Electric bus

An electric bus is a bus that is powered by electricity.

This article is about buses powered by electricity. For other uses, see Electric bus (disambiguation).
Electric buses in Bogota, it is the city with the most electric buses outside of China.
New (2004) Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (Greater Boston) Neoplan USA trolleybus
A battery electric Proterra BE35 bus operated by San Joaquin RTD, shown beside its fixed charging station.
A battery electric in Hong Kong.
Edison electric bus from 1915
A BYD-Made Bus.

Electric buses can store the electricity on board, or can be fed continuously from an external source. Buses storing electricity are majorly battery electric buses, in which the electric motor obtains energy from an on-board battery, although examples of other storage modes do exist, such as the gyrobus which uses flywheel energy storage. When electricity is not stored on board, it is supplied by contact with outside power sources. For example, overhead wires, as in the trolleybus, or with non-contact conductors on the ground, as in online electric vehicles.[1] This article mostly deals with buses storing the electricity on board.

As of 2019, 99% of the battery electric buses in the world have been deployed in China, with more than 421,000 buses on the road, which is 17% of China's total bus fleet.[2] For comparison, the US had 300, and Europe had 2,250.[3]

History

Electric vehicles have been around since the 19th century. In the early 19th century, researchers in Hungary, the Netherlands, and the United States began exploring the idea of battery-powered vehicles. There had previously been progress with an electric carriage, a horseless carriage that was powered by an electric motor. However, as people wanted to get around more easily and quickly, cars became a faster and more reasonable alternative to horse-drawn carriages.

In 1835, American Thomas Davenport is credited with building the first practical electric vehicle, a small locomotive. He developed a battery-powered electric motor which he used to operate a small model car on a short section of track.

The first successful electric car was made in the United States in 1890. William Morrison of Des Moines, Iowa, built an electric vehicle that could hold up to six passengers and could reach from 6 to 12 miles per hour.[4] Specifications for the 1890 Morrison Electric included 24 storage battery cells mounted under the front seat. The vehicle could travel for a range of 100 miles before needing to be recharged.

This initial invention helped spark interest in electric cars, and automakers started building their own versions around the globe. Due to the extreme sudden interest, electric cars reached their peak popularity by 1900 and made up a majority of all vehicles on the road.

At this time electric cars were the preferred vehicles. Gasoline-powered vehicles required a lot of effort to drive, from changing gears to starting the engine with a hand crank, as well as other cons like strong and unpleasant exhaust fumes.

However, improvements were made to the gasoline-powered car that caused the electric car to lose some momentum. The hand crank was soon replaced with an electric starter and gasoline-powered vehicles became more affordable. Gasoline cars soon overcame the popularity of electric powered vehicles.

By 1935, electric cars practically disappeared. It was not until the 1970s when a gas shortage hit, causing gas prices to soar, that electric cars entered back into the marketplace. Gasoline-powered cars still remained more popular due to better performance and reliability.

The 1990s saw electric cars made more popular as societal concern for the environment began to rise. At the start of the 21st century, the technology of electric cars looked more promising than ever with the release of the Toyota Prius, the first majorly manufactured electric vehicle. Today, electric vehicles are on the rise and continue to advance as more Americans demand a more efficient and eco-friendly vehicle.[5]

Principles

Battery
Main article: Battery electric bus

One of the most popular types of electric buses nowadays are battery electric buses. Battery electric buses have the electricity stored on board the vehicle in a battery. As of 2018 such buses can have a range of over 280 km with just one charge, however extreme temperatures and hills may reduce range.[6] These buses are usually used as city buses due to particularities in limited range.

