Haplogroup O-M119

A 2010 study by Karafet suggests haplogroup O-M119 was part of a four-phase colonization model in which Paleolithic migrations of hunter-gatherers shaped the primary structure of current Y-Chromosome diversity of Maritime Southeast Asia. Neolithic incursions made only a minor impact on the paternal gene pool, despite the large cultural impact of the Austronesian expansion. Approximately 5000 BCE, Haplogroup O-M119 coalesced at Sundaland and migrated northwards to as far as Taiwan, where O-M50 constitutes some 90% of the Aboriginal Y-DNA, being the main haplogroup that can be directly linked to the Austronesian expansion in phase 3 (Karafet 2010).

A study by Li in 2008 concluded that in contrast to the Taiwan homeland hypothesis, Island Southeast Asians do not have a Taiwan origin based on their paternal lineages. According to their results, lineages within Maritime Southeast Asia did not originate from Taiwanese aborigines as linguistic studies suggest. Taiwan aborigines and Indonesians were likely to have been derived from the Tai–Kadai-speaking populations based on their paternal lineages, and thereafter evolved independently of each other (Li 2008) harv error: no target: CITEREFLi2008 (help).

The strongest positive correlation between Haplogroup O-M119 and ethno-linguistic affiliation is that which is observed between this haplogroup and the Austronesians. The peak frequency of Haplogroup O-M119 is found among the aborigines of Taiwan, precisely the region from which linguists have hypothesized that the Austronesian language family originated. A slightly weaker correlation is observed between Haplogroup O-M119 and the Han Chinese populations of southern China, as well as between this haplogroup and the Tai–Kadai-speaking populations of southern China and Southeast Asia. The distribution of Tai–Kadai languages in Thailand and other parts of Southeast Asia outside of China has long been believed, for reasons of traditional linguistic geography, to reflect a recent invasion of Southeast Asia by Tai–Kadai-speaking populations originating from southeastern China, and the somewhat elevated frequency of Haplogroup O-M119 among the Tai–Kadai populations, coupled with a high frequency of Haplogroup O-M95, which is a genetic characteristic of the Austroasiatic-speaking peoples of Southeast Asia, suggests that the genetic signature of the Tai–Kadai peoples' affinity with populations of southeastern China has been weakened due to extensive assimilation of the earlier Austroasiatic residents of the lands which the Tai–Kadai peoples invaded. Also, it has been noted that Haplogroup O-M119 lineages among populations of continental Southeast Asia outside of China display a reduced level of diversity when compared with populations of South China and insular Southeast Asia, which may be evidence of a bottleneck associated with the westward migration and settlement of ancestral Tai–Kadai-speaking populations in Indochina.

This lineage is found frequently in Austronesians, southern Han Chinese, and Kra-Dai peoples.[8] This lineage is presumed to be a marker of the prehistoric Austronesian expansion, with possible origins encompassing the regions along the southeastern coast of China and neighboring Taiwan, and is found among modern populations of Maritime Southeast Asia and Oceania (Karafet 2005) harv error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2005 (help).

Haplogroup O-M119 Y-chromosomes also have been found to occur at low frequency among various populations of Siberia, such as the Nivkhs (one of 17 sampled Y-chromosomes), Ulchi/Nanai (2/53), Yenisey Evenks (1/31), and especially the Buryats living in the Sayan-Baikal uplands of Irkutsk Oblast (6/13) (Lell 2002) harv error: no target: CITEREFLell2002 (help).

