Electric bus

An electric bus is a bus that is powered by electricity.

Electric buses in Bogota, it is the city with the most electric buses outside of China.
A battery electric Proterra BE35 bus operated by San Joaquin RTD, shown beside its fixed charging station.
A battery electric in Hong Kong.
Edison electric bus from 1915
A BYD-Made Bus.

Electric buses can store the electricity on board, or can be fed continuously from an external source. Buses storing electricity are majorly battery electric buses, in which the electric motor obtains energy from an on-board battery, although examples of other storage modes do exist, such as the gyrobus which uses flywheel energy storage. When electricity is not stored on board, it is supplied by contact with outside power sources. For example, overhead wires, as in the trolleybus, or with non-contact conductors on the ground, as in online electric vehicles.[1] This article mostly deals with buses storing the electricity on board.

As of 2019, 99% of the battery electric buses in the world have been deployed in China, with more than 421,000 buses on the road, which is 17% of China's total bus fleet.[2] For comparison, the US had 300, and Europe had 2,250.[3]

History

Electric vehicles have been around since the 19th century. In the early 19th century, researchers in Hungary, the Netherlands, and the United States began exploring the idea of battery-powered vehicles. There had previously been progress with an electric carriage, a horseless carriage that was powered by an electric motor. However, as people wanted to get around more easily and quickly, cars became a faster and more reasonable alternative to horse-drawn carriages.

In 1835, American Thomas Davenport is credited with building the first practical electric vehicle, a small locomotive. He developed a battery-powered electric motor which he used to operate a small model car on a short section of track.

The first successful electric car was made in the United States in 1890. William Morrison of Des Moines, Iowa, built an electric vehicle that could hold up to six passengers and could reach from 6 to 12 miles per hour.[4] Specifications for the 1890 Morrison Electric included 24 storage battery cells mounted under the front seat. The vehicle could travel for a range of 100 miles before needing to be recharged.

This initial invention helped spark interest in electric cars, and automakers started building their own versions around the globe. Due to the extreme sudden interest, electric cars reached their peak popularity by 1900 and made up a majority of all vehicles on the road.

At this time electric cars were the preferred vehicles. Gasoline-powered vehicles required a lot of effort to drive, from changing gears to starting the engine with a hand crank, as well as other cons like strong and unpleasant exhaust fumes.

However, improvements were made to the gasoline-powered car that caused the electric car to lose some momentum. The hand crank was soon replaced with an electric starter and gasoline-powered vehicles became more affordable. Gasoline cars soon overcame the popularity of electric powered vehicles.

By 1935, electric cars practically disappeared. It was not until the 1970s when a gas shortage hit, causing gas prices to soar, that electric cars entered back into the marketplace. Gasoline-powered cars still remained more popular due to better performance and reliability.

The 1990s saw electric cars made more popular as societal concern for the environment began to rise. At the start of the 21st century, the technology of electric cars looked more promising than ever with the release of the Toyota Prius, the first majorly manufactured electric vehicle. Today, electric vehicles are on the rise and continue to advance as more Americans demand a more efficient and eco-friendly vehicle.[5]

Principles

Battery

One of the most popular types of electric buses nowadays are battery electric buses. Battery electric buses have the electricity stored on board the vehicle in a battery. As of 2018 such buses can have a range of over 280 km with just one charge, however extreme temperatures and hills may reduce range.[6] These buses are usually used as city buses due to particularities in limited range.

City driving involves a great deal of accelerating and braking. Due to this, the battery electric bus is superior to diesel bus as it can recharge most of the kinetic energy back into batteries in braking situations. This reduces brake wear on the buses and the use of electric over diesel reduces noise, air and greenhouse gas pollution in cities.[7]

When operating within a city, it is important to minimize the unloaded and rolling weight of the bus. This can be accomplished by using aluminium as the main construction material for a bus. Composite paneling and other lightweight materials can also be used. According to Linkkebus their fully aluminium bus construction is about 3000 kg lighter than comparably-sized modern steel buses (curb weight 9500 kg). Reducing weight allows for a greater payload and reduces wear to components such as brakes, tires, and joints bringing cost savings to the operator annually.[8]

Charging

Buses may be charged at plug in stations, or on special wireless charging pads.[9]

Capacitors

Buses can use capacitors instead of batteries to store their energy. Ultracapacitors can only store about 5 percent of the energy that lithium-ion batteries hold for the same weight, limiting them to a short distance per charge. However ultracapacitors can charge and discharge much more rapidly than conventional batteries. In vehicles that have to stop frequently and predictably as part of normal operation, energy storage based exclusively on ultracapacitors can be a solution.[10]

China is experimenting with a new form of electric bus, known as Capabus, which runs without continuous overhead lines by using power stored in large on-board electric double-layer capacitors, which are quickly recharged whenever the vehicle stops at any bus stop (under so-called electric umbrellas), and fully charged in the terminus.

