Islamic Defenders Front

The Islamic Defenders Front (Indonesian: Front Pembela Islam (FPI))[4][5] was an Indonesian hardline Islamist organization formed in 1998. It was founded by Muhammad Rizieq Shihab with backing from the military and political figures at the time.[6][7] The organization's leader is Ahmad Shabri Lubis, who was inaugurated in 2015,[8] and Rizieq Shihab remains acting as the adviser with the title Grand Imam (Indonesian: Imam Besar) of the FPI for life.[9] The FPI originally started as a civil group that positioned itself as an Islamic moral police force against vice, whose activity was not authorized by the government.[10] Later, it transformed itself into an Islamist pressure group with active online campaigns.[11]

Islamic Defenders Front
الجبهة الدفاعية الإسلامية
Front Pembela Islam
Logo of the Islamic Defenders Front
AbbreviationFPI
Motto"Hidup Mulia atau Mati Syahid" (Indonesian: Noble Life or Martyrdom)
SuccessorUnited Islamic Front [1]
Formation17 August 1998 (1998-08-17)
FounderMuhammad Rizieq Shihab
Founded atCiputat, South Tangerang, Banten
Dissolved21 June 2019 (2019-06-21),[2] (De jure)
30 December 2020 (2020-12-30)[3] (De facto)
TypeMass organization
Legal statusBanned
PurposePolitic, social, economic and culture
HeadquartersPetamburan, Tanah Abang, Jakarta
Coordinates6.193923°S 106.805825°E / -6.193923; 106.805825
Region served
Indonesia (especially in Jakarta, West Java, Banten, Lampung and Central Java)
Official language
Arabic, Indonesian
Grand Imam
Muhammad Rizieq Shihab
Chairman
Ahmad Shabri Lubis
Secretary-general
Munarman
Websitewww.fpi-online.com
This article is part of a series about
Islamic Defenders Front
Figures:
Incidents:
Actions & Demonstrations:
Others:

The organization has organized a number of religious and political mass protests; the most prominent example being the November 2016 Jakarta protests and several other rallies against the incumbent Jakarta governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama in the subsequent months. Another prominent protest orchestrated by the FPI was a rally at the American Embassy condemning the Iraq War, dating back to late 2003. The protests were criticized as conducting hate crimes in the name of Islam[12][10] and religious-related violence.[13]

On 30 December 2020, the government of Indonesia officially banned the FPI. The ban was announced by the Indonesian Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal and Security Affairs, and the document was jointly signed by other six ministrial-level state officials.[14] On that decree, the Indonesian Government charged the FPI with several counts for serious offences: threatening the national ideology, incompatibility with government regulations on extremism and national ideology, expired organization license, committing illegal sweepings and extrajudicial moves, and also many atrocities including terrorism, participating in cyber criminal activities, etc. With this decree, the FPI has officially been banned to operate in all over the country and hereby dissolved, and any activities related with FPI, and showing of its attributes are prohibited by law.[15] A never shown before video that was aired by the government during the disbandment announcement also showed the organization's "Great Imam", Muhammad Rizieq Shihab, who pledged their allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) and supported an ISIS-style caliphate.[16]

The timing of this disbandment came within short period from the controversial case of December 2020, in which six FPI members were shot dead by police, which is still under ongoing investigation, on which Amnesty International is calling for an independent investigation.[17]

History

FPI emerged on 17 August 1998 as an outcome of the meeting by religious leaders to commemorate the 53rd anniversary of Indonesian independence. The gathering took place at the pesantren (Islamic boarding school) of al-Umm in Ciputat, South Tangerang.[18] It was hosted by Misbahul Anam, an activist of the Indonesian Islam Boyscouts (PII),[19] and attended by religious leaders affiliated with haba'ib (scholars from the descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad), notably Muhammad Rizieq Shihab.[20][21]

The meeting discussed urgent issues faced by the Muslim community, namely the proliferation of maksiat (immorality), killings of Muslims in places such as Tanjung Priok and Aceh, and the lack of Muslim organizations that can impose the Islamic doctrine of amr ma'ruf nahy munkar (enjoining good and forbidding wrong).[22]

The first major FPI campaign that garnered media attention was an incident in Ketapang, Central Jakarta in November 1998. The incident was triggered by the killing of a local Betawi Muslim teenager by Ambonese Christian, and rapidly escalated into a Muslim-Christian riot which claimed dozens of lives.[23][24][25][26] The Betawi community called the support of FPI, which made an effort to prevent further escalation.[23]

The organization aims to implement sharia law in Indonesia.[27] Later, it transformed itself into an Islamist pressure group which furthers its political motives by promoting what is considered as religious or racial propaganda through the Internet and occasional anti-government campaigns.[11] However, in January 2017, several FPI official Twitter accounts were suspended due to violations of Twitter rules, including spamming, incivility and making threats.[28]

Government support
Muhammad Rizieq Shihab (right) with then-police chief Tito Karnavian (middle) during the December 2016 Jakarta protest which was led by FPI.

The emergence of FPI attracted strong interest among the high-rank members of the Indonesian military. The Indonesian military, previously suppressed political Islam during the New Order era, had been approaching toward conservative Islamic groups since Feisal Tanjung was inaugurated as the commander in 1993, to counter criticism from the left-wing segments of the society such as NGO and intellectuals.[29]

The military provided monetary aid as well as military training to the paramilitary wing of FPI known as Laskar Pembela Islam (Islamic Defenders Paramilitary, LPI).[7][29] In turn, FPI occasionally made a mobilization in support of the former commander Wiranto and several army generals.[30] FPI also received patronage from the chief of Jakarta police Nugroho Djayusman.[31] B.J. Habibie, who succeeds presidency after Suharto, also provided funding toward several Islamic groups including FPI in anticipation of his election.[29][32] Even after the democratic transition, a number of military generals retained support toward FPI, as they needed grassroots support to maintain the turbulent social order.[33]

Loss of government support

FPI lost major support from the state apparatus after the inauguration of Sofyan Yacob as the chief of Jakarta police, who criticized FPI's vigilantism. FPI's headquarters in Petamburan, Tanah Abang was raided by police in 2002 and 13 members were arrested following FPI's attack on nightclubs and billiard halls.[33][34] Rizieq was also arrested in 2003 and jailed for seven months.[35] Misbahul Anam, the former secretary-general of FPI, considered the relations with the state apparatus to be opportunistic.[22] However, Sutanto, the chief of the national police (2005-2008) and state intelligent agency (2009-2011), maintained the importance of utilizing FPI in certain cases.[30] Even after 2002, FPI acted in cooperation with military and police on several occasions, including in 2010 and 2011 to shut down public debates held by LGBT and Ahmadiyya activists.[36]

On November 2020, Indonesian Interior Ministry stated that FPI have lost their legality as a civil organization because their Surat Keterangan Terdaftar (English: Certification of Registration) have expired on 20 June 2019. According to the Interior Ministry, with the loss of legality FPI should not have do any activity as a civil organization. This statement is disputed by Munarman, spokeperson of FPI, citing that organizations didn't need Surat Keterangan Terdaftar for legality as the freedom to assembly is enshrined in Indonesian Constitution.[37]

Political support

FPI also found political support among the politicians who belong to the Islamist and right-wing nationalist political parties. Hamzah Haz of the United Development Party and the 9th vice president of Indonesia (2001-2004) occasionally visited FPI meetings during his terms.[33] FPI provided grassroots support for Wiranto during the 2004 and 2009 presidential election, as well as former army general Prabowo Subianto during the 2014 and 2019 presidential election.[30]

The FPI is reportedly known to maintain close relations with the remaining family members of former president Suharto, most notably Tommy Suharto, despite the suppression of political Islam during Suharto's presidency.[38]

December 2020 shootings

Early on 7 December 2020, the police shot dead six members of FPI on the kilometer 50 of Jakarta-Cikampek Toll Road. Police said the six were among 10 FPI members who had crashed into a police car and attacked officers. FPI said the six were Rizieq's personal bodyguards and had been abducted earlier that morning by thugs.[39] Amnesty International Indonesia calls for the need of independent investigation on the case, stating that "the police must be open and transparent about the incident and what led to the use of firearms against the supporters of FPI leader Muhammad Rizieq Shihab. The incident should be independently investigated and if the police officers violated international standards regarding the use of force and firearms, they should be brought to justices."[40]

On 8 January 2021, the National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM) announced the preliminary results of its investigation into the killings.[41] Komnas HAM said two of the FPI members were killed in a shootout with police, and the four others were later killed in police custody. It described the killings as a human rights violation and called for the prosecution of the perpetrators.[42]

