Energy in Denmark

Denmark has considerable sources of oil and natural gas in the North Sea and ranked as number 32 in the world among net exporters of crude oil in 2008.[1] Denmark expects to be self-sufficient with oil until 2050.[2] However, gas resources are expected to decline, and production may decline below consumption in 2020, making imports necessary.[3] Denmark imports around 12% of its energy (this statistic includes all forms of energy, not just electricity).[4]

Denmark ranks as number 32 in the world among net exporters of crude oil.

Denmark has drastically decreased[5][6] production of electricity from coal, and in 2019 it constituted less than 11% of the electricity production. Coal and all other fossil fuels, plus waste burned for electricity, amounted to 20% of the electricity production. The other 80% of the electricity produced came from renewables: wind power (57%; see wind power in Denmark), biomass and other combustible renewables (20%) and solar power (3%).[7]

Denmark is a net importer of electricity: domestic production of electricity was equal to 83% of the total consumption, while net imports were 17% of the total consumption.[7] The electricity Denmark imported came in large part from hydroelectricity and nuclear power (both being low-carbon sources). As a result, Denmark used hydroelectricity despite domestic production of it being close to zero;[7] and part of the electricity consumed (3-4% according to older data) came from nuclear power,[8][9] despite the country having no nuclear power stations.

In February 2011 the Danish government announced the "Energy Strategy 2050" with the aim to be fully independent of fossil fuels by 2050,[10] and a new government repeated the goal in 2015 despite public scepticism.[11] The European Renewables Directive set a mandatory target at 20% share of energy from renewable sources by 2020 (EU combined).[12][13] In 2012 the Danish government adopted a plan to increase the share of electricity production from wind to 50% by 2020,[14][15] and to 84% in 2035;[16] this was later changed to a broader 100% renewable electricity by 2030 target.[17][18]

Denmark's electrical grid is connected by transmission lines to other European countries,[19] and had (according to the World Economic Forum) the best energy security in the EU in 2013[20] although this had fallen to third in the EU by 2014.[21]

History

In 1972, 92% of Denmark's energy consumption came from imported oil.[22] The 1973 oil crisis forced Denmark to rethink its energy policy; in 1978 coal contributed 18%, and the Tvind wind turbine was built, along with the creation of a wind turbine industry.[23] The 1979 energy crisis pushed further change, and in 1984 the North Sea natural gas projects began.[24] The North Sea production of oil and gas made Denmark self-sufficient in 1997,[25] peaking in 2005,[26] and decreased below self-sufficiency by 2013.[27] In 2015 Denmark produced 89% of its energy consumption of 720-756 PJ.[6]

The year 2014 was the warmest on record in Denmark, with the lowest number of degree days in history. A normal year has 2,906 while 2014 saw only 2,100 degree days.[28] Since 2000, Denmark has increased Gross National Product and decreased energy consumption.[29]

Overview
External images
Danish energy flow 2017
Danish energy flow 2000

Energy statistics
Energy in Denmark[30]
Population
(million)		 Prim. energy
(TWh)		 Production
(TWh)		 Export
(TWh)		 Electricity
(TWh)		 CO2-emission
(Mt)
20045.4023336111735.850.9
20075.462293146436.450.5
20085.492213095435.548.4
20095.522162784334.546.8
20105.552242714235.147.0
20125.572092441934.141.7
2012R5.59202221833.837.1
20135.61203196-2633.938.8
Change 2004-102.8%-4.1%-24.8%-63.6%0.0%-7.7%
Mtoe = 11.63 TWh. Primary energy includes energy losses.

2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed, numbers updated

Gross energy consumption in Denmark (PJ), 1980–2018[31]
Unit: petajoules (PJ) 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015[32] 2016[33] 2017[32] 2018[34]
Total 814 819 839 850 814 782 763 755 760 770 772 781
Oil 546 355 376 352 312 289 278 276 284 280 286 288
Natural gas 0 82 192 192 176 149 138 127 133 131 125 121
Coal[lower-alpha 1] 241 327 175 166 147 146 143 137 108 116 92 98
Waste, non-renewable 5 8 14 17 16 17 17 18 18 18 18 18
Renewable energy 22 48 81 123 163 180 186 196 219 225 252 257

Energy taxes
2015 energy taxes per unit, in DKK[35][36][37]
DieselGasolineNatural gasCoalElectricity
per unitliterliterm3MWhtonneGJMWh
Excise2.6604.1372.158176.61,605154.58781
Environment0.4200.3880.38431.4413.510