City driving involves a great deal of accelerating and braking. Due to this, the battery electric bus is superior to diesel bus as it can recharge most of the kinetic energy back into batteries in braking situations. This reduces brake wear on the buses and the use of electric over diesel reduces noise, air and greenhouse gas pollution in cities.[7]

When operating within a city, it is important to minimize the unloaded and rolling weight of the bus. This can be accomplished by using aluminium as the main construction material for a bus. Composite paneling and other lightweight materials can also be used. According to Linkkebus their fully aluminium bus construction is about 3000 kg lighter than comparably-sized modern steel buses (curb weight 9500 kg). Reducing weight allows for a greater payload and reduces wear to components such as brakes, tires, and joints bringing cost savings to the operator annually.[8]

Charging
Main article: Battery charging

Buses may be charged at plug in stations, or on special wireless charging pads.[9]

Capacitors
Main article: Capabus

Buses can use capacitors instead of batteries to store their energy. Ultracapacitors can only store about 5 percent of the energy that lithium-ion batteries hold for the same weight, limiting them to a short distance per charge. However ultracapacitors can charge and discharge much more rapidly than conventional batteries. In vehicles that have to stop frequently and predictably as part of normal operation, energy storage based exclusively on ultracapacitors can be a solution.[10]

China is experimenting with a new form of electric bus, known as Capabus, which runs without continuous overhead lines by using power stored in large on-board electric double-layer capacitors, which are quickly recharged whenever the vehicle stops at any bus stop (under so-called electric umbrellas), and fully charged in the terminus.

A few prototypes were being tested in Shanghai in early 2005. In 2006, two commercial bus routes began to use electric double-layer capacitor buses; one of them is route 11 in Shanghai.[11] In 2009, Sinautec Automobile Technologies,[12] based in Arlington, VA, and its Chinese partner, Shanghai Aowei Technology Development Company[13] are testing with 17 forty-one seat Ultracap Buses serving the Greater Shanghai area since 2006 without any major technical problems.[14] Another 60 buses will be delivered early next year with ultracapacitors that supply 10 watt-hours per kilogram.

The buses have very predictable routes and need to stop regularly, every 5 kilometres (3 mi), allowing opportunities for quick recharging. The trick is to turn some bus stops along the route into charging stations. At these stations, a collector on the top of the bus rises and touches an overhead charging line. Within a couple of minutes, the ultracapacitor banks stored under the bus seats are fully charged. The buses can also capture energy from braking, and the company says that recharging stations can be equipped with solar panels. A third generation of the product, will give 32 kilometres (20 mi) of range per charge or better. [10] Such a bus was delivered in Sofia, Bulgaria in May 2014 for 9 months' test. It covers 23 km in 2 charges.[15]

Sinautec estimates that one of its buses has one-tenth the energy cost of a diesel bus and can achieve lifetime fuel savings of $200,000. Also, the buses use 40 percent less electricity compared to an electric trolley bus, mainly because they are lighter and have the regenerative braking benefits. The ultracapacitors are made of activated carbon, and have an energy density of six watt-hours per kilogram (for comparison, a high-performance lithium-ion battery can achieve 200 watt-hours per kilogram), but the ultracapacitor bus is also cheaper than lithium-ion battery buses, about 40 percent less expensive, with a far superior reliability rating.[10][14]

There is also a plug-in hybrid version, which also uses ultracaps.

Future developments

Sinautec is in discussions with MIT's Schindall about developing ultracapacitors of higher energy density using vertically aligned carbon nanotube structures that give the devices more surface area for holding a charge. So far, they are able to get twice the energy density of an existing ultracapacitor, but they are trying to get about five times. This would create an ultracapacitor with one-quarter of the energy density of a lithium-ion battery.[16]

Future developments includes the use of inductive charging under the street, to avoid overhead wiring. A pad under each bus stop and at each stop light along the way would be used.