A few prototypes were being tested in Shanghai in early 2005. In 2006, two commercial bus routes began to use electric double-layer capacitor buses; one of them is route 11 in Shanghai.[11] In 2009, Sinautec Automobile Technologies,[12] based in Arlington, VA, and its Chinese partner, Shanghai Aowei Technology Development Company[13] are testing with 17 forty-one seat Ultracap Buses serving the Greater Shanghai area since 2006 without any major technical problems.[14] Another 60 buses will be delivered early next year with ultracapacitors that supply 10 watt-hours per kilogram.

The buses have very predictable routes and need to stop regularly, every 5 kilometres (3 mi), allowing opportunities for quick recharging. The trick is to turn some bus stops along the route into charging stations. At these stations, a collector on the top of the bus rises and touches an overhead charging line. Within a couple of minutes, the ultracapacitor banks stored under the bus seats are fully charged. The buses can also capture energy from braking, and the company says that recharging stations can be equipped with solar panels. A third generation of the product, will give 32 kilometres (20 mi) of range per charge or better. [10] Such a bus was delivered in Sofia, Bulgaria in May 2014 for 9 months' test. It covers 23 km in 2 charges.[15]

Sinautec estimates that one of its buses has one-tenth the energy cost of a diesel bus and can achieve lifetime fuel savings of $200,000. Also, the buses use 40 percent less electricity compared to an electric trolley bus, mainly because they are lighter and have the regenerative braking benefits. The ultracapacitors are made of activated carbon, and have an energy density of six watt-hours per kilogram (for comparison, a high-performance lithium-ion battery can achieve 200 watt-hours per kilogram), but the ultracapacitor bus is also cheaper than lithium-ion battery buses, about 40 percent less expensive, with a far superior reliability rating.[10][14]

There is also a plug-in hybrid version, which also uses ultracaps.

Future developments

Sinautec is in discussions with MIT's Schindall about developing ultracapacitors of higher energy density using vertically aligned carbon nanotube structures that give the devices more surface area for holding a charge. So far, they are able to get twice the energy density of an existing ultracapacitor, but they are trying to get about five times. This would create an ultracapacitor with one-quarter of the energy density of a lithium-ion battery.[16]

Future developments includes the use of inductive charging under the street, to avoid overhead wiring. A pad under each bus stop and at each stop light along the way would be used.

Drawbacks

As with other electric vehicles, climate control and extremely cold weather will weaken the performance of electric buses. In addition, terrain may pose a challenge to the adoption of electric vehicles that carry stored energy compared to trolleybuses, which draw power from overhead lines. Even when conditions are favorable, internal combustion engine buses are frequently diesel powered, and diesel is relatively inexpensive per mile. High local utility rates (especially during periods of peak demand) and proprietary charging systems pose barriers to adoption.[17]

Makers and models

School use

In 2014, the first production-model all-electric school bus was delivered[18] to the Kings Canyon Unified School District in California's San Joaquin Valley. The Class-A school bus was built by Trans Tech Bus, using an electric powertrain control system developed by Motiv Power Systems, of Foster City, California. The bus was one of four the district ordered. The first round of SST-e buses (as they are called) is partly funded by the AB 118 Air Quality Improvement Program administered by the California Air Resources Board.

The Trans Tech/Motiv vehicle has passed all KCUSD and California Highway Patrol inspections and certifications. Although some diesel hybrids are in use, this is the first modern electric school bus approved for student transportation by any state.

The first all-electric school bus in the state of California pausing outside the California capitol building in Sacramento.

Since 2015, the Canadian manufacturer Lion Bus offers a full size school bus, eLion, with a body made out of composites. It is a regular production version that is built and shipped in volume since early 2016, with around 50 units sold until 2017.[19]

Transit use

For information on where trolleybuses are in use, see Trolleybus usage by country and List of trolleybus systems.

Transit authorities that use battery buses or other types of all-electric buses, other than trolleybuses:

Malaysia

Indonesia

  • TransJakarta plans to replace aging fleet with newer electric powered buses. Available candidates are locally made MAB buses and imported BYD buses. Technical trials started by September 2019.[27]
  • Paiton Energy took delivery of the first locally produced electric bus made by PT MAB.[28]

India

China

BYD K8A,K9FE,C9,C8,K6,T8SA,T3 in Bengbu, Anhui,China
Beijing's electric bus fleet in service during the 2008 Olympics.

