Late Jurassic
The Late Jurassic is the third epoch of the Jurassic period, and it spans the geologic time from 163.5 ± 1.0 to 145.0 ± 0.8 million years ago (Ma), which is preserved in Upper Jurassic strata.[1]
| Late/Upper Jurassic | |
|---|---|
| 163.5 ± 1.0 – ~145.0 Ma | |
| Chronology | |
Key events in the Jurassic -200 — – -195 — – -190 — – -185 — – -180 — – -175 — – -170 — – -165 — – -160 — – -155 — – -150 — – -145 — – how to approximate the timescale of key Jurassic events. Vertical axis: millions of years ago. | |
| Etymology | |
| Chronostratigraphic name | Upper Jurassic |
| Geochronological name | Late Jurassic |
| Name formality | Formal |
| Usage information | |
| Celestial body | Earth |
| Regional usage | Global (ICS) |
| Time scale(s) used | ICS Time Scale |
| Definition | |
| Chronological unit | Epoch |
| Stratigraphic unit | Series |
| Time span formality | Formal |
| Lower boundary definition | Not formally defined |
| Lower boundary definition candidates | Horizon of the Ammonite Cardioceras redcliffense. |
| Lower boundary GSSP candidate section(s) |
|
| Upper boundary definition | Not formally defined |
| Upper boundary definition candidates |
|
| Upper boundary GSSP candidate section(s) | None |
In European lithostratigraphy, the name "Malm" indicates rocks of Late Jurassic age.[2] In the past, Malm was also used to indicate the unit of geological time, but this usage is now discouraged to make a clear distinction between lithostratigraphic and geochronologic/chronostratigraphic units.
Subdivisions
The Late Jurassic is divided into three ages, which correspond with the three (faunal) stages of Upper Jurassic rock:
| Tithonian | (152.1 ± 0.9 – 145.0 ± 0.8 Ma) |
| Kimmeridgian | (157.3 ± 1.0 – 152.1 ± 0.9 Ma) |
| Oxfordian | (163.5 ± 1.0 – 157.3 ± 1.0 Ma) |
Paleogeography
During the Late Jurassic epoch, Pangaea broke up into two supercontinents, Laurasia to the north, and Gondwana to the south. The result of this break-up was the spawning of the Atlantic Ocean. However, at this time, the Atlantic Ocean was relatively narrow.
Life forms of the epoch
This epoch is well known for many famous types of dinosaurs, such as the sauropods, the theropods, the thyreophorans, and the ornithopods. Other animals, such as crocodiles and the first birds, appeared in the Jurassic. Listed here are only a few of the many Jurassic animals:
- Camarasaurus, a large herbivorous sauropod dinosaur from North America
- Apatosaurus, a large herbivorous sauropod dinosaur from North America
- Brachiosaurus, a large herbivorous sauropod dinosaur from North America
- Brontosaurus, a large herbivorous sauropod dinosaur from North America
- Diplodocus, a large herbivorous sauropod dinosaur from North America
- Barosaurus, a large herbivorous sauropod dinosaur from North America
- Europasaurus, a small herbivorous sauropod dinosaur from Europe
- Supersaurus, possibly the largest North American sauropod of them all
- Dicraeosaurus, a large herbivorous sauropod dinosaur from Africa
- Giraffatitan, another large sauropod from Africa (usually recognized as a species of Brachiosaurus)
- Allosaurus, possibly the biggest Jurassic predator, the most common Late Jurassic theropod of North America, also present in Europe
- Epanterias, one of the largest Jurassic carnivores, from North America (possibly just Allosaurus)
- Torvosaurus, a large Jurassic carnivore, from North America and Europe
- Ceratosaurus, a medium-sized Jurassic carnivore of North America, Europe, and possibly Africa
- Compsognathus, a small theropod from Europe
- Yangchuanosaurus, a large theropod from Asia
- Tuojiangosaