Guntur

Guntur (pronunciation ); is a city and the administrative headquarters of Guntur district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.[3]:9 Located 430 km south west of state's executive capital Visakhapatnam. It is situated 40 miles (64 km) to the west of the Bay of Bengal, on the Eastern Coastal Plains. It is a municipal corporation and also the headquarters of Guntur East and Guntur West mandals in Guntur revenue division.[4][5] As of 2011 census of India the city is the third most populous in the state with a population of 1,225,436.[3][6] Guntur is classified as a Y-grade city as per the Seventh Central Pay Commission.[7] It forms a part of Visakhapatnam-Chennai Industrial Corridor, an important industrial corridor in the country.[8] The city is known for its chilli, cotton and tobacco exports and has the largest chilli market yard in Asia.[9]

Guntur

Garthapuri
Metropolis
Amaravati Metropolitan Region
Clockwise from Top Left: Guntur Medical College, General Hospital, Iskcon Temple, Guntur Municipal Corporation, Chuttugunta Center, One-Town Center, A park with pond in Gujjanagundla.
Etymology: Land of Chillies
Guntur
Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
Coordinates: 16.3008°N 80.4428°E / 16.3008; 80.4428
Country India
StateAndhra Pradesh
DistrictGuntur
Founded18th century AD
Founded byFrench
SeatGuntur Municipal Corporation
Wards58
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • BodyGuntur Municipal Corporation
 • Member of Legislative Assembly Member of ParliamentGuntur East - Mohammad Musthafa

Guntur West - Maddali Giri

Guntur loksabha - Galla Jayadev
Area
 • Total168.4 km2 (65.0 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)[3]
 • Total743,354
 • Rank3rd ( in Andhra Pradesh)
64th (in India)
 • Density4,400/km2 (11,000/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Gunturian,Gunturodu
Literacy
Languages
 • OfficialTelugu
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
522xxx
Telephone code+91-863
Vehicle registrationAP
Websiteguntur.cdma.ap.gov.in/en

Etymology

The earliest reference to the present name of the city can be dated back to the period of Ammaraja–I (922-929 CE), the Vengi Eastern Chalukyan King. It also has its appearance in another two inscriptions dated 1147 AD and 1158 AD.[10] In Sanskrit, Guntur was referred to as Garthapuri. "Garthapuri" or "Guntlapuri" translates to "a place surrounded by water ponds".[11][12] The settlement might have been near a pond, a "gunta" in Telugu; hence, :gunta uru" translates to "pond village" in Telugu. Another source refers to "kunta" (a land measuring unit) which may have transformed to "kunta uru" and later to "Guntur".[13]

History
Sivalayam at Old City and Inscriptions.

The earliest recorded reference of Guntur comes from the Ammaraja I (922–929 CE), the Vengi Chalukyan king.[14] The inscriptions stones in the Agastyeshwara temple in 'Naga Lipi' (an ancient script) dates back to about 1100 CE. It is located in Old Guntur and is considered one of the most famous temples in the city. It is said that Agastya built the temple in the last Treta Yuga around the swayambhu linga and hence it has this name. The 'Nagas' were said to have ruled the region at that time. R.Agraharam and Old Guntur areas are considered to be the older parts of the city.[15] The region has been historically known for Buddhism and the first Kalachakra ceremony performed by Gautama Buddha himself.[16] The place of Sitanagaram and the Guttikonda caves are referred in the ancient texts (Vedic puranas) going back to the Treta Yuga and Dvapara Yuga.[17] Old inscriptions of Satavahana period are found in Chebrolu area south of the city.[18]

With the arrival of the Europeans in the late sixteenth century the city attained national and international significance. The French shifted their headquarters from Kondaveedu Fort to here in 1752, probably because of the ample availability of water due to the two large tanks. This settlement formed the nucleus of the modern city. The Nizams of Hyderabad and Hyder Ali also ruled the city until it came under British rule in 1788. French astronomer, Pierre Janssen observed the solar eclipse of 18 August 1868 and discovered helium, from Guntur in Madras State, British India.[19][20] It was made the headquarters of a district named after it that was abolished in 1859, only to be reconstituted in 1904. The city rapidly became a major market for agricultural produce from the surrounding countryside due to the opening of the railway link in 1890. The expansion continued post independence as well and was concentrated in what is now called "New Guntur", with many urban areas such as Brodipet, Arundelpet and suburban areas like Pattabhipuram, Chandramouli Nagar, Sita Rama nagar, Brindavan Gardens, etc.

In 2012, the city limits were expanded with the merger of surrounding ten villages, namely Nallapadu, Pedapalakaluru, Ankireddipalem, Adavitakkellapadu, Gorantla, Pothuru, Chowdavaram, Etukuru, Budampadu and Reddypalem.[21]

Geography
Guntur Region from a satellite.