Disbandment
See also: Decree on Islamic Defenders Front

The Islamic Defender's Front of Indonesia per 30 December 2020 has officially been disbanded by the Indonesian Government.[43] The official announcement of the disbandment of the organization was conducted at 12.30 Jakarta time and was announced by Mahfud MD as the Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. The official disbandment announcement was also attended by the Minister of Home Affairs, Head of the National Intelligence Bureau, Minister for Law and Human Rights, Minister for Communication and IT, Head Attorney General, Chief of the National Armed Forces, Chief of the National Police, Chief of the Presidential Staff, and other core government officials. Mahfud MD also stated that FPI have alleged links to terrorism.[44] The Indonesian National Police also stated that 199 FPI members are involved in 94 criminal cases, and 35 members of FPI have alleged links to terrorist groups.[45]

The outcome of this official disbandment announcement results the organization to be categorized as a "Forbidden Organization" status,[46] wherein Law Enforcement officials have the legal right to disperse their organizational activity or gatherings after the official disbandment by the government. The timing of this disbandment came within short period from the controversial case of December 2020 shootings of FPI member which is still under ongoing investigation, on which Amnesty International is calling for independent investigation.[47] FPI have planned to appeal the disbandment decision,[48] but they later decided to not appeal the decision, citing that "the decree is the refuse of the civilization, and the refuse is better put on the septic tank."[49]

Reincarnations

Soon after disbandment, Munarman, former FPI secretary-general, announcing the successor of the FPI movement. Munarman, together with other FPI core figures announced formation of Front Persatuan Islam (English: Islamic Unity Front) as FPI succesor. They vowed to continue to fight against and deemed the current ruling government as "tyrannical regime" that "any of their decisions carry little to no merit". Munarman also clarified that "Front Persatuan Islam" name must be carried by all members, administrators, and sympathizers than using Front Pembela Islam name.[50]

However, since FPI are dissolved, Islamic Unity Front declares they will never register to government.[51] Demak branch of FPI also wants to merge with Islamic Unity Front[52] and the East Kalimantan branch of FPI also declared to merge with the organization.[53] The Indonesian National Police also threatens to dissolve the new "FPI".[54] Later, Islamic Unity Front changed name to Islamic Brotherhood Front (Front Persaudaraan Islam).[55]

On the other hand, the Ciamis FPI branch declared in their Twitter account to be named Front Pejuang Islam (Islamic Fighters Front).[56][57] The Ciamis branch also declared Front Perjuangan Islam (Islamic Struggle Front).[58] Wawan Malik Marwan, founder of both Islamic Fighters Front and Islamic Struggle Front clarifies if his organization banned, he will establish another organization named Front Pencinta Islam (Islam Lovers Front).[58] Such inconsistency in their reincarnation to decide for a new name post the government disbandment is still visible.

Protests and activities

Actions against pluralism

The FPI has been vocal against liberalism and multiculturalism, and to the extension of the Pancasila doctrine which upholds religious pluralism. On 1 June 2008, the FPI staged an attack against members of the National Alliance for the Freedom of Faith and Religion (AKKBB), who were holding a rally coinciding with the commemoration day of Pancasila near the National Monument in the city center. The attack was claimed as a response to the perceived threat by the AKKBB against the FPI. The incident was referred to by the media as the Monas Incident. It caused media outrage and led to the arrest of Rizieq Shihab among 56 other FPI members.[59] Rizieq was later imprisoned for one year and six months, after being convicted over attacks against the AKKBB.[10] In January 2017, the police declared FPI leader Rizieq Shihab a suspect for alleged defamation of Pancasila .[60]

The FPI also often holds protests against what it sees as the spread of Christianity of Indonesia. Notable targets include GKI Yasmin Bogor, and HKBP Church Bekasi, where the group used violence to force the closure of the churches.[61][62] The FPI also endorsed the Singkil administration for closing around 20 churches in Singkil, Aceh. This stirred up controversy over the use of the local administrative law in accordance with Sharia, running counter to the Indonesian constitution, which guarantees freedom of religious practice.[63] In early 2017, the FPI and related Islamist groups staged a mass protest against a newly-built church in Bekasi, West Java. The protest developed into a riot and scuffles with the police, resulting in property damage and five police officers being injured.[64]

Like many other Islamist organizations in Indonesia, FPI holds a negative sentiment against Chinese Indonesians, to the point of spreading hate speech and racist remarks relating to the ethnicity. FPI members and sympathizers accused the ethnic Chinese of being "foreign lackeys" and illegal immigrants, often with false claims that the Chinese are communists and Islamophobic.