O-P203 was found in 86.7% (52/60) of a sample from Nias, 70.8% (34/48) of Taiwanese Aboriginals, 28.4% (21/74) of Mentawai, 11.4% (73/641) of Balinese, 9.8% (6/61) of a sample from Java, 9.1% (36/394) of a sample from Flores, 9.1% (15/165) of Han Chinese, 8.3% (1/12) of a sample from Western Samoa, 8.2% (4/49) of Tujia from Hunan, 6.9% (4/58) of Miao from China, 5.7% (4/70) of Vietnamese, 3.3% (1/30) of a sample from the Moluccas, 3.1% (1/32) of Malaysians, 3.0% (1/33) of a sample from highland Papua New Guinea, 2.6% (1/38) of a sample from Sumatra, 2.3% (2/86) of a sample from Borneo, 2.1% (1/48) of Filipinos, 2.0% (1/51) of She, 1.7% (1/60) of Yao from Guangxi, 1.1% (1/92) of a sample from Lembata, and 0.9% (3/350) of a sample from Sumba.[9]

In a study published in 2011, O-P203 was observed in 22.2% (37/167) of Han Chinese male volunteers at Fudan University in Shanghai whose origin may be traced back to East China (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, or Anhui), 12.3% (8/65) of Han Chinese male volunteers whose origin may be traced back to South China, and 1.6% (2/129) of Han Chinese male volunteers whose origin may be traced back to North China.[10]

This lineage was observed in one individual from China (Underhill 2000) harv error: no target: CITEREFUnderhill2000 (help) and another from Kota Kinabalu (Hurles 2005) harv error: no target: CITEREFHurles2005 (help).

This lineage occurs among Austronesian peoples of Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Madagascar as well as among some populations of continental Southeast Asia and among Bantu peoples of the Comoros.[11] It also has been found in a Hawaiian.[12]

A study published in 2005 found O-M50 in 33.3% (13/39) of a sample of aboriginals in Taiwan, 18.2% (2/11) of a sample of people in Majuro, 17.1% (6/35) of a sample of Malagasy, 9.2% (6/65) of a sample of people in Kota Kinabalu, 9.1% (2/22) of a sample of people in Banjarmasin, 3.6% (1/28) of a sample of people in the Philippines, and 1.9% (1/52) of a sample of people in Vanuatu.[13]

Kayser et al. 2008 found O-M110 in 34.1% (14/41) of a sample of Taiwan Aborigines, 17.7% (26/147) of a sample from the Admiralty Islands, 17.3% (9/52) of a sample from the Trobriand Islands, 13.5% (5/37) of a sample from the Philippines, 9.7% (3/31) of a sample from the Nusa Tenggara Islands, 3.8% (2/53) of a sample from Java, 3.0% (1/33) of a sample from the Moluccas, 2.5% (1/40) of a sample from Borneo, 1.0% (1/100) of a sample from Tuvalu, and 0.95% (1/105) of a sample from Fiji.[14]

A study published in 2010 found O-M110 in 18.8% (9/48) Taiwanese Aboriginals, 13.3% (8/60) Nias, 8.3% (4/48) Philippines, 7.4% (4/54) Sulawesi, 6.3% (22/350) Sumba, 5.8% (5/86) Borneo, 3.3% (1/30) Moluccas, 2.3% (1/44) Maewo, Vanuatu, 1.6% (1/61) Java, 1.4% (1/74) Mentawai, and 0.8% (5/641) Bali.[15]

A study published in 2012 found O-M110 in 4.6% (33/712) of males from the Solomon Islands.[16]

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree (Karafet 2008) harv error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2008 (help) and subsequent published research.