As of 2016, 156,000 buses are being put into service per year in China.[36]

Japan

Community Bus "Hamurun"

South Korea

Seoul's "Peanut Bus" at Mt. Namsan.
  • Seoul has 15 electric buses nicknamed "Peanut Bus" for their shape, transferring people from subway stations in downtown to the N Seoul Tower, circulating Mt. Namsan.[50]
  • Seoul's Gangnam District will have 11 electric buses in operation from February 2013 and 270 electric buses by the end of 2013, increasing to 400 buses by 2014.[51] At least 3,500 electric buses will be introduced in phases until 2020, which will account for half of Seoul's bus fleet.[52]
  • Gumi will have the world's first wireless electric bus, known as Online Electric Vehicle, in operation from July 2013 developed by KAIST. Electricity is wirelessly fed into the bus from the tracks.[1][53]
  • Pohang will have automatically battery switching electric buses in operation from July 2013. Unlike conventional plug-in charging buses, the battery pack is automatically swapped with a fully charged one before complete drainage.[54]

Europe

The largest European electric bus fleet is concentrated in Moscow which has 500 electric buses as of October 2020.[55]

Belarus

Belarusian electrobus E-433 on test in Moscow
  • Е433 «Vitovt Max Electro» (Minsk)[56]
  • E420
  • E321

Belgium

The electrification of Belgium's buses is on a strong upward trend:

  • Flanders: At the end of 2019 De Lijn operated 2,295 buses, of which 368 were hybrids. De Lijn introduced its first six fully electric buses in 2020, with seven more to follow. An order for 970 electric buses, which had been cancelled, is to be reissued.[57] The Flemish coalition agreement states that city centres must be operated emission-free by 2025 and that all buses in Flanders must be zero-emission by 2035.[58]
  • Wallonia: At the end of 2019, OTW operated 1,769 of its own buses, of which 309 were hybrids.
  • Brussels: At the end of 2019 STIB/MIVB operated 800 buses, of which 184 (23%) of them were hybrids. Tenders for 50–100 electric buses are being prepared and the hydrogen option is also being examined.

As for fully electric buses, Belgium only had 4 in operation in 2019.[59]

Bulgaria

  • Since 2018 Sofia operates a fleet of 20 Yutong battery electric buses and 15 Higer capabuses
  • Since 2020 Kazanlak operates a fleet of 7 Alfabus battery electric buses

Turkey

Finland

  • Espoo Cobus EL2500 (bus 11 Friisilä-Tapiola Centre)
  • Espoo (Linkker 2 vehicles, Bus 11 line Tapiola centre-Friisilä)[60]

France

Great Britain

  • 51 electric buses for the 507 and 521 bus routes in London, delivered jointly by BYD and ADL.[62]
  • Stagecoach North Scotland operates 5 Optare solo EV [63]
  • Strathclyde Partnership for Transport runs battery-powered electric buses on one route in Glasgow, between George Square and the Transport Museum.[64]
  • Bristol: Route 72 from City Centre to Frenchay UWE campus[65]
  • Durham: Cathedral and City Centre loop[66][67]
  • Milton Keynes: Route 7[68]
  • Greater Manchester: Stagecoach plans to buy 105 electric buses for use in the Greater Manchester area by 2020.[69]
  • Guildford introduced a fleet of electric buses on its Park and Ride services on 7 January 2019.[70]

Italy

  • Azienda Trasporti BergamoBergamo, Italy [71]
  • Gruppo Torinese TrasportiTurin, Italy, uses small capacitor vehicles on two routes ("Star1" and "Star2") through city center since early 2000.
  • Azienda Trasporti Milanesi, the company responsible for public transportation in Milan, has ordered 250 electric buses in 2019, and plans to be fully electrified by 2030. As of 2019, there are 25 electric buses, 100 hybrid buses and 3 hydrogen buses in operation in the city.[72]

Israel

  • Israel has 78 electric buses, out of a fleet of ~13,000 buses [73]

Lithuania

  • Municipal public transport company "Klaipėdos autobusų parkas", Klaipėda, started using locally produced Dancer electric buses on Route 8 in April 2020.[74]
  • Municipal public transport company "Kauno autobusai", Kaunas, operates electric trolleybuses since 1965. As of April 2020, the company operated around 100 Solaris Trollino 12AC and several Berkhof Premier AT18 trolleybuses on a network of 17 lines.
  • Municipal public transport company "Tauragės autobusų parkas", Tauragė in March 2019 announced the acquisition of electric Iveco Rosero 70C18 and Solaris Urbino Electric buses. A total of 5 electric buses were launched on three suburban routes in early 2020.
  • Municipal public transport company "Susisiekimo paslaugos", Vilnius, began using four Karsan Jest Electric buses on Route 89 in September 2019, making this route fully electric. This is an addition to the network of 19 routes, operated with 279 electric trolleybuses, mostly Solaris Trollino 15AC, Solaris Trollino IV 12, Škoda 14Tr, Škoda 14ТrМ, Škoda 15Тr and Amber Vilnis 12 AC, as of April 2020. Vilnius trolleybus network was launched in 1956.

Netherlands

A VDL Citea Electric charging at the bus station of West (Terschelling, NL).

