Hypertensive heart disease

Hypertensive heart disease includes a number of complications of high blood pressure that affect the heart. While there are several definitions of hypertensive heart disease in the medical literature,[1][2][3] the term is most widely used in the context of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding categories. The definition includes heart failure and other cardiac complications of hypertension when a causal relationship between the heart disease and hypertension is stated or implied on the death certificate. In 2013 hypertensive heart disease resulted in 1.07 million deaths as compared with 630,000 deaths in 1990.[4]

Hypertensive heart disease
Automated arm blood pressure meter showing arterial hypertension (shown a systolic blood pressure 158 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure 99 mmHg and heart rate of 80 beats per minute)
SpecialtyCardiology 

According to ICD-10, hypertensive heart disease (I11), and its subcategories: hypertensive heart disease with heart failure (I11.0) and hypertensive heart disease without heart failure (I11.9) are distinguished from chronic rheumatic heart diseases (I05-I09), other forms of heart disease (I30-I52) and ischemic heart diseases (I20-I25). However, since high blood pressure is a risk factor for atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease,[5] death rates from hypertensive heart disease provide an incomplete measure of the burden of disease due to high blood pressure.

Signs and symptoms

The symptoms and signs of hypertensive heart disease will depend on whether or not it is accompanied by heart failure. In the absence of heart failure, hypertension, with or without enlargement of the heart (left ventricular hypertrophy) is usually symptomless.

Symptoms, signs and consequences of Congestive heart failure can include:

Heart failure can develop insidiously over time or patients can present acutely with acute heart failure or acute decompensated heart failure and pulmonary edema due to sudden failure of pump function of the heart. Sudden failure can be precipitated by a variety of causes, including myocardial ischemia, marked increases in blood pressure, or cardiac arrhythmias.

Diagnosis
Stages of elevated BP and hypertension[7]
CategorySystolic BP (mm Hg)Diastolic BP (mm Hg)
Optimal< 120< 80
Prehypertension120-13980-89
Stage I140-15990-99
Stage II>160>100

Differential diagnosis

Other conditions can share features with hypertensive heart disease and need to be considered in the differential diagnosis. For example:

Prevention

Because there are no symptoms with high blood pressure, people can have the condition without knowing it. Diagnosing high blood pressure early can help prevent heart disease, stroke, eye problems, and chronic kidney disease.[8]

The risk of cardiovascular disease and death can be reduced by lifestyle modifications, including dietary advice, promotion of weight loss and regular aerobic exercise, moderation of alcohol intake and cessation of smoking.[7] Drug treatment may also be needed to control the hypertension and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease,[7] manage the heart failure,[9] or control cardiac arrhythmias.[10] Patients with hypertensive heart disease should avoid taking over the counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or cough suppressants, and decongestants containing sympathomimetics, unless otherwise advised by their physician as these can exacerbate hypertension and heart failure.[11][12]

Blood pressure goals

According to JNC 7, BP goals should be as follows :[7]

  • Less than 140/90mm Hg in patients with uncomplicated hypertension
  • Less than 130/85mm Hg in patients with diabetes and those with renal disease with less than 1g/24-hour proteinuria
  • Less than 125/75mm Hg in patients with renal disease and more than 1 g/24-hour proteinuria

Treatment

The medical care of patients with hypertensive heart disease falls under 2 categories—[13]

Epidemiology
Deaths due to hypertensive heart disease per million persons in 2012
  9-54
  55-64
  65-78
  79-92
  93-113
  114-141
  142-173
  174-217
  218-317
  318-1618
Disability-adjusted life year for hypertensive heart disease per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.[14]
  no data
  less than 110
  110–220
  220–330
  330–440
  440–550
  550–660
  660–770
  770–880
  880–990
  990–1100
  1100–1600
  more than 1600

Hypertension or high blood pressure affects at least 26.4% of the world's population.[15] Hypertensive heart disease is only one of several diseases attributable to high blood pressure. Other diseases caused by high blood pressure include ischemic heart disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, aneurysms and kidney disease. Hypertension increases the risk of heart failure by two or three-fold[7] and probably accounts for about 25% of all cases of heart failure.[16] In addition, hypertension precedes heart failure in 90% of cases,[7] and the majority of heart failure in the elderly may be attributable to hypertension.[17] Hypertensive heart disease was estimated to be responsible for 1.0 million deaths worldwide in 2004 (or approximately 1.7% of all deaths globally), and was ranked 13th in the leading global causes of death for all ages.[18] A world map shows the estimated disability-adjusted life years per 100,000 inhabitants lost due to hypertensive heart disease in 2004.[14]

Sex differences

There are more women than men with hypertension,[19] and, although men develop hypertension earlier in life,[20] hypertension in women is less well controlled.[21][22] The consequences of high blood pressure in women are a major public health problem and hypertension is a more important contributory factor in heart attacks in women than men.[20] Until recently women have been under-represented in clinical trials in hypertension and heart failure. Nevertheless, there is some evidence that the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs differs between men and women[20] and that treatment for heart failure may be less effective in women.[23]

Ethnic differences

Studies in the USA indicate that a disproportionate number of African Americans have hypertension compared with non-Hispanic whites and Mexican Americans, and that they suffer a greater burden of hypertensive heart disease.[24] Heart failure is more common in people of African American ethnicity, mortality from heart failure is also consistently higher than in white patients, and it develops at an earlier age.[23][25] Worryingly, recent data suggests that rates of hypertension are increasing more rapidly in African Americans than other ethnic groups.[26] The excess of high blood pressure and its consequences in African Americans is likely to contribute to their shorter life expectancy compared with white Americans.[24]

References
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