• O-MSY2.2 (MSY2.2)
  • O-M119 (M119)
    • O1a-Y144065
      • O1a-Y144065* Hubei[3]
      • O1a-F1009 Guangdong,[3] Gansu,[3] North Korea (Pyeongyang)[3]
    • O1a1 (B384/Z23193)
      • O1a1*
      • O1a1a (M307.1/P203.1, CTS3422, CTS4351, CTS5059,CTS6864, CTS7015, CTS8229, CTS8875, CTS8934, CTS9321, CTS11688, F31, F54, F89, F303, F333, L83)
        • O1a1a1 (F446, CTS4588, F560, FGC15381/K620/Z23389, K613/Z23387, K619/Z23388)
          • O1a1a1a (F140, CTS611, CTS3089, CTS3265, CTS3269, CTS11270, F157, F343, F424, F518, F571, FGC15382/Z23466, FGC15391/Y14275/Z23470, FGC15383/K625/Z23474, V68.2, Z23457)
            • O1a1a1a* Indonesia[3]
            • O1a1a1a1 (F78, CTS1711, CTS2268, CTS3758, CTS4478, CTS9282, CTS10963, CTS11692, F168, F206, FGC15386/Z23467, FGC15388/K642, FGC15394/K618/Z23468, K614/Z23459, Y23446, Z23458, Z23471)
              • O1a1a1a1* China (Jiangxi),[3] Philippines (Igorot from Mountain Province)[3]
              • O1a1a1a1a (F81, CTS4910, CTS5709, FGC15392/Y14265/Z23469) China, Philippines, Vietnam[17]
                • O1a1a1a1a* Guangdong[3]
                • O1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2458)
                  • O1a1a1a1a1a (F533)
                    • O1a1a1a1a1a1 (F492, CTS2498, CTS2594, CTS4206,CTS5075, CTS11784, F619, K629/Z23478)
                      • O1a1a1a1a1a1a (F656, Z23481) Hubei, Jiangsu, Hong Kong, Beijing, Xishuangbanna[3]
                        • O1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (A12440) Jiangsu,[3] Anhui[3]
                          • O1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (A12439)
                        • O1a1a1a1a1a1a2 (A14788, A14789)
                        • O1a1a1a1a1a1a3 (F65, F285, F469)
                        • O1a1a1a1a1a1a4 (MF1068, MF1069, MF1070)
                        • O1a1a1a1a1a1a5 (Z23482, Z23484, Z23485, Z23486, Z23487, Z23488, Z23489)
                      • O1a1a1a1a1a1b (FGC66168, Z23496, Z23505) Guangdong,[3] Guangxi,[3] Jiangsu[3]
                        • O1a1a1a1a1a1b1 (CTS11553, Z23494, Z23496, Z23503)
                        • O1a1a1a1a1a1b2 (CTS409, CTS2613, CTS5922) Fujian[3]
                        • O1a1a1a1a1a1b3 (Y146786, Y146790, Y146817) Hubei,[3] Jiangxi[3]
                      • O1a1a1a1a1a1c (Y31266, Y31267)
                        • O1a1a1a1a1a1c* Jiangxi,[3] Fujian[3]
                        • O1a1a1a1a1a1c1 (Y31261, Y31262, Y31263, Y31264, Y31265, Y31643) Sichuan,[3] Cambodia[17]
                      • O1a1a1a1a1a1d (A12441, A12442, A12443, Y69066) Henan,[3] Anhui[3]
                      • O1a1a1a1a1a1e (MF1071, MF1072, MF1073) Jiangsu,[3] Anhui[3]
                        • O1a1a1a1a1a1e1 (MF1074)
