies Station 1794-1805 : Chapter: East Indies Station Commanders-in-Chief & p. 227 Senior Naval Officers 1754-1814" (PDF). core.ac.uk. Submitted by Peter Augustus Ward to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, August 2010. pp. 227–228. Retrieved 12 July 2018.

[14] J. K. Laughton, Barnett, Curtis (d. 1746), rev. Richard Harding, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.

[15] J. K. Laughton, Griffin, Thomas (1692/3–1771), rev. Richard Harding, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.

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[18] Harrison, Simon. "The Hon. Edward Boscawen (1711-1761):Rank history: Rear-Admiral of the Blue". threedecks.org. S. Harrison, 2010-2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.

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[24] J. K. Laughton, Steevens, Charles (bap. 1705, d. 1761), rev. Richard Harding, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.

[26] J. K. Laughton, Cornish, Sir Samuel, baronet (c. 1715–1770), rev. Nicholas Tracy, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011

[27] Harrison, Simon. "Sir Samuel Cornish (1715-1770): Rank History: Rear-Admiral of the Red". threedecks.org. S. Harrison, 2010-2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.

[Rea-29] Rea, Robert R. (October 1981). "Florida and the Royal Navy's Floridas". The Florida Historical Quarterly. Florida Historical Society. 60 (2): 187.

[31] J. K. Laughton, Lindsay, Sir John (1737–1788), rev. Clive Wilkinson, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2007, accessed 17 Dec 2011.

[32] J. K. Laughton, Harland, Sir Robert, first baronet (c.1715–1784), rev. Randolph Cock, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.

[33] Harrison, Simon. "Sir Robert Harland (d.1783): Rank History: Rear-Admiral of the Blue". threedecks.org. S. harrison, 2010-2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.

[ODNBHughes-34] J. K. Laughton, Hughes, Sir Edward (c.1720–1794), rev. Roger Knight, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.

[35] J. K. Laughton, Nicholas Tracy, Vernon, Sir Edward (1723–1794), rev. Nicholas Tracy, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 17 Dec 2011.

[38] J. K. Laughton, Parker, Sir Hyde, fifth baronet (1714–1782/3), rev. Alan G. Jamieson, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.

[39] Harrison, Simon. "Sir Hyde Parker (1713/14-1783): Appointed Vice-Admiral of the Blue". threedecks.org. S. Harrison, 2010-2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.

[41] J. K. Laughton, Mitchell, Sir Andrew (1757–1806), rev. P. L. C. Webb, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.

[42] Andrew Lambert, Cornwallis, Sir William (1744–1819), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.

[43] Kenneth Breen, Rainier, Peter (1741–1808), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2011, accessed 17 Dec 2011.

[44] C. H. H. Owen, Elphinstone, George Keith, Viscount Keith (1746–1823), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009, accessed 18 Dec 2011.

[45] Harrison, Simon. "Sir George Keith Elphinstone (1745/46-1823): Appointed Vice-Admiral of the Blue". threedecks.org. Retrieved 12 July 2018.

[47] Christopher D. Hall, Pellew, Edward, first Viscount Exmouth (1757–1833), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009, accessed 18 Dec 2011.

[48] Harrison, Simon. "Lord Edward Pellew (1757-1833); Appointed Rear-Admiral of the White, (23/04/1804)". threedecks.org. S.Harrison, 2010-2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.

[50] P. K. Crimmin, Troubridge, Sir Thomas, first baronet (c.1758–1807), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009, accessed 18 Dec 2011.

[51] The Annual Register, Or, A View of the History, Politics, and Literature for the Year : Appointments 1804, Rear-Admirals of the White. London, England: J. Dodsley. 1806. p. 458.

[53] Harrison, Simon. "William O'Bryen Drury (d.1811): Appointments, Rear-Admiral of the Red, 28 April 1808". threedecks.org. S. Harrison, 2010-2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.

[54] J. K. Laughton, Hood, Sir Samuel, first baronet (1762–1814), rev. Michael Duffy, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2007, accessed 18 Dec 2011.

[USMSayer-56] The United Service Magazine, 1831, Part 2, page 222

[57] J. K. Laughton, Andrew Lambert, King, Sir Richard, second baronet (1774–1834), rev. Andrew Lambert, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 18 Dec 2011.

[59] J. K. Laughton, Blackwood, Sir Henry, first baronet (1770–1832), rev. Andrew Lambert, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 18 Dec 2011.

[61] J. K. Laughton, Brisbane, Sir James (1774–1826), rev. Andrew Lambert, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2008, accessed 18 Dec 2011.