Guntur is located at 16.29°N 80.43°E / 16.29; 80.43.[22] It has an average elevation of 33 m (108 ft) and is situated on the plains. There are few hills in the surrounding suburban areas and Perecherla Reserve Forest on the north west. The city is around 40 miles (64 km) to the west of the Bay of Bengal on the east coast of India. The Krishna delta lies partly in the Guntur district. There are other smaller rivers and channels in the region such as Guntur Channel, Chandravanka, Naagileru, Guntur Branch Canal[23] etc.

As quoted in NASA's website "it is typical of the wider deltas along the southeast coast of India (known as the Coromandel Coast).[24] The braided stream channels, broad floodplain, and extensive sandbars suggest that this part of the Krishna River flows through relatively flat terrain and carries a substantial amount of sediment, especially during the monsoon season."

Climate

As per Köppen-Geiger climate classification system the climate in Guntur is tropical (Aw). The average temperature is warm to hot year-round. The summer season (especially during May/June) has the highest temperatures, but these are usually followed by monsoon rains. The winter season (from November to February) is the most enjoyable with a pleasant climate. Winter months are usually dry, with little to no rainfall. The wettest month is July. The average annual temperature is 28.5 C and annual rainfall is about 905 mm. Rain storms and cyclones are common in the region during the rainy season, which starts with the monsoons in early June. Cyclones may occur any time of the year, but occur more commonly between May and November.

Climate data for Guntur City
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 29.8
(85.6)		 32.2
(90.0)		 34.7
(94.5)		 36.8
(98.2)		 39.3
(102.7)		 37.5
(99.5)		 33.3
(91.9)		 32.9
(91.2)		 32.8
(91.0)		 31.7
(89.1)		 30.3
(86.5)		 29.2
(84.6)		 33.4
(92.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 24.4
(75.9)		 26.2
(79.2)		 28.7
(83.7)		 31.4
(88.5)		 33.6
(92.5)		 32.6
(90.7)		 29.5
(85.1)		 29.2
(84.6)		 29.0
(84.2)		 28.0
(82.4)		 25.7
(78.3)		 24.1
(75.4)		 28.5
(83.4)
Average low °C (°F) 19.0
(66.2)		 20.3
(68.5)		 22.8
(73.0)		 25.8
(78.4)		 28.0
(82.4)		 27.7
(81.9)		 25.7
(78.3)		 25.5
(77.9)		 25.3
(77.5)		 24.2
(75.6)		 21.1
(70.0)		 19.0
(66.2)		 23.7
(74.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 1
(0.0)		 4
(0.2)		 6
(0.2)		 14
(0.6)		 56
(2.2)		 115
(4.5)		 171
(6.7)		 161
(6.3)		 151
(5.9)		 159
(6.3)		 58
(2.3)		 10
(0.4)		 906
(35.6)
Source: Climate-Data.org (altitude: 26 m)[25]

Demographics
Guntur population 
CensusPopulation %±
1981367,699
—
1991471,05128.1%
2001514,4619.2%
2011743,35444.5%
Sources

In the 1981 census, Guntur had a population of 367,699 with a growth rate of 36.19. As of 2011 census, the city had a population of 670,073.[26] which constitute 371,727 males and 371,612 females —a sex ratio of 1004 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 940 females per 1000 males.[3][27] The 2018 estimate of the city population is estimated to be around 8.5 lakh.[28]

Language and religion
Religion in Guntur (2011)
Hinduism
 
 77.91%
Islam
 
 18.05%
Christianity
 
 3.25%
Others (incl.unclassified and
religion not stated)
 
 0.79%

Telugu is the widely spoken language with a total of 545,928 native speakers, followed by 109,574 Urdu speakers. A significant minority speak Hindi, Odia and Tamil.[29] The religious population constitute 522,030 Hindus (77.91%), 120,974 Muslims (18.05%), 21,787 Christians (3.25%), 2,312 Jains (0.35%) and 2,605 (0.82%) not stating any religion.[30] One of the purportedly lost tribes of Israel called Bene Ephraim, has its presence in Guntur, with a Jewish synagogue as well.[31]

Governance
City and neighborhood
The Collectorate complex of Guntur

Civic administration and politics

Guntur municipality is one of the oldest municipalities with more than 150 years of history.[32] It was constituted with 25,000 population in 1866 and later got upgraded to third grade municipality in 1891, first grade in 1917, special grade in 1952 and then to selection grade in 1960. In 1994, it was finally made as municipal corporation and the first ever municipal election was conducted in 1995.[33] In the year 2012, the city limits were expanded by merging ten surrounding villages into the Guntur Municipal Corporation.[34] There are a total 52 revenue wards in the corporation.[26] The present municipal commissioner is Shrikesh B Lathkar.[35] The corporation budget is ₹973.24 crore (US$140 million).[36] Recently the corporation topped the charts in property tax collections in the state.[37]

In the Indian general elections, Guntur Lok Sabha constituency is one among the 25 constituencies in the state to represent the Lok Sabha.[38] While, Guntur East and Guntur West are the two assembly constituencies from 175 assembly segments, representing the state assembly.