1Not applicable for industry

Fuel is not taxed for ships and planes to other countries. Coal and gas for electricity is not taxed.[38]

Minor taxes are called "Compulsory storage fee" and "NO
x tax". Carbon dioxide tax is 0.09 DKK/kWh for electricity. Fossil fuels are taxed at about 90 DKK/ton CO2.[39]

2015 overall energy taxes, in billions DKK[40]
OilGasolineNatural gasCoalElectricity
Excise9.37.33.32.511.7

Energy taxes contributed 34 billion DKK in 2015, about 12% of overall taxing revenue.[40] The money is a considerable income for the state, and changing the composition of the taxes towards a "greener" mix is difficult. According to a government official, the majority of taxes are not based on environment concerns,[41] in contrast to the DKK 5 billion per year in PSO-money for cleaner energy, paid by electricity consumers to producers of clean electricity. These tolls are not available for government consumption.[42]

Energy sources

Coal
Fossil fuel consumption in Denmark until 2011
Main article: Coal power in Denmark

Denmark has drastically reduced the role of coal in both electricity generation and district heating. Less than 11% of the electricity produced in the country came from coal (2019)[7] and only about 12% of the energy used for district heating came from coal and oil combined (2017).[43]

This is a radical change, considering that coal provided 48.0% of the electricity and 22.0% of the heat in district heating in Denmark in 2008; and in total provided 21.6% of total energy consumption (187 PJ out of 864 PJ).[44] The coal is mainly imported from outside Europe.[45] Consumption of coal was more than halved over the 10 years between 2004-2014.[5][6] Coal constituted 41% of the mass fuels (not wind and sun) in 2015, and is expected to decrease to 14% in 2025, mostly replaced by biofuels.[46][47]

Oil
Production

The production of crude oil fell from 523 PJ in 2010 to 470 PJ in 2011. As of May 2014, Denmark produced an average of 172 kbpd.[48] Danish oil companies donate DKK 1 billion over 10 years to Technical University of Denmark to increase production. Danish oil reserves are expected to run out around 2047.[49]

Consumption

Consumption fell from 315 to 306 PJ during 2011.[50] Official statistics estimate 231,000 residences heated by oil in 2014 (down from 328,000 in 2013), but only 87,000 actually purchased oil during 2014.[51]

Natural gas

The production of natural gas fell from 307 PJ in 2010 to 265 PJ in 2011. Consumption fell from 187 to 157 PJ.[50]

CO2 emissions from energy production fell from 49.4 to 44.3 million tons, from 2010 to 2011,[50] a decline of 10%.[52]

Natural gas was responsible for 6% of the country's electricity production (2019);[7] in district heating, it had a 20% share of the energy mix (2017).[43]

Biomass

The role of biomass grew as Denmark was phasing out fossil fuels, particularly coal. 20% of electricity produced in Denmark came from biomass (2019), more than from coal and natural gas combined.[7]

In district heating, use of biomass and biodegradable waste was one of multiple factors which helped bring down the share of fossil fuels and (non-biodegradable) waste to under 40% of the energy mix.[43]

Denmark consumed 2.1 million tonnes of wood pellets in 2014, expected to increase by 1.2 million tonnes as more coal is replaced. They are mainly imported from the Baltic states and Russia. Denmark also burns wood chips and straw, mostly for heating.[53]

Solar
Main articles: Solar power in Denmark and Solar energy in the European Union

Denmark had 790 MW of photovoltaic capacity in late 2015,[54] and already reached its year 2020 governmental goal of installing 200 MW in 2012.[55] As of 2013, the total PV capacity from 90,000 private installations amounts to 500 MW.[56] Danish energy sector players estimate that this development will result in 1000 MW by 2020 and 3400 MW by 2030.[55]

Solar heating is installed in some homes,[57] and also used in district heating.[58]

Geothermal

Denmark has three geothermal district heating plants; a 7 MW in Thisted started in 1988, a 14 MW in Copenhagen started in 2005, and a 12 MW in Sønderborg in 2013.[59][60] They may combine with biomass burning, but produce no electricity, as temperatures are too low to run a typical steam turbine; they are used for heating instead.[61]

Electricity
Main article: Electricity sector in Denmark
External images
EU industry electricity prices
EU household electricity prices
Power supply map, 1985 and 2015

The electricity sector relies mainly on renewable energy. 80% of the electricity produced in the country came from renewables: 57% from wind power, 20% from biomass and other combustible renewables, and 3% from solar power.