                    • O1a1a1a1a1a2 (CTS4585, CTS7624, FGC15395/Y14269, FGC15397/Y14272, FGC15398/Y13987, FGC15399/Y13986, FGC15400/Y13989, FGC15401/Y13988, FGC15402/Y13984, FGC15409/Y13985, FGC47328, FGC47336, Y14273) Jiangsu,[3] Beijing[3]
                • O1a1a1a1a2 (MF1075, MF1076, MF1077, MF1078, MF1079, MF1080, MF1081, MF1082) Jiangsu,[3] Shanghai[3]
            • O1a1a1a2 (YP4610/Z39229)
              • O1a1a1a2a (AM00330/AMM480/B386, SK1533, Z39230/YP4600, Z39231/YP4601, Z39232/YP4603, Z39233/YP4605, Z39234/YP4607, Z39235/YP4609, Z39236/YP4611, Z39237/YP4612, Z39238/YP4613, Z39239/YP4614, Z39240/YP4615, Z39241/YP4616, Z39242/YP4617, Z39243/YP4618, Z39244/YP4619, Z39245/YP4620, Z39246/YP4621)
                • O1a1a1a2a1 (AM00333/AMM483/B387, Z39247/YP4602) Philippines,[17] Singapore (Malay)[1]
                  • O1a1a1a2a1a (B388, Z39248/YP4604, Z39249/YP4608) Philippines,[3][17][1] Singapore (Malay)[1]
              • O1a1a1a2b (SK1555)
          • O1a1a1b (SK1568/Z23420, CTS8920, Z23430)
            • O1a1a1b1 (M101) China,[18] Kota Kinabalu[13]
            • O1a1a1b2 (Z23392, Z23404, Z23440/SK1572)
              • O1a1a1b2* Ho Chi Minh City[3]
              • O1a1a1b2a (Z23442, F26575) Xishuangbanna, Hong Kong, Ho Chi Minh City[3]
                • O1a1a1b2a1 (SK1571, Z39268)
        • O1a1a2 (CTS8423, CTS2915, F4084)
          • O1a1a2a (CTS52, CTS11785, CTS5880) Japan[17]
            • O1a1a2a1 (CTS701, K583, CTS6217)
              • O1a1a2a1a (K644/Z23266, Z23269)
                • O1a1a2a1a* Fujian[3]
                • O1a1a2a1a1 (CTS10805, MF2376, CTS4829) Guangdong,[3] Sichuan,[3] Hunan,[3] Beijing[3]
                • O1a1a2a1a2 (YP345, Z7773, Z23304/Z23304.2) Xishuangbanna (Dai)[3]
                • O1a1a2a1a3 (Y18196) Xishuangbanna (Dai)[3]
              • O1a1a2a1b (Y157651)
                • O1a1a2a1b* (Y157651) Shandong[3]
                • O1a1a2a1b1 (F16334, CTS11040, CTS1992) Beijing,[3] Guangdong,[3] Liaoning[3]
            • O1a1a2a2 (Y89818, MF16617)
              • O1a1a2a2a (MF14481, MF17536, MF16199) Zhejiang,[3] Shandong[3]
              • O1a1a2a2b (FGC66100, FGC66137, FGC66127) Hubei,[3] Jiangxi,[3] Zhejiang,[3] Hebei,[3] North Korea[3]
          • O1a1a2b (F2444, F4243, Y137046)
            • O1a1a2b1 (F1056, Y163250, MF6188) Jiangsu,[3] Shanghai[3]
            • O1a1a2b2 (Y137054, Y137058, FGC11281) Jiangsu,[3] Shanghai,[3] Hungary (Győr-Moson-Sopron[3])
      • O1a1b (CTS5726, CTS3085, CTS3400) Beijing,[3] Fujian,[3] the Philippines (Manila,[17] Agta[1]), Singapore (Malay)[1]
    • O1a2 (M110, F881, F908, F1081,F1608, F1880, F2340, F2380, F2635, F2671, F3134, F3152, F3157, F3214, M50, M103) Austronesia, China (Beijing,[3] Macau[3])
      • O1a2a (F3288)
        • O1a2a1 (B392, Z38606,Z38607, Z38608, Z38609, Z38610, Z38611)
          • O1a2a1a (B393, Z38612)