The Netherlands has the most electric buses of any European country. At the end of 2019 the number had reached 770, or 15% of the entire Dutch fleet of 5,236 buses. This is expected to grow to 1,388 by the end of 2020. In the provinces of Groningen and Drenthe 47% of buses are electric, in Limburg 37% and in North Holland 31%. The main manufacturers are VDL (486 of the existing 770) Ebusco (110), Heuliez (49) and BYD (44).[75] In 2015, the Dutch public transport authorities agreed to buy only emission-free buses from 2025 onwards, and to make the entire fleet emission-free by 2030.[76]

Amsterdam

In December 2018 GVB ordered 31 electric buses from VDL, with an option for 69 more buses. They entered service on 2 April 2020 on routes 15, 22 and 36, and comprise:

  • 9 Citeas SLF-120 Electric, with 216 kWh batteries
  • 22 articulated Citeas SLFA-180 Electric, with 288 kWh batteries

The buses recharge through a pantograph from 31 8 MW Heliox fast chargers at the Garage West depot on Jan Tooropstraat and seven 45 kW chargers at Sloterdijk station.[77][78] EBS (Egged Bus Systems), which primarily serves Waterland to the north of Amsterdam, has also ordered 10 electric buses from VDL.[79]

Arnhem

Arnhem has the Netherlands's only trolleybus network, which opened in 1949 and operates 46 articulated buses on six routes.

Eindhoven

On 11 December 2016 Hermes introduced 43 fully electric VDL 18-metre buses in Eindhoven, driving a daily distance of 400 km each. In 2017 this was the biggest all-electric bus operation of Europe.

Haaglanden

For use on its Haaglanden network EBS is using 116 electric buses:

  • 23 VDL Citea LLE 99 Electrics for Zoetermeer and Delft (10-metre)
  • 93 Mercedes-Benz Citaro NGT Hybrids for other routes (83 12-metre and 10 18-metre articulated)[80]
Rotterdam

In 2018 Rotterdam ordered 55 electric buses from VDL[81] and in 2019 obtained a European Investment Bank loan to buy a further 105 electric and 103 hybrids.[82]

Schiphol

Since March 2018, 100 VDL Citea articulated electric buses operated by Connexxion have served Schiphol airport. The buses have a battery capacity of 170 kWh and a range of 80 kilometres. They are charged during the day by Heliox 450 kWh fast chargers, taking between 15 and 25 minutes. Overnight, 30 kWh slow charges take 4–5 hours.[83] They are powered by 100% renewable energy, from wind power and solar panels at the depots.[84] The buses serve two different networks:

  • R-Net: routes 242, 342, 347 and 347 with a total length of 78 km
  • Schipholnet: routes 180, 181, 185, 186, 187, 190, 191, 194, 195, 198, 199 and 287.

Since 2016 a fleet of 35 BYD 12-metre battery buses has provided airfield services.[85]

Utrecht

In Utrecht, Qbuzz has operated electric buses since 2017.

Waddeneilanden

In April 2013 six all-electric BYD buses operated on the island of Schiermonnikoog. Arriva started running 16 electric buses on Vlieland, Ameland and Schiermonnikoog.

Poland

Romania

  • Cluj-Napoca: In May 2018, Solaris Bus & Coach delivered 11 Solaris Urbino 12 electric buses to the local operator CTP Cluj, Cluj-Napoca becoming the first city in Romania to use battery-electric buses in public transport. (Electric buses in the form of trolleybuses were already in use in Cluj and several other Romanian cities.) Another 19 buses are expected to be delivered in the future. The municipality's mayor, Emil Boc, announced that Cluj will have a fully electric public transport system by 2025.[91]

Russia

A Russian electric bus KamAZ-6282 on route in Moscow.
LiAZ-6274 is another common model in Moscow electric bus fleet.
  • In 2014 battery-powered trolleybuses started operating in Chelyabinsk. The remodeled vehicles can run up to 30 km on routes that lack wires.[92]
  • In 2018 electric buses were introduced in Moscow. The city government has signed contracts with GAZ and Kamaz automobile companies to supply the city with 200 fast-charging electric buses. After 2021, only electric vehicles are to be purchased.[93] With the purchase of the 100th electric bus in May 2019, Moscow became the city with Europe's largest electric bus fleet. As of July 2020, over 450 electric buses are in operation in Moscow.
  • Russian based Electric bus manufactures are LiAZ (GAZ Group), Trolza (PC Transport Systems) and Kamaz.[94][95]

Serbia

  • In 2016 GSP Belgrade, the public transport operator of city of Belgrade, launched dedicated electric bus line equipped exclusively with 5 electric buses.[96] The line has a total length of 7.9 kilometres one-way and 13 bus stops.