Drawbacks

As with other electric vehicles, climate control and extremely cold weather will weaken the performance of electric buses. In addition, terrain may pose a challenge to the adoption of electric vehicles that carry stored energy compared to trolleybuses, which draw power from overhead lines. Even when conditions are favorable, internal combustion engine buses are frequently diesel powered, and diesel is relatively inexpensive per mile. High local utility rates (especially during periods of peak demand) and proprietary charging systems pose barriers to adoption.[17]

Makers and models
Main article: List of electric bus makers and models

School use

In 2014, the first production-model all-electric school bus was delivered[18] to the Kings Canyon Unified School District in California's San Joaquin Valley. The Class-A school bus was built by Trans Tech Bus, using an electric powertrain control system developed by Motiv Power Systems, of Foster City, California. The bus was one of four the district ordered. The first round of SST-e buses (as they are called) is partly funded by the AB 118 Air Quality Improvement Program administered by the California Air Resources Board.

The Trans Tech/Motiv vehicle has passed all KCUSD and California Highway Patrol inspections and certifications. Although some diesel hybrids are in use, this is the first modern electric school bus approved for student transportation by any state.

The first all-electric school bus in the state of California pausing outside the California capitol building in Sacramento.

Since 2015, the Canadian manufacturer Lion Bus offers a full size school bus, eLion, with a body made out of composites. It is a regular production version that is built and shipped in volume since early 2016, with around 50 units sold until 2017.[19]

Transit use

For information on where trolleybuses are in use, see Trolleybus usage by country and List of trolleybus systems.

Transit authorities that use battery buses or other types of all-electric buses, other than trolleybuses:

Malaysia

Indonesia
  • TransJakarta plans to replace aging fleet with newer electric powered buses. Available candidates are locally made MAB buses and imported BYD buses. Technical trials started by September 2019.[27]
  • Paiton Energy took delivery of the first locally produced electric bus made by PT MAB.[28]

India

China
BYD K8A,K9FE,C9,C8,K6,T8SA,T3 in Bengbu, Anhui,China
Beijing's electric bus fleet in service during the 2008 Olympics.

As of 2016, 156,000 buses are being put into service per year in China.[36]

Japan
Community Bus "Hamurun"

South Korea
Seoul's "Peanut Bus" at Mt. Namsan.
  • Seoul has 15 electric buses nicknamed "Peanut Bus" for their shape, transferring people from subway stations in downtown to the N Seoul Tower, circulating Mt. Namsan.[50]
  • Seoul's Gangnam District will have 11 electric buses in operation from February 2013 and 270 electric buses by the end of 2013, increasing to 400 buses by 2014.[51] At least 3,500 electric buses will be introduced in phases until 2020, which will account for half of Seoul's bus fleet.[52]
  • Gumi will have the world's first wireless electric bus, known as Online Electric Vehicle, in operation from July 2013 developed by KAIST. Electricity is wirelessly fed into the bus from the tracks.[1][53]
  • Pohang will have automatically battery switching electric buses in operation from July 2013. Unlike conventional plug-in charging buses, the battery pack is automatically swapped with a fully charged one before complete drainage.[54]

Europe

The largest European electric bus fleet is concentrated in Moscow which has 500 electric buses as of October 2020.[55]

Belarus
Belarusian electrobus E-433 on test in Moscow
  • Е433 «Vitovt Max Electro» (Minsk)[56]
  • E420
  • E321

Belgium

The electrification of Belgium's buses is on a strong upward trend:

  • Flanders: At the end of 2019 De Lijn operated 2,295 buses, of which 368 were hybrids. De Lijn introduced its first six fully electric buses in 2020, with seven more to follow. An order for 970 electric buses, which had been cancelled, is to be reissued.[57] The Flemish coalition agreement states that city centres must be operated emission-free by 2025 and that all buses in Flanders must be zero-emission by 2035.[58]
  • Wallonia: At the end of 2019, OTW operated 1,769 of its own buses, of which 309 were hybrids.
  • Brussels: At the end of 2019 STIB/MIVB operated 800 buses, of which 184 (23%) of them were hybrids. Tenders for 50–100 electric buses are being prepared and the hydrogen option is also being examined.