Journals

• Chen, Chen; Hui, LI; Zhen-Dong, QIN; Wen-Hong, LIU; Wei-Xiong, LIN; Rui-Xing, YIN; Li, JIN; Shang-Ling, PAN (2006). "Y-chromosome Genotyping and Genetic Structure of Zhuang Populations". Acta Genetica Sinica. 33 (12): 1060–72. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.602.5490. doi:10.1016/S0379-4172(06)60143-1. PMID 17185165.
• Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi (2005). "Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.
• Hurles, M; Sykes, B; Jobling, M; Forster, P (2005). "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 76 (5): 894–901. doi:10.1086/430051. PMC 1199379. PMID 15793703.
• Karafet, Tatiana M.; Lansing, J. S.; Redd, Alan J.; Watkins, Joseph C.; Surata, S. P. K.; Arthawiguna, W. A.; Mayer, Laura; Bamshad, Michael; et al. (2005). "Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders" (PDF). Human Biology. 77 (1): 93–114. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030. hdl:1808/13586. PMID 16114819. S2CID 7953854.
• Karafet, T. M.; Hallmark, B.; Cox, M. P.; Sudoyo, H.; Downey, S.; Lansing, J. S.; Hammer, M. F. (2010). "Major East-West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (8): 1833–44. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq063. PMID 20207712. S2CID 4819475.
• Kayser, Manfred; Brauer, Silke; Weiss, Gunter; Schiefenhövel, Wulf; Underhill, Peter; Shen, Peidong; Oefner, Peter; Tommaseo-Ponzetta, Mila; Stoneking, Mark (2003). "Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (2): 281–302. doi:10.1086/346065. PMC 379223. PMID 12532283.
• Kayser, M.; Choi, Y.; Van Oven, M.; Mona, S.; Brauer, S.; Trent, R. J.; Suarkia, D.; Schiefenhovel, W.; Stoneking, M. (2008). "The Impact of the Austronesian Expansion: Evidence from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 25 (7): 1362–74. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn078. PMID 18390477.
• Lell, Jeffrey T.; Sukernik, Rem I.; Starikovskaya, Yelena B.; Su, Bing; Jin, Li; Schurr, Theodore G.; Underhill, Peter A.; Wallace, Douglas C. (2002). "The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American Y Chromosomes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (1): 192–206. doi:10.1086/338457. PMC 384887. PMID 11731934.
• Li, Hui; Huang, Ying; Mustavich, Laura F.; Zhang, Fan; Tan, Jing-Ze; Wang, Ling-E; Qian, Ji; Gao, Meng-He; Jin, Li (2007). "Y chromosomes of prehistoric people along the Yangtze River". Human Genetics. 122 (3–4): 383–8. doi:10.1007/s00439-007-0407-2. PMID 17657509. S2CID 2533393.
• Li, Hui; Wen, Bo; Chen, Shu-Juo; Su, Bing; Pramoonjago, Patcharin; Liu, Yangfan; Pan, Shangling; Qin, Zhendong; Liu, Wenhong; Cheng, Xu; Yang, Ningning; Li, Xin; Tran, Dinhbinh; Lu, Daru; Hsu, Mu-Tsu; Deka, Ranjan; Marzuki, Sangkot; Tan, Chia-Chen; Jin, Li (2008). "Paternal genetic affinity between western Austronesians and Daic populations". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8: 146. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-146. PMC 2408594. PMID 18482451.
• MacAulay, Dongna; Li, Hui; Ou, Caiying; Lu, Yan; Sun, Yuantian; Yang, Bo; Qin, Zhendong; Zhou, Zhenjian; et al. (2008). MacAulay, Vincent (ed.). "Paternal Genetic Structure of Hainan Aborigines Isolated at the Entrance to East Asia". PLOS ONE. 3 (5): e2168. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2168L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002168. PMC 2374892. PMID 18478090.
• Su, Bing; Xiao, Junhua; Underhill, Peter; Deka, Ranjan; Zhang, Weiling; Akey, Joshua; Huang, Wei; Shen, Di; et al. (1999). "Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 65 (6): 1718–24. doi:10.1086/302680. PMC 1288383. PMID 10577926.
• Tajima, Atsushi; Hayami, Masanori; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Juji, Takeo; Matsuo, Masafumi; Marzuki, Sangkot; Omoto, Keiichi; Horai, Satoshi (2004). "Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages". Journal of Human Genetics. 49 (4): 187–93. doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x. PMID 14997363.
• Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; Passarino, Giuseppe; Yang, Wei H.; Kauffman, Erin; Bonné-Tamir, Batsheva; et al. (2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 358–61. doi:10.1038/81685. PMID 11062480. S2CID 12893406.
• Xie, XH; Li, H; Mao, XY; Wen, B; Gao, S; Jin, JZ; Lu, DR; Jin, L (2004). "Genetic structure of Tujia as revealed by Y chromosomes". Acta Genetica Sinica. 31 (10): 1023–1029. PMID 15552034.

Websites

• ISOGG (2010). "Y-DNA Haplogroup O and its Subclades. 2010". International Society of Genetic Genealogy. Retrieved 2010. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)