State offices

As part of the Andhra Pradesh capital region, the city hosts many state offices and agencies such as Andhra Pradesh Forest Department, Agricultural Marketing Department etc.[39]

Utility services

Guntur Channel is the main source of drinking water for the city residents, which draws water from River Krishna through channels and tributaries.[40] Extension of this channel is being planned to cover more areas around the city in the capital region.[41] Summer storage tank at Sangam Jagarlamudi, Vengalayapalem reservoir are the other sources of water to the city.[42] The Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Company Limited is responsible for power supply to the registered service connections through various sub-stations.[43] Guntur is one among the thirty-one cities in the state to be a part of water supply and sewerage services mission known as Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT).[44] As per the 2018 Swachh Survekshan rankings, the city was ranked 129th in the country, with a score of 2460.18.[45] The Guntur Municipal Corporation received the open defecation free city certificate as part of Swachh Bharat Mission.[46]

Law and order
City Court

Guntur Urban and Rural police offices oversee the law and order for the city and the rural areas surrounding it.[47] The Guntur Urban Police is under consideration to be upgraded as Guntur Police Commissionerate.[48] The NCC Group Guntur is the National Cadet Corps of the Armed forces. It is located at Syamalanagar.[49][47] The city also hosts one of the Indian Army recruitment and training centers.[50] The city has a new Regional passport center to cater the citizens of the district and state.[51] The High Court was in Guntur after the separation from the erstwhile Madras State,[52] which was later moved to Hyderabad after the formation of Andhra Pradesh.[53][54] After the bifurcation of the state a new High Court is setup in the capital region of the district.[55] The AP State Judicial Preview offices are located at Nagarampalem.[56]

A trauma care center in Guntur

Healthcare

The Government General Hospital provides free healthcare to people across the district.[57] There are free healthcare facilities like Sankara Eye Hospital that serves people in and around the city. Also there are urban health care centers, couple of hundred private hospitals in the city.[58]

Economy
Main market

The city is headquarters to Agricultural Marketing Department.[39] The Tobacco Board, The Spices Board also has their headquarters located in the city.[59] Agriculture Market Committee Market Yard, the largest chilly yard of Asia, generates an income of up to ₹100 crore (US$14 million) during trading season.[60][9] The spiciest Guntur chillies are exported to foreign countries and the city stands second in terms of trade, next to Mexico.[61] Commercial activities are concentrated mostly on outlets such as, cinema halls, malls, jewelry, fertilisers.[61] There are also several spinning mills on the outskirts of the city.[62]

Culture

The city residents are referred as Gunturians.[63] Traditional drama and theatrical events also have their presence in the city.[64] The city observes many festivals such as Rama Navami,[65] Maha Sivaratri,[66] Vinayaka Chavithi,[67] Vijaya Dasami,[68] Deepawali,[69] Holi,[70] Ugadi,[71] Eid,[72] Krishnastami,[73] Christmas.[74]

Cuisine

The South Indian breakfast varieties such as, Idli, Dosa, Puri, Vada etc., are preferred mostly.[75] The Red chilli biryani is one of the native dish from the area.[76] Guntur Sannam, a chilli variety was registered as one of the geographical indication from Andhra Pradesh under the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.[77]

Cityscape
A residential area
Archaeological Museum

The major commercial and residential areas in the city include the Arundelpet, Lakshmipuram and Brodipet. Koretapadu, Navabharath Nagar, Pattabhipuram, Shyamla Nagar and Vidya Nagar etc., are some of the other areas in the city.[78] Autonagar, Gorantla, Peda Palakaluru, Nallapadu, Chennai to Kolkata Highway etc. are some of the other areas of the city.[79]

The city has many parks, museums, temples, nature conservation sites, forts, resorts and caves. The Jinnah Tower is one of the iconic structure on Mahatma Gandhi Road, one of the important center of the city.[80] There are seventeen parks in the city with some of them maintained by the municipal corporation.[81] Larger city parks like Nagara-Vanam are being developed on the outskirts of the city.[82] There are many places to visit nearby the city such as Uppalapadu Bird Sanctuary, Kondaveedu Fort etc. There are many festivals and events in the region such as beach festivals, hill festivals attract the city residents during various festival seasons. The closest beach to the city region is Surya Lanka.[83][84][85][86]