Other sources of electricity produced domestically were: coal (10.5%), natural gas (6%), oil (under 1%) and other combustibles (2.5%).[7]

Denmark is a net importer of electricity; domestic electricity production was equal to 83% of the consumption, and net imports were 17% of the consumption.[7] Imported electricity is also mostly low-carbon, although from different sources than domestic production: for example, the country imports hydroelectricity from Norway, and hydroelectricity and nuclear power (with other sources possibly in the mix) from Sweden.

Almost no hydro and no nuclear power is produced domestically, and other countries' hydro, thermal and wind/solar power is used for buffering Denmark's renewable generation. The average consumption of electricity per person was 0.8 GWh less than EU 15 average in 2008. Denmark invested in the wind power development in the 1970s and has been the top wind power country of the world ever since. Danish consumption of wind electricity has been highest in the world per person: 1,218 kWh in 2009. Denmark produced more wind power per person in 2009 than Spain or the UK produced nuclear power.

Denmark has average electricity costs (including about DKK 5 billion in costs for cleaner energy)[42] in EU for industries at 9 eurocent/kWh,[62][63][64][65] but general taxes increase the household price to the highest in Europe at 31 eurocent/kWh.[62][66]

Transmission costs are around 1c/kWh, and support regimes cost 2½ c/kWh in 2014.[67]

Wind power
Main article: Wind power in Denmark

Wind provided 57% of the electricity generated in Denmark in 2019,[7] and at least 47% of Denmark's total electricity consumption in 2019.[7] Denmark is a long-time leader in wind energy, and as of May 2011 Denmark derives 3.1 percent of its Gross Domestic Product from renewable energy technology and energy efficiency, or around €6.5 billion ($9.4 billion).[68][69]

To encourage investment in wind power, families were offered a tax exemption for generating their own electricity within their own or an adjoining commune. While this could involve purchasing a turbine outright, more often families purchased shares in wind turbine cooperatives which in turn invested in community wind turbines. By 2004 over 150,000 Danes were either members of cooperatives or owned turbines, and about 5,500 turbines had been installed, although with greater private sector involvement the proportion owned by cooperatives had fallen to 75%.

Nuclear power
Main article: Nuclear energy in Denmark

The production of nuclear energy has been banned in Denmark since 1985. In 2014 and 2015, (imported) nuclear power was 3–4% of electricity consumption in Denmark.[8] An average of 10% of domestic energy consumption comes from imports from neighboring countries Sweden and Germany, which both generate nuclear power.[70] In Sweden, about 40% of the energy is generated by nuclear power[71] and in Germany less than 20% by nuclear power.[72] In 2011, with imports of 2.9 TWh from Germany and 5.2 TWh from Sweden, about 3.5TWh used was from countries that generate nuclear power – nearly 11% of total final consumption. This fluctuates year to year, mainly due to hydro reservoir levels via NordPool prices, and analysis showed 1% from countries that generate nuclear power in 2010, 7% in 2011 and 14% in 2012.[70]

District heating
External image
Heat supply map (district heating and natural gas, 2016)

Danish district heating plants use 100 Petajoule/year,[73] mostly waste heat from thermal power plants burning coal, natural gas and biomass, but a small part of this consumption is from electrode boilers[74] or heat pumps.[75][76] Expansion of wind powered district heating is calculated to be economically efficient without taxes.[77][78] The peak thermal load of district heating in Copenhagen is 2.5 GWth, and simulations suggest a potential heat pump would run 3,500 load-hours per year using sewage water as the heat reservoir.[79]

In 2013, Denmark imported 158,000 ton garbage for incineration in 10 district heating plants,[80] increasing to 323,963 ton in 20 plants in 2015, about 10% of burnt waste.[81]

The pipe heat loss is 17%, at a value of DKK 150 million. New pipes have a heat loss of 6.5%. There are 60,000 km of pipes, serving 1.6 million households.[82] Several towns use central solar heating, some with storage.[58][83]

Transport
Main article: Transport in Denmark

Denmark aims to focus on intelligent battery systems (V2G) and plug-in vehicles in the transport sector.[84]

Tax revenue from vehicles was 28 billion DKK in 2014.[40]

Cities

Copenhagen has a target to be carbon-neutral by 2025,[85] and has burned more biomass and less coal during 2004-2014.[86]

Aarhus aims to be carbon-neutral by 2030.[87]

See also

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