[62] Marshall, John (2010). "Rear-Admirals of the White". Royal Naval Biography: Or, Memoirs of the Services of All the Flag-Officers, Superannuated Rear-Admirals, Retired-Captains, Post-Captains, and Commanders. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 722. ISBN 9781108022651.

[64] J. K. Laughton, Roger Morriss, Gage, Sir William Hall (1777–1864), rev. Roger Morriss, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 18 Dec 2011.

[65] J. K. Laughton, Owen, Sir Edward Campbell Rich (1771–1849), rev. Andrew Lambert, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Sept 2010, accessed 18 Dec 2011.

[66] Mackie, Colin. "Royal Navy Senior Appointments from 1865" (PDF). gulabin.com. Colin Mackie, June 2018, pp.159-160. Retrieved 15 June 2018.

[67] Whitaker's Almanacks 1900–1941.

[68] Mackie. 2018.

[69] "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times (36763). London. 9 May 1902. p. 10.

[70] Sheffy, Yigal (2014). British Military Intelligence in the Palestine Campaign, 1914-1918. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 9781135245702.

[71] Sheffy, Yigal (2014). British Military Intelligence in the Palestine Campaign, 1914-1918. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 9781135245702.

[72] Parkinson, Jonathan (2018). The Royal Navy, China Station: 1864 - 1941: As seen through the lives of the Commanders in Chief. Leicester, England: Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 312. ISBN 9781788035217.

[73] Mackie, Colin. "Royal Navy Senior Appointments from 1865". gulabin.com. Colin Mackie, July 2018. p. 153. Retrieved 11 July 2018.

[74] Navy Lists, Monthly. London, England: H. M. Stationery Office. February 1940. p. 702.

[75] Wells, Anne Sharp (2000). The Anglo-American "special relationship" during the Second World War : a selective guide to materials in the British Library. [London]: Eccles Centre for American Studies, The British Library. p. 25. ISBN 0712344268.

[76] Houterman, J.N. "Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939-1945 - S". unithistories.com. Houterman and Kloppes. Retrieved 4 July 2018.

[77] Niehorster, Dr. Leo. "East Indies Station, Royal Navy, 3.09.39". www.niehorster.org. Leo Niehorster, 30 April 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2018.

[78] "Herbert Fitzherbert". Unit Histories. Retrieved 19 June 2020.

[79] I.S.O. Playfair, Annex 9: Principal Commanders and Staff Officers in the Mediterranean and Middle East, The Mediterranean and Middle East, Vol I.

[80] Titterton, G. A. (2002). The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean. London, England: Psychology Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780714651798.

[81] "Among surviving records at the National Archives are this file". National Archives. Retrieved 18 June 2020.

[82] Jackson, Ashley (2006). The British Empire and the Second World War. London: A&C Black. p. 274. ISBN 9780826440495.

[jackson274-83] Jackson, p. 274

[Hyper_War_Foundation,_2006–2008-84] Clancey, Patrick; Jewell, Larry. "HyperWar: The Royal Indian Navy (Chapter 4)". www.ibiblio.org. Hyper War Foundation, 2006-2008. Retrieved 18 July 2018.

[85] Navy Lists: Monthly. London, England: HM Stationaery Office. February 1940. p. 701.

[Coad2013-86] Coad, Jonathan (2013). Support for the Fleet: architecture and engineering of the Royal Navy's bases 1700–1914. Swindon, Wilts.: English Heritage.

[87] "HMS MAURITIUS WIRELESS STATION, MAURITIUS [Allocated Title]". Imperial War Museums. Imperial War Museums UK. Retrieved 18 July 2018.

[88] Navy, corporateName=Royal Australian. "Fleet Base East". www.navy.gov.au. HM Australian Government. Retrieved 18 July 2018.

[89] Drury, Tony. "Mackinnon Road". www.royalnavyresearcharchive.org.uk. T, Drury, 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2018.

[90] Drury, Tony. "Puttalam". www.royalnavyresearcharchive.org.uk. T. Drury, 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2018.

[91] Drury, Tony. "Tanga". www.royalnavyresearcharchive.org.uk. T. Drury, 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2018.

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East Indies Station

History

Commanders

Commander-in-Chief, East Indies

C-in-C, East Indies and China Station

C-in-C, East Indies & Cape of Good Hope Station

C-in-C, East Indies Station

C-in-C, East Indies and Egypt Station

C-in-C, East Indies Station

Chief of Staff 1939-41

Subordinate Commands

Flag Officer, East Africa

Royal Indian Navy

Red Sea

Persian Gulf

Naval officers, ports and bases

Subordinate naval formations

Shore establishments

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links