Actions against Ahmadiyyah

One of Rizieq Shihab's propaganda campaigns openly called for hostility against Ahmadis:[65]

"We call on the Muslim community. Let us go to war with Ahmadiyyah! Kill Ahmadiyyah wherever they are!........ And, if they talk about human rights? Human rights are satanic! Human rights are crap!.....If they want to know who is responsible for killing Ahmadiyyah, it is I; it is FPI and others from the Muslim community who are responsible for killing Ahmadiyyah! Say that Sobri Lubis ordered it, that Habib Rizieq and FPI ordered it! "

The FPI was suspected of acting behind the scenes in the 6 February 2011 assault against the Ahmadiyyah community, in which three people were killed. The assault was led by a group of over thousand people, wielding rocks, machetes, swords, and spears. They attacked the house of an Ahmadi leader in Cikeusik, Banten.[66] Similarly, a group attacked the Ahmadiyyah headquarters near Bogor and harassed its members in areas such as in East Lombok, Manislor, Tasikmalaya, Parung, and Garut.[67]

Actions against the perceived communist threat

The FPI often employs anti-communism as its political motivation. In June 2010, along with other organizations, the FPI attacked a meeting about free healthcare in East Java, mistaking it for a meeting of the banned Communist Party of Indonesia.[68] In January 2017, the FPI called for the withdrawal of Rupiah banknotes, accused them of displaying the image of the banned hammer and sickle logo.[69] The FPI's allegations, however, were rejected by Bank Indonesia (BI), referring to it as a recto-verso security feature of the BI logo for the new Rupiah banknotes. FPI was accused of stirring public unrest by slandering Bank Indonesia and the government.[70] FPI also perceive liberal political parties (such as PDI-P) as being "pro-communist" and "against the Islamic law".

Anti-government campaigns and relations with right-wing parties

The FPI has been vocal in campaigns against incumbent governments, starting during the second term of President Yudhoyono (2009-2014). This campaign was said to be more intense during the Joko Widodo era after the Basuki Tjahaja Purnama's alleged blasphemy case in 2016. Because of this, the FPI is widely seen as an opposition movement, and is known to have close relations with various conservative parties, most notably the PKS.

Actions against perceived defamation of Islamic sensitivity

The FPI is notably sensitive toward the perceived defamation and violation of Islamic norms in various aspects of society. In its early days, FPI targeted shops and vendors that are open or sells alcohol during the month of Ramadhan, most of which were reportedly ransacked.[71] Various nightclubs, bars, and cafes were targeted by the FPI for perceived non-conformity with Islamic norms.[72] In 2006, the FPI and other Islamic organizations including the Indonesian Mujahedeen Council protested against the publication of Playboy Indonesia. The protest led to the eviction of the Playboy office from Jakarta to Bali.[73] In 2013, the FPI accused LGBT activists, such as Lady Gaga[74] and Irshad Manji,[75] of being "devils", and threatened their safety. This erupted in controversy in 2013 during Lady Gaga's Born This Way tour,[74] which resulted in the eventual cancellation of concerts in Indonesia. The action was criticized for being a violation of Indonesian law sanctioning violent threats, as prescribed in Article 336 of the Criminal Code.[76]

In 2015, the FPI attacked politician and Purwakarta regent Dedi Mulyadi, accusing him of being a musyrik (polytheist) after he put up statues of Sundanese puppets in a number of city parks throughout Purwakarta in West Java. the FPI accused Dedi of debasing Islamic tenets by violating the aniconist principle of Islam, as well as using the Sundanese greeting Sampurasun, instead of the Muslim-approved Assalamualaikum. In December 2015, around a hundred FPI members conducted a 'sweeping' operation against Mulyadi himself. Its members inspected cars passing through the front gate of Taman Ismail Marzuki (TIM) in Central Jakarta where the Indonesia Theater Federation Awards ceremony was being held, attempting to stop Mulyadi from attending the event.[77]

Opposition and uprising against Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