As for fully electric buses, Belgium only had 4 in operation in 2019.[59]

Bulgaria
  • Since 2018 Sofia operates a fleet of 20 Yutong battery electric buses and 15 Higer capabuses
  • Since 2020 Kazanlak operates a fleet of 7 Alfabus battery electric buses

Turkey

Finland
  • Espoo Cobus EL2500 (bus 11 Friisilä-Tapiola Centre)
  • Espoo (Linkker 2 vehicles, Bus 11 line Tapiola centre-Friisilä)[60]

France

Great Britain
See also: Low emission buses in London
  • 51 electric buses for the 507 and 521 bus routes in London, delivered jointly by BYD and ADL.[62]
  • Stagecoach North Scotland operates 5 Optare solo EV [63]
  • Strathclyde Partnership for Transport runs battery-powered electric buses on one route in Glasgow, between George Square and the Transport Museum.[64]
  • Bristol: Route 72 from City Centre to Frenchay UWE campus[65]
  • Durham: Cathedral and City Centre loop[66][67]
  • Milton Keynes: Route 7[68]
  • Greater Manchester: Stagecoach plans to buy 105 electric buses for use in the Greater Manchester area by 2020.[69]
  • Guildford introduced a fleet of electric buses on its Park and Ride services on 7 January 2019.[70]

Italy
  • Azienda Trasporti Bergamo — Bergamo, Italy [71]
  • Gruppo Torinese Trasporti — Turin, Italy, uses small capacitor vehicles on two routes ("Star1" and "Star2") through city center since early 2000.
  • Azienda Trasporti Milanesi, the company responsible for public transportation in Milan, has ordered 250 electric buses in 2019, and plans to be fully electrified by 2030. As of 2019, there are 25 electric buses, 100 hybrid buses and 3 hydrogen buses in operation in the city.[72]

Israel
  • Israel has 78 electric buses, out of a fleet of ~13,000 buses [73]

Lithuania
  • Municipal public transport company "Klaipėdos autobusų parkas", Klaipėda, started using locally produced Dancer electric buses on Route 8 in April 2020.[74]
  • Municipal public transport company "Kauno autobusai", Kaunas, operates electric trolleybuses since 1965. As of April 2020, the company operated around 100 Solaris Trollino 12AC and several Berkhof Premier AT18 trolleybuses on a network of 17 lines.
  • Municipal public transport company "Tauragės autobusų parkas", Tauragė in March 2019 announced the acquisition of electric Iveco Rosero 70C18 and Solaris Urbino Electric buses. A total of 5 electric buses were launched on three suburban routes in early 2020.
  • Municipal public transport company "Susisiekimo paslaugos", Vilnius, began using four Karsan Jest Electric buses on Route 89 in September 2019, making this route fully electric. This is an addition to the network of 19 routes, operated with 279 electric trolleybuses, mostly Solaris Trollino 15AC, Solaris Trollino IV 12, Škoda 14Tr, Škoda 14ТrМ, Škoda 15Тr and Amber Vilnis 12 AC, as of April 2020. Vilnius trolleybus network was launched in 1956.

Netherlands
A VDL Citea Electric charging at the bus station of West (Terschelling, NL).

The Netherlands has the most electric buses of any European country. At the end of 2019 the number had reached 770, or 15% of the entire Dutch fleet of 5,236 buses. This is expected to grow to 1,388 by the end of 2020. In the provinces of Groningen and Drenthe 47% of buses are electric, in Limburg 37% and in North Holland 31%. The main manufacturers are VDL (486 of the existing 770) Ebusco (110), Heuliez (49) and BYD (44).[75] In 2015, the Dutch public transport authorities agreed to buy only emission-free buses from 2025 onwards, and to make the entire fleet emission-free by 2030.[76]

Amsterdam

In December 2018 GVB ordered 31 electric buses from VDL, with an option for 69 more buses. They entered service on 2 April 2020 on routes 15, 22 and 36, and comprise:

  • 9 Citeas SLF-120 Electric, with 216 kWh batteries
  • 22 articulated Citeas SLFA-180 Electric, with 288 kWh batteries

The buses recharge through a pantograph from 31 8 MW Heliox fast chargers at the Garage West depot on Jan Tooropstraat and seven 45 kW chargers at Sloterdijk station.[77][78] EBS (Egged Bus Systems), which primarily serves Waterland to the north of Amsterdam, has also ordered 10 electric buses from VDL.[79]

Arnhem

Arnhem has the Netherlands's only trolleybus network, which opened in 1949 and operates 46 articulated buses on six routes.