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

ABB TOSA Energy Transfer System
British Columbia
Ontario
Québec

United States

About 650 electric buses were on the road in the US in 2019, about double the 300 estimated to be in use the previous year.[113] In November 2019, orders for new electric buses had outpaced manufacturing capacity.[113]

Cities using electric buses include:

California

A California mandate (Zero Emission Bus, in short, ZBus) required that 15% of new buses after 2011 be electric.[118] The ZBus Regulation is part of the Fleet Rule for Transit Agencies, which is also referred to as the Public Transit Agencies Regulation.[119][120]

Long Beach, California and the Antelope Valley Transit Authority charge some of their buses on special wireless charging pads located along bus routes.[9]

By 2019, more than 200 e-buses were in service in California. Several hundred more e-buses for California were in backlogged orders.[113]

Total operating cost per mile

NREL publishes zero-emission bus evaluation results from various commercial operators. NREL published following total operating cost per mile: with County Connection, for June 2017 through May 2018, for an 8-vehicle diesel bus fleet, the total operating cost per mile was $0.84; for a 4-vehicle electric bus fleet, $1.11;[121] with Long Beach Transit, for 2018, for a 10-vehicle electric bus fleet, $0.85;[122] and with Foothill Transit, for 2018, for a 12-vehicle electric bus fleet, $0.84.[123][124]

States without plans for e-buses

In 2019, "only five states, Arkansas, New Hampshire, North Dakota, South Dakota and West Virginia, ... [had] no transit agencies planning to operate electric buses or hydrogen fuel cell buses."[113]

Australia

Electric Bus in Sydney, Australia
Australian Capital Territory
  • In September 2017, Transport Canberra began operating two electric buses based at their Tuggeranong depot.[125]
  • In December 2020, the reelected ALP government announced that it would purchase 90 new electric buses for in 2021 with the aim to have Canberra's entire bus fleet converted to electric by 2024. Upgrades to bus depots would be completed during this time with Woden bus depot being the first to be upgraded.[126]
New South Wales
  • In 2016 Sydney Airport procured a fleet of six BYD electric buses to replace its diesel car park shuttles.[127]
  • Transport for New South Wales began a trial of electric buses on the South Coast before conducting a more expansive trial in region 4 in Sydney in 2019.
  • In December 2020, the NSW government announced that it would roll out 120 electric buses across Sydney in 2021. Transport minister Andrew Constance also announced a goal to transition the entire state's 8000 strong bus fleet to battery electric by 2030.[128]
Queensland
  • Brisbane's new Brisbane Metro rapid bus system will use a fleet of 60 bi-articulated electric buses that visually resemble light rail vehicles. These buses will be supplied by Swiss based manufacturer Carrosserie Hess. [129]
Western Australia
  • In July 2020, the WA government announced that it would trial four Volvo electric buses on Perth's Joondalup CAT bus route. [130]
Victoria
  • Melbourne's first fully electric bus began carrying passengers on Route 246 between Elsternwick and Clifton Hill in October 2019. The body construction and fit out for the new bus was carried out in Dandenong by Volgren.[131]

New Zealand

  • In April 2018, Auckland Transport began a trial with two electric Alexander Dennis Enviro200 buses.[132] These buses run on the City Link service around Auckland's central business district. The trial continues as of February 2019.
  • In July 2018, Tranzurban introduced 10 electric double Decker buses in Wellington. 22 more buses are expected to be in service by 2021. NZ Bus have ordered 67 single Decker buses which will enter service between 2021 and 2023.
  • In June 2019, Red Bus introduced three Alexander Dennis Enviro200 bodied BYD K9 electric buses for use on the 29 Airport route.[133][134]

Aruba

Brazil

Chile

Colombia

  • Bogota Transmilenio and the Sistema Integrado de Transporte de Bogotá with 1485 electric buses of (BYD and Yutong) becomes the city in the world with the most electric buses outside of the People's Republic of China.[138][139][140]