The FPI was known for its efforts to topple the administration of former Jakarta governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, popularly known as Ahok. The FPI criticized Basuki's background as a Christian and Chinese Indonesian, both being minorities, citing that the position of the governor of Jakarta should be reserved only for Muslims.[11] In 2014, the FPI held a demonstration in front of the Jakarta Regional People's Representative Council building in Jakarta. The organization refused to accept Basuki as Jakarta's governor after former governor Joko Widodo was elected President the same year.[10]

In late 2016, during the 2017 Jakarta gubernatorial election season, the FPI led the national outcry against Basuki for his alleged blasphemy against the Qur'an. As a response to the perceived blasphemy, the FPI organized seven protests titled 'Aksi Bela Islam', ('Action to Defend Islam') in order to create pressure against Basuki and to demand his imprisonment. The protests culminated in the November 2016 Jakarta protests, December 2016 Jakarta protests and February 2017 Jakarta protests. These were held once a month until Basuki's final conviction in May 2017, when he was sentenced to two years imprisonment after losing the election to Anies Baswedan.[78]

Actions after the return of Habib Rizieq

FPI was involved in many controversial actions after the return of Habib Rizieq on 10 November 2020. FPI is committed to provide the security for Habib Rizieq and his entourage,[79] and FPI members, along with thousands of other Rizieq's supporters, are also present on Soekarno-Hatta International Airport when Rizieq arrived.[80] Ignoring government regulations on health protocols for social distancing in time of the pandemic, FPI members are also gathering around his home in Jakarta's Petamburan neighborhood.[81] On 13 November, FPI members are also gathering in large numbers to meet with Rizieq in Megamendung, Bogor.[82]

On 7 December, 6 of FPI members are shot and killed by Indonesian national police at Jakarta-Cikampek toll road for allegedly shooting at undercover police officers that are tailing Habib Rizieq.[83] The police recovered two guns and three spent casings on the scene of the incident. FPI denied that their members had been carrying firearms or sharp weapons.[84] On 18 December, despite not getting police permit and in violation of COVID-19 pandemic regulations,[85] FPI members conducted protests in Jakarta and Yogyakarta[86] to demand the release of Habib Rizieq.[87]

These are the names of killed FPI members, while The National Police has not released the identities of shooting police officers yet:[88][89]

  • Andi Oktiawan (33 years old)
  • Ahmad Sofiyana (26)
  • Lutfi Hakim (25)
  • Faiz Ahmad Syukur (22)
  • Muhammad Suci Khadavi (21)
  • Muhammad Reza (20)[90]
Responses by the public, government officials, and Amnesty International

West Java Governor Ridwan Kamil blamed Security Minister Mahfud MD over the polemic of Habib Rizieq cases that the core of all the problems was when the minister allowed the mass welcome on the Rizieq's arrival which interpreted as a discretion from state government about social restriction (PSBB) discretion as long as the people followed the health protocols.[91]

When public waiting for condolence statement from the president over death of six FPI members,[92][93] President Joko Widodo gave an address claiming that the police officers "are protected by law" in doing their jobs and citizens should not break the law and harm the country.[94][95] The latter response was slammed by FPI Secretary General Munarman for justification of human rights abuse over structural violence act by the government toward killing of their own citizens.[96]

Amnesty International Indonesia calls for the need of independent investigation on the case, stating that "“Police must be open and transparent about the incident and what led to the use of firearms against the supporters of FPI leader Muhammad Rizieq Shihab. The incident should be independently investigated and if the police officers violated international standards regarding the use of force and firearms, they should be brought to justice".[97]

Reception

General public

There have been demands by Indonesians, mainly mainstream Muslims, other religious organizations, political communities and ethnic groups, for the FPI to be disbanded or banned.[98][99] Ansor Youth Movement, the youth branch of Nahdlatul Ulama, the biggest Muslim organization in Indonesia, demanded the government to shut down FPI in 2008, but the government never agreed to such calls.[36] Various critics and media outlets have described the FPI as inciting extremism, racism and bigotry, particularly noting its occasional hate crimes, discrimination against minorities and religious intolerance.[13][100] An International Crisis Group report called it "an urban thug organization", emphasizing its violent vigilantism.[6][27] The group has also been criticized for the use of violence; the police have recorded that the FPI engaged in 29 cases of violence and destructive behavior in 2010 and 5 cases in 2011 in West Java, Banten, Central Java, North Sumatra and South Sumatra.[101] A survey conducted by SMRC on November 2020 shown that 43% of Indonesians view FPI favorably, while 57% view them unfavorably. Similar survey conducted on 2019 shown that FPI is viewed favorably by only 33% of Indonesians.[102]