Eindhoven

On 11 December 2016 Hermes introduced 43 fully electric VDL 18-metre buses in Eindhoven, driving a daily distance of 400 km each. In 2017 this was the biggest all-electric bus operation of Europe.

Haaglanden

For use on its Haaglanden network EBS is using 116 electric buses:

  • 23 VDL Citea LLE 99 Electrics for Zoetermeer and Delft (10-metre)
  • 93 Mercedes-Benz Citaro NGT Hybrids for other routes (83 12-metre and 10 18-metre articulated)[80]
Rotterdam

In 2018 Rotterdam ordered 55 electric buses from VDL[81] and in 2019 obtained a European Investment Bank loan to buy a further 105 electric and 103 hybrids.[82]

Schiphol

Since March 2018, 100 VDL Citea articulated electric buses operated by Connexxion have served Schiphol airport. The buses have a battery capacity of 170 kWh and a range of 80 kilometres. They are charged during the day by Heliox 450 kWh fast chargers, taking between 15 and 25 minutes. Overnight, 30 kWh slow charges take 4–5 hours.[83] They are powered by 100% renewable energy, from wind power and solar panels at the depots.[84] The buses serve two different networks:

  • R-Net: routes 242, 342, 347 and 347 with a total length of 78 km
  • Schipholnet: routes 180, 181, 185, 186, 187, 190, 191, 194, 195, 198, 199 and 287.

Since 2016 a fleet of 35 BYD 12-metre battery buses has provided airfield services.[85]

Utrecht

In Utrecht, Qbuzz has operated electric buses since 2017.

Waddeneilanden

In April 2013 six all-electric BYD buses operated on the island of Schiermonnikoog. Arriva started running 16 electric buses on Vlieland, Ameland and Schiermonnikoog.

Poland

Romania
  • Cluj-Napoca: In May 2018, Solaris Bus & Coach delivered 11 Solaris Urbino 12 electric buses to the local operator CTP Cluj, Cluj-Napoca becoming the first city in Romania to use battery-electric buses in public transport. (Electric buses in the form of trolleybuses were already in use in Cluj and several other Romanian cities.) Another 19 buses are expected to be delivered in the future. The municipality's mayor, Emil Boc, announced that Cluj will have a fully electric public transport system by 2025.[91]

Russia
See also: Electric buses in Moscow
A Russian electric bus KamAZ-6282 on route in Moscow.
LiAZ-6274 is another common model in Moscow electric bus fleet.
  • In 2014 battery-powered trolleybuses started operating in Chelyabinsk. The remodeled vehicles can run up to 30 km on routes that lack wires.[92]
  • In 2018 electric buses were introduced in Moscow. The city government has signed contracts with GAZ and Kamaz automobile companies to supply the city with 200 fast-charging electric buses. After 2021, only electric vehicles are to be purchased.[93] With the purchase of the 100th electric bus in May 2019, Moscow became the city with Europe's largest electric bus fleet. As of July 2020, over 450 electric buses are in operation in Moscow.
  • Russian based Electric bus manufactures are LiAZ (GAZ Group), Trolza (PC Transport Systems) and Kamaz.[94][95]

Serbia
  • In 2016 GSP Belgrade, the public transport operator of city of Belgrade, launched dedicated electric bus line equipped exclusively with 5 electric buses.[96] The line has a total length of 7.9 kilometres one-way and 13 bus stops.