Uruguay

See also

References

  1. "OLEV". Archived from the original on 31 December 2013.
  2. "Electric Buses Are Hurting the Oil Industry". 23 April 2018 via www.bloomberg.com.
  3. "The U.S. Has a Fleet of 300 Electric Buses. China Has 421,000". Bloomberg.com. 15 May 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  4. "The Morrison Electric Automobile & The William Morrison Co". american-automobiles.com. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  5. "Are Electric Buses the Future of Transportation? – GOGO Charters". 16 August 2017.
  6. "The Verdict's Still Out on Battery-Electric Buses". Citylab. 17 January 2019.
  7. "Shenzhen's silent revolution: world's first fully electric bus fleet quietens Chinese megacity". The Guardian. 12 December 2018.
  8. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. Kennedy, Sarah (5 December 2019). "Electric buses charge up quickly using new wireless systems". Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  10. "Next Stop: Ultracapacitor Buses". Technology Review. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
  11. (in Chinese, archived page)
  12. "SINAUTEC, Automobile Technology, LLC". Sinautecus.com. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
  13. "Aowei Technology". Aowei.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
  14. "Ultracapacitor Buses Work... As Long as You have Lots of Quick-Charge Stations". TreeHugger. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
  15. "Sofia – Chariot Motors". chariot-electricbus.com.
  16. "Next Stop: Ultracapacitor Buses". Technology Review. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
  17. Groom, Nichola (11 December 2017). "U.S. transit agencies cautious on electric buses despite bold forecasts". Reuters. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  18. Dechert, Sandy (5 March 2014). "New All-Electric School Bus Saves California District $10,000+ Per Year". cleantechnica.com. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  19. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. "取代柴油巴士打造零碳环境.8电动巴士布城开跑". 29 August 2017.
  21. "东姑安南:明年中运作·5电动巴士川行布城". 11 December 2017.
  22. "世遗区开动.甲电动巴士8月开跑". 3 July 2015.
  23. "精明巴士2年花4253万.邓章钦:考量需求才推新路线". 4 October 2017.
  24. "全国首座城市 环保电动车 进驻亚庇". 11 November 2017.
  25. "川行哥市市区.丹电动巴士来了!". 2 November 2017.
  26. "Electric bus debuts on Friday, passengers ride for free for 3 months". The Borneo Post. 26 February 2019.
  27. Donny Dwisatryo Priyantoro (8 September 2019). Azwar Ferdian (ed.). "TransJakarta Uji Coba Bus Listrik dengan Angkut Galon Air, Ini Rutenya". otomotif.kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  28. "Produksi Perdana Bus Listrik MAB Diserahkan ke Paiton Energy". otomotif.tempo.co (in Indonesian). 2 November 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  29. "India's first electric bus launched in Bangalore – The Times of India". The Times Of India.
  30. Sep 6, Somit Sen | TNN | Updated. "Maharashtra: Inter-city AC electric bus to hit state highways, first for nation | Mumbai News – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  31. "Electric Buses". india.uitp.org. 23 March 2020.
  32. "Best Mumbai Inducted Fleet Of Electric Buses". india.uitp.org.
  33. "Public Transport In Telangana Goes Electric As 40 Electric Buses Hit Hyderabad Roads | News". NDTV-Dettol Banega Swasth Swachh India. 6 March 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  34. Staff, Local Press Co (27 August 2019). "NMMT takes delivery of first electric bus, 30 such buses to start plying in Navi Mumbai soon". Local Press Co. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  35. "Deployment of Electric Buses by Janmarg: Opportunities and Challenges" (PDF).
  36. "China Electric Bus Sales Still Exploding". CleanTechnica. 25 February 2017.
  37. "市公共交通集团有限公司比亚迪牌纯电动成交公示—蚌埠市政府信息公开网". zwgk.bengbu.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  38. "Chinese carmaker BYD's Changsha facility becomes the country's leading new energy vehicle base". AMTonline. 28 September 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  39. "比亚迪k9纯电动大巴海口运行状况良好_中国电动汽车网站资讯频道" (in Chinese). Ddc.net.cn. 11 October 2011. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  40. "First solar powered public bus operates in Tibet". China Daily. 24 November 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  41. First Thailand Orders for Long-range BYD e6 EV". Global Renewable News. 10 September 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  42. Hanley, Steve (January 2018). "Shenzhen Completes Switch To Fully Electric Bus Fleet". CleanTechnica. Sustainable Enterprises Media Inc. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
  43. 比亚迪天津建纯电动公交基地_汽车_凤凰网 (in Chinese). Auto.ifeng.com. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
  44. 陕西:西安首批比亚迪电动公交车投入运营 -中国客车信息网(客车资讯 客车新闻 客车动态 客车门户 客车企业 客车产品) (in Chinese). Chinabus.info. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
  45. "Zonda New Energy BRT City Bus served Yancheng". ZondaBus. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
  46. 蚌埠关于比亚迪牌纯电动公交车采购项目公示. (in Chinese). Sohu. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  47. "【EVバス運行開始】定期路線として全国初の運用開始". Response. (in Japanese). 11 March 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  48. 墨田区内循環バス「すみまるくん」「すみりんちゃん」、3月20日運行開始 /東京. Yahoo! Japan News (in Japanese). 7 March 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  49. Viaintermedia.com. "Electric/Hybrid – Mitsubishi to supply two electric buses in Kitakyushu City, Japan – Renewable Energy Magazine, at the heart of clean energy journalism".
  50. "Quick Links". CNN.