Transport
NTR Bus Station
Guntur Junction railway station
National Highway-16 near Namburu

The local transport preferred by the commuters include, privately operated auto rickshaws, cabs, mini-buses etc., and government run APSRTC buses in specified routes.[87][88][89] Everyday, close to one lakh people travel by different modes of transport.[90] Auto rickshaws operating on a sharing basis are the cheapest form of transport for the students and the working population.[91] NTR bus station handles more than 2000 buses everyday, which arrive from different districts of the state.[92] A new mini bus station built in the premises of NTR bus station is being used to run buses towards Vijayawada to ease the congestion in main bus station.[92] The Rail Vikas Bhavan at Pattabhipuram in the city is the headquarters of Guntur railway division.[93][94] Guntur Junction, Nallapadu and New Guntur railway stations of the city provide rail transport.[95] While, Namburu, Perecherla and Pedakakani Halt railway stations serve as satellite stations to the city commuters.[96] The Guntur railway station operates MEMU and local trains for the commuting population, including thousands of university students.[97] Though there was a proposal to build a no frills airport for the city,[98] the Vijayawada International Airport located at Gannavaram serves the air travel needs of the city commuters.[99]

The city has a total road length of 893.00 km (554.88 mi).[100] The Mahatma Gandhi Inner Ring Road is an arterial road with a stretch of 6.34 km (3.94 mi), that encircles the city with its start and end points on NH 16.[101][102] The other arterial city roads include, the Grand Trunk Road, JKC College Road, Lakshmipuram Road, Pattabhipuram Road and Palakaluru Road etc.[103][104] The city is connected to major destinations by National highways, State highways and district roads.[105] National Highway 16 bypasses the city, which is also a part of Asian Highway 45 and Golden Quadrilateral.[106] The State Highway 2 connects the city with Macherla and Hyderabad. A new Expressway is proposed connecting the city to Rayalaseema region with faster access. State Highway 48 with Bapatla and Chirala.[107][108] The Guntur–Amaravati,[109] Guntur– Nandivelugu ,Guntur-Tenali.[110] and Guntur-Parchoor roads[111][112] are the district roads connecting their respective destinations.

Education and research
A university campus

The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the School Education Department of the state.[113][114] As per the school information report for the academic year 2015–16, the city limits (including the merged villages) have more than one lakh students enrolled in over 400 schools.[115][116] The Central Board of Secondary Education, Secondary School Certificate or the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education are the different types of syllabi followed by different schools. The medium of instruction followed by schools are Telugu, English and Urdu.[117][118] The public library system is supported by the government with the central library located at Arundalpet.[119]

Government colleges and institutions include, Guntur Medical College,[120] Government Junior College for Girls.[121] There exists one residential college under APRJC, ten private aided, two co-operative and many private unaided colleges.[121] Hindu College, A.C College are some of the older institutes in the city. JKC College, RVR & JC College of Engineering, Tellakula Jalayya Polisetty Somasundaram College (TJPS College), Government College for Women and St. Joseph's College of Education for Women are the autonomous colleges approved under Universities Grant Commission scheme.[122] The Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University at Lam village near the city is administered from Gorantla area of the city.[123] Research centres related to different fields such as, Regional AGMARK laboratory,[124] regional station of Central Tobacco Research Institute of Indian Council of Agricultural Research are also present.[125] The city hosts many national, state level conferences and expos on many topics like economy, agriculture, technology etc.[126][127][128][129]

Media

As per the 58th annual report of Press India 2013–14, the major Telugu daily publications from Guntur are Andhra Jyothi, Eenadu, Andhra Prabha, Sakshi, Suryaa, Telugu Jatiya Dinapatrika Vaartha. The English publications are, Deccan Chronicle, News Boom, The Fourth Voice, Views Observer.[130]

Sports
Parade ground

Sporting infrastructure of the city include several venues for many sports such as, Brahmananda Reddy stadium for Tennis, Badminton, Volleyball, Athletics, Gymnastics, Swimming;[131][132][133] NTR Municipal Indoor stadium for Table Tennis and Volleyball;[134][135] and also other sports such as Boxing.[136] It becomes the first state to get blue athletic track in India[137]

The city has hosted sporting events such as, All India Senior Tennis Association,[138] All India Sub Junior Ranking Badminton Tournament,[139] All India Invitation Volleyball Tournament,[135] Ganta Sanjeeva Reddy Memorial Trophy,[140] Inter-district Master Aquatic Championship[141] etc. The city was also a host for Khelo India programme for junior level national sports.[142]

International sports personalities from the city include: cricketer Ambati Rayudu;[143] badminton player Srikanth Kidambi, who won the Super Series title in China[144] and also finished as a quarter finalist at the 2016 Summer Olympics.[145]

See also

References
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