The FPI is considered as a terrorist organization by the Terrorism Research & Analysis Consortium.(TRAC)

Rejection in Kalimantan

On February 11, 2012, hundreds of protesters from the local community in Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan; mainly from the Dayak tribe; staged a protest at Tjilik Riwut Airport to block the arrival of four senior leaders of the group, who wanted to inaugurate the provincial branch of the organization. Due to security concerns, the management of the airport ordered the FPI members to remain on board the aircraft while other passengers disembarked. The FPI members were then flown to Banjarmasin in South Kalimantan. The deputy chairman of the Central Kalimantan Dayak Tribe Council (DAD) later said that the organization had asked the Central Kalimantan Police to ban the group's provincial chapter as the FPI's presence would create tension, particularly as Central Kalimantan is known as a place conducive to religious harmony.[103] A formal letter from the Central Kalimantan administration stated that they firmly rejected the FPI and would not let them establish a chapter in the province because it "contradicts the local wisdom of the Dayak tribe that upholds peace". The letter was sent to the Minister of Coordination of Political, Legal and Security Affairs with copies being sent to the president of Indonesia, the People's Consultative Assembly speaker, the Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court, the Home Minister and the National Police Chief. The FPI is now banned all over the Kalimantan for its disruptive and divisive actions against local communities.[104]

Organization

FPI broadly consists of two parts, the Consultative Assembly which aims to provide decision-making, and the Executive Board which carries out the decision provided by the Consultative Assembly. FPI's paramilitary division known as Laskar Pembela Islam (LPI), which conducts all the vigilantism, is attached to the Department of Jihad and State Defense of the Executive Board. LPI is structured in a very similar manner with an actual military; led by Imam Besar (Grand Imam), there are multiple ranks based on the number of military personnel commanded by them, from Imam (25,000 personnel), Wali (5,000 personnel), Qaid (1,000 personnel), Amir (200 personnel), to Rais (20 personnel). Each one of the LPI personnel is referred to as Jundi.[105]

FPI is an organization open for the public, and anybody can be a member. This allowed FPI to expand quickly since its foundation in 1998, and it can rapidly mobilize personnel during the demonstrations. FPI has its branch on a provincial level with similar organizational structures consist of advisory and executive boards. Although the networks penetrate into district and sub-district levels, they are loosely coordinated, and often there are cases of fragmentation such as FPI Surakarta branch which claims to be independent of the headquarters in Jakarta.[105]

Organizational structure
  • Majelis Tanfidzi (Executive Board)
    • Chief Leader: Ahmad Shabri Lubis
      • Department of Foreign Affairs
      • Department of Home Affairs
      • Department of Religious Affairs
      • Department of Jihad and State Defense
        • Laskar Pembela Islam (Islamic Defenders Paramilitary, LPI)
      • Department of Social, Political, and Legal Affairs
      • Department of Education and Culture
      • Department of Economy and Industry
      • Department of Research and Technology
      • Department of Logistics
      • Department of Social Welfare
      • Department of Information
      • Department of Women's Affairs
    • Secretary-General: Munarman
      • Commission of Front Experts
      • Commission of Front Recruitment
      • Commission of Front Investigation
      • Commission of Front Legal Assistance
      • Anti-Maksiat Commission
      • Anti-Violence Commission
  • Majelis Syuro (Consultative Assembly)
    • Chief Leader: Muhsin bin Ahmad Al-Attas
      • Commission of Sharia
      • Commission of Honor
      • Commission of Coordination
      • Commission of Consultancy
      • Commission of Supervision