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland
ABB TOSA Energy Transfer System
British Columbia
Ontario
Québec

United States

About 650 electric buses were on the road in the US in 2019, about double the 300 estimated to be in use the previous year.[113] In November 2019, orders for new electric buses had outpaced manufacturing capacity.[113]

Cities using electric buses include:

California

A California mandate (Zero Emission Bus, in short, ZBus) required that 15% of new buses after 2011 be electric.[118] The ZBus Regulation is part of the Fleet Rule for Transit Agencies, which is also referred to as the Public Transit Agencies Regulation.[119][120]

Long Beach, California and the Antelope Valley Transit Authority charge some of their buses on special wireless charging pads located along bus routes.[9]

By 2019, more than 200 e-buses were in service in California. Several hundred more e-buses for California were in backlogged orders.[113]

Total operating cost per mile

NREL publishes zero-emission bus evaluation results from various commercial operators. NREL published following total operating cost per mile: with County Connection, for June 2017 through May 2018, for an 8-vehicle diesel bus fleet, the total operating cost per mile was $0.84; for a 4-vehicle electric bus fleet, $1.11;[121] with Long Beach Transit, for 2018, for a 10-vehicle electric bus fleet, $0.85;[122] and with Foothill Transit, for 2018, for a 12-vehicle electric bus fleet, $0.84.[123][124]

States without plans for e-buses

In 2019, "only five states, Arkansas, New Hampshire, North Dakota, South Dakota and West Virginia, ... [had] no transit agencies planning to operate electric buses or hydrogen fuel cell buses."[113]

Australia
Electric Bus in Sydney, Australia
Australian Capital Territory
  • In September 2017, Transport Canberra began operating two electric buses based at their Tuggeranong depot.[125]
  • In December 2020, the reelected ALP government announced that it would purchase 90 new electric buses for in 2021 with the aim to have Canberra's entire bus fleet converted to electric by 2024. Upgrades to bus depots would be completed during this time with Woden bus depot being the first to be upgraded.[126]
New South Wales
  • In 2016 Sydney Airport procured a fleet of six BYD electric buses to replace its diesel car park shuttles.[127]
  • Transport for New South Wales began a trial of electric buses on the South Coast before conducting a more expansive trial in region 4 in Sydney in 2019.
  • In December 2020, the NSW government announced that it would roll out 120 electric buses across Sydney in 2021. Transport minister Andrew Constance also announced a goal to transition the entire state's 8000 strong bus fleet to battery electric by 2030.[128]
Queensland
  • Brisbane's new Brisbane Metro rapid bus system will use a fleet of 60 bi-articulated electric buses that visually resemble light rail vehicles. These buses will be supplied by Swiss based manufacturer Carrosserie Hess. [129]
Western Australia
  • In July 2020, the WA government announced that it would trial four Volvo electric buses on Perth's Joondalup CAT bus route. [130]
Victoria
  • Melbourne's first fully electric bus began carrying passengers on Route 246 between Elsternwick and Clifton Hill in October 2019. The body construction and fit out for the new bus was carried out in Dandenong by Volgren.[131]

New Zealand
  • In April 2018, Auckland Transport began a trial with two electric Alexander Dennis Enviro200 buses.[132] These buses run on the City Link service around Auckland's central business district. The trial continues as of February 2019.
  • In July 2018, Tranzurban introduced 10 electric double Decker buses in Wellington. 22 more buses are expected to be in service by 2021. NZ Bus have ordered 67 single Decker buses which will enter service between 2021 and 2023.
  • In June 2019, Red Bus introduced three Alexander Dennis Enviro200 bodied BYD K9 electric buses for use on the 29 Airport route.[133][134]

Aruba

Brazil

Chile

Colombia
  • Bogota Transmilenio and the Sistema Integrado de Transporte de Bogotá with 1485 electric buses of (BYD and Yutong) becomes the city in the world with the most electric buses outside of the People's Republic of China.[138][139][140]

Uruguay

See also

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