  51. "남산 전기버스 강남 노선으로 확대".
  52. RPM9 (28 June 2010). "친환경 전기버스 서울시내 달린다".
  53. "달리며 충전하는 전기버스, 세계 첫 운행".
  54. "[브레이크뉴스] 포항시, 전기버스 시범 사업 본격 추진". 31 January 2013.
  55. "The 500th electric bus entered the line in Moscow". foreignaffairs.co.nz. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  56. Петрович, Виталий (15 May 2017). "На улицах Минска курсируют электробусы. Что о них говорят пассажиры? – Авто onliner.by". Onliner.by.
  57. https://www.busworld.org/articles/detail/5473/belgium-de-lijn-is-reissuing-a-tender-for-970-electric-buses
  58. https://www.brusselstimes.com/news/belgium-all-news/85879/970-electric-buses-to-be-added-on-belgian-roads/
  59. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1064114/number-of-electric-buses-in-use-in-belgium/
  60. "Ensimmäiset kotimaiset pikaladattavat sähköbussit lähtevät vuoden vaihteessa liikenteeseen Espoon linjalle 11". espoo.fi.
  61. AVEM, Association. "La RATP inaugure sa première ligne de bus standard 100% électrique". avem.fr.
  62. "BYD Scores Europe's Largest Electric Bus Fleet Order". insideevs.com.
  63. "Optare Solo Buses in Inverness | Stagecoach". stagecoachbus.com.
  64. http://www.spt.co.uk/documents/SP280314_agenda8.pdf
  65. http://www.firstgroup.com/about-us/news/first-west-england-launches-revolutionary-electric-buses
  66. http://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/electric-buses-planned-for%5B%5D
  67. publictransportexperience blogspot.com/2016/09/dropped-at-Durham
  68. http://www.milton-keynes.gov.uk/highways-and-transport-hub/bus&taxi/bus-projects/electric-bus%5B%5D
  69. Cox, Charlotte (29 August 2018). "Stagecoach will roll out 105 electric buses across region – on one condition". men. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  70. "Guildford Park and Ride". Stagecoach. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  71. "ATB – Azienda Trasporti Bergamo – Autobus, Orari, Parcheggi, Mobilità". ATB Bergamo.
  72. Redazione Economia (12 July 2019). "La svolta green di Atm: in arrivo 250 bus elettrici e 80 nuovi tram". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 28 September 2019.
  73. "מחדל: למרות הזיהום, רק 78 אוטובוסים חשמליים בארץ". ynet.
  74. "Lithuanian-made electric buses to enter service in Klaipėda". lrt.lt. Retrieved 26 April 2020. Dancer can carry up to 93 passengers, it has 32 seats and a designated place for one handicapped passenger. Its body is made of composite materials that include recycled PET bottles.The electricity for Dancer buses is also purchased exclusively from wind farms, according to the company.
  75. https://www.ebusco.com/dutch-forerunner-in-europe-switching-to-electric-buses/
  76. https://www.sustainable-bus.com/electric-bus/gvb-amsterdam-takes-the-first-step-with-battery-electric-buses-in-the-city-center/
  77. https://www.sustainable-bus.com/electric-bus/gvb-amsterdam-takes-the-first-step-with-battery-electric-buses-in-the-city-center/
  78. https://www.sustainable-bus.com/electric-bus/vdl-electric-buses-conquer-amsterdam-city/
  79. https://www.sustainable-bus.com/electric-bus/vdl-electric-buses-conquer-amsterdam-city/
  80. https://www.busworld.org/articles/detail/4695/93-ngt-hybrid-and-23-electric-buses-for-ebs-netherlands
  81. https://www.sustainable-bus.com/electric-bus/vdl-electric-buses-conquer-amsterdam-city/
  82. https://www.sustainable-bus.com/news/ret-rotterdam-to-buy-over-200-clean-buses-thanks-to-eib-loan/
  83. https://www.schiphol.nl/en/schiphol-group/page/europes-largest-fleet-of-fully-electric-buses/
  84. https://www.transdev.com/en/solutions/environmental-solutions-amsterdam/
  85. https://www.urban-transport-magazine.com/en/more-electric-buses-for-the-amsterdam-region/
  86. ""Elektryki" już na Trakcie Królewskim ("E-buses" on Royal Route)". ZTM (Warsaw Municipal Transport Authority) (in Polish). 30 June 2015.
  87. "Autobusy z pantografem (Buses with pantograph)". ZTM (Warsaw Municipal Transport Authority) (in Polish). 16 November 2016.
  88. "Kolejnych dziesięć elektryków dla stolicy (Further ten e-buses for Capital)". ZTM (Warsaw Municipal Transport Authority) (in Polish). 18 July 2017.
  89. Urbanowicz, Witold (10 October 2017). "Zielona Góra z elektrykami Ursusa i przegubami Mercedesa". transport-publiczny.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 24 October 2017.
  90. "Stalowa Wola kupuje elektryczne Solarisy". transport-publiczny.pl (in Polish). 27 September 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
  91. "Zece autobuze electrice au fost puse în circulaţie, de astăzi, pe străzile din Cluj-Napoca (VIDEO)". 31 May 2018.
  92. "В Челябинске начал курсировать электробус". vesti.ru.
  93. "Electric bus arrives in Moscow". Smart Cities World.
  94. "Top 7 Russian electric cars". Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  95. "Not the trolls anymore. New trolleybuses for St. Petersburg will be assembled in Engels under a different brand". Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  96. "Belgrade gets public transport line with electric buses". balkangreenenergynews.com. 14 September 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
  97. "Empresa Malagueña de Transportes". Retrieved 6 November 2008.
  98. http://www.noticiasdeautobus.es/2008/06/18/el-ayuntamiento-refuerza-la-escuadra-de-la-emt-con-210-nuevos-autobuses/ Archived 9 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
  99. "We are the European city network that defends a locally driven energy transition". Energy Cities.
  100. Periodista Digital. "El autobús eléctrico de El Ejido es el 1º de la comunidad y el 2º en España". Reporterodigital.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
  101. "Our Products – Tecnobus – Autobus e minibus per il trasporto pubblico". Tecnobus.it. 1 May 2006. Archived from the original on 8 August 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
  102. "News and Media – Volvo Group". news.volvogroup.com.
  103. "Bussen som går på el". December 2014.
  104. TOSA2013 The project aims to introduce a new system of mass transport with electric “flash” recharging of the buses at selected stops (overhead conductive charging)
  105. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  106. ""First Fully Electric Double Decker Bus in North American Unveiled Today"". Victoria Buzz (13 October 2016). 13 October 2016. Retrieved 2017-08-16.
  107. "TTC Green Initiatives". Toronto Transit Commission. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  108. Business Wire (4 May 2012). "City of Windsor First in North America to Launch BYD Environmentally-Friendly Electric Buses". Business Wire. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  109. "L'Écolobus sillonne les rues de la ville". Québec Hebdo. Québec. June 13, 2008. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  110. "Écolobus". Réseau de transport de la Capitale (in French). Québec. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
  111. "Bus hybride". 20 June 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  112. "Cité mobilité". STM (in French). Québec. Retrieved 20 June 2018. The info disappeared from this link
  113. Tigue, Kristoffer (14 November 2019). "U.S. Electric Bus Demand Outpaces Production as Cities Add to Their Fleets". InsideClimate News. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
  114. Mike, Pare (11 June 2017). "Downtown Shuttle hits 25 years". Times Free Press. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  115. "DART Rolls Out D-Link All-Electric Buses". DART Daily. 6 July 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  116. Starcic, Janna (3 May 2017). "Denver 'Charges Up' Fleet for Key Downtown Route". Metro Magazine. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  117. Zero Emissions Bus Pilot Program | San Diego Metropolitan Transit System
  118. Yoney, Domenick (8 February 2009). "Proterra touring California with fast-charging electric bus — Autoblog Green". Green.autoblog.com. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
  119. "Zero Emission Buses". Arb.ca.gov. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
  120. "Transit Top Page: Public Transit Agencies". Arb.ca.gov. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
  121. Eudy, Leslie; Jeffers, Matthew (2018), Zero-Emission Bus Evaluation Results: County Connection Battery Electric Buses (PDF), National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/TP-5400-72864
  122. Eudy, Leslie; Jeffers, Matthew (2020), Zero-Emission Bus Evaluation Results: Long Beach Transit Battery Electric Buses, Federal Transit Administration, doi:10.21949/1518335
  123. Eudy, Leslie; Jeffers, Matthew (2018), Foothill Transit Agency Battery Electric Bus Progress Report: Data Period Focus: Jan. 2018 through Jun. 2018 (PDF), National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/TP-5400-72207
  124. Eudy, Leslie; Jeffers, Matthew (2018), Foothill Transit Agency Battery Electric Bus Progress Report: Data Period Focus: Jul. 2018 through Dec. 2018 (PDF), National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/TP-5400-72209
  125. Transport, Canberra (14 August 2017). "Two Electric Buses and one hybrid bus to hit Canberra streets". Canberra Times. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
  126. Fuller, Nick. "Market sounding opens for ACT's electric bus fleet". Canberra Weekly. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  127. Jon, Thomson. "SYDNEY AIRPORT SWITCHES TO ELECTRIC BUSES". Truck and Bus News. Truck and Bus News. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  128. Schmidt, Bridie. "NSW to roll out 120 electric buses in 2021 ahead of full transition". The Driven. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  129. "VOLGREN-HESS-ABB BID WINS BRISBANE METRO BUS TENDER". Australian Bus and Coach News. Australian Bus and Coach. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  130. Mazengarb, Michael. "Volvo to supply all-electric buses as W.A. agrees to Perth trial on short route". The Driven. The Driven. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  131. Transport, Victoria (28 October 2019). "First Victorian Built Electric Bus To Hit The Road". Premier for Victoria. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  132. Transport, Auckland. "Electric buses to hit Auckland's roads". Auckland Transport. Archived from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  133. About us Redbus
  134. Red Bus celebrates city’s first electric bus service Scoop 28 June 2019
  135. "Aruba Partners with BYD in Zero-Emissions Initiative, Energy Independence by 2020<002594.SZ>". Reuters.com. 11 June 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-15.
  136. "Sao Paulo, Brazil, Mayor Confirms Plan for BYD Electric Buses". finance.yahoo.com. 8 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  137. "BYD K9 Electric Buses Drive in San Diego-news-www.chinabuses.org". Chinabuses.org. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
  138. https://twitter.com/LuisErnestoGL/status/1346500467862466560
  139. https://twitter.com/felipe_ramir/status/1346495300136034304
  140. https://twitter.com/TransMilenio/status/1346567145774190593
  141. "BYD bringing electric buses to Uruguay; targeting more than 500 by 2015". Green Car Congress. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.