Footnotes
  1. "Islamic Defender Front's General Secretary proclaimed the creation of the United Islamic Front".
  2. "Pemerintah Tunjukkan Video Anggota FPI Berbaiat ke ISIS, Jadi Pertimbangan". nasional.kompas.com. 30 December 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  3. https://en.tempo.co/read/1418772/mahfud-md-govt-officially-bans-fpi
  4. Front Pembela Islam (Islamic Defenders Front -- FPI. Terrorism Research & Analysis Consortium.
  5. Kassam, Nisan. Indonesia: The Islamic Defenders Front. Human Rights Without Frontiers.
  6. "Indonesia: Implications of the Ahmadiyah Decree" (PDF). International Crisis Group Update Briefing. Jakarta/Brussels: International Crisis Group (78). 7 July 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
  7. "WikiLeaks: National Police funded FPI hard-liners". 5 September 2011.
  8. Ini Ketua Umu FPI Yang Baru Ust. Ahmad. Muslimedia News. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
  9. "Gelar Imam Besar hingga Capres 2014 untuk Habib Rizieq". Merdeka. 24 August 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  10. M Andika Putra; Raja Eben Lumbanrau (17 January 2017). "Jejak FPI dan Status 'Napi' Rizieq Shihab". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian).
  11. Sita W. Dewi (25 September 2014). "FPI threatens Chinese Indonesians". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta.
  12. Frost, Frank; Rann, Ann; Chin, Andrew. "Terrorism in Southeast Asia". Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library. Archived from the original on 28 March 2010. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
  13. Arya Dipa (18 January 2017). "Petition calls for disbandment of FPI". The Jakarta Post.
  14. "Indonesia bans hardline Islamic Defender's Front group". Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  15. Berutu, Sachril Agustin. "Ini 7 Poin Keputusan Pemerintah Terkait Pelarangan FPI". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  16. dtv, detikTV. "Ini Video Dukungan FPI ke ISIS". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  17. "Use of force in deadly FPI shooting must be independently investigated • Amnesty Indonesia". Amnesty Indonesia (in Indonesian). 7 December 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  18. Jahroni, 2004: 213
  19. Jahroni, 2004: 243
  20. "Biografi Ringkas Al Habib M. Rizieq bin Husein Syihab". Arrohim.com – Aneka Informasi Islami.
  21. "Habib Salim Asy-Syatiri Memuji Keberanian & Ketegasan Habib Rizieq Syihab". MudhiatulFata.
  22. Jahroni, 2004: 215
  23. Jahroni, 2004: 220
  24. Putu Agung Nara Indra (4 November 2016). "FPI dalam Lintasan Sejarah". Tirto.id.
  25. Sihbudi & Nursalim, 2001
  26. Hutagalung, 2016: 456
  27. Budi Setiyarso; et al. (30 November 2010), "Street Warriors", Tempo magazine, English edition, p. 41
  28. "Pembekuan akun Twitter FPI 'bukan permintaan' Kominfo" (in Indonesian). BBC Indonesia. 16 January 2017.
  29. Jahroni, 2004: 213-5
  30. Facal, 2019: 8
  31. Facal, 2019: 9
  32. Facal, 2019: 7
  33. Jahroni, 2004: 216-7
  34. "NGOs demand dissolution of FPI". 10 September 2002.
  35. Jahroni, 2004: 218
  36. Ricklefs, 2012: 421
  37. Media, Kompas Cyber. "FPI Tak Punya SKT, Kemendagri: Idealnya Tak Boleh Ada Kegiatan Halaman all". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  38. "Suara.com: FPI reveals its role in Supersemar commemoration organized by Suharto's family". 15 March 2017.
  39. "6 Rizieq Shihab supporters killed in violent clash with police on Jakarta-Cikampek Toll Road". Coconuts Jakarta. 7 December 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  40. "Use of force in deadly FPI shooting must be independently investigated • Amnesty Indonesia". Amnesty Indonesia (in Indonesian). 7 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  41. Rahayu, Lisye Sri. "Komnas HAM Umumkan Hasil Investigasi Tewasnya 6 Laskar FPI Sore Ini". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  42. "Komnas HAM recommends transparent trial for FPI members' shooting case". Antara. 9 January 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  43. Lamb, Agustinus Beo Da Costa, Kate (30 December 2020). "Indonesia bans hardline Islamic Defender's Front group". Reuters. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
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References
  • Facal, G. (2019). Islamic Defenders Front Militia (Front Pembela Islam) and its Impact on Growing Religious Intolerance in Indonesia. TRaNS: Trans –Regional and –National Studies of Southeast Asia page, 1-22.
  • Hutagalung, S.A. (2016). Muslim–Christian Relations in Kupang: Negotiating Space and Maintaining Peace. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 17(5), 439-459.
  • Jahroni, J. (2004). Defending the Majesty of Islam: Indonesia's Front Pembela Islam (FPI) 1998-2003. Studia Islamika, 11(2), 197-256.
  • Ricklefs, M.C. (2012). Islamisation and Its Opponents in Java: A Political, Social, Cultural and Religious History, c. 1930 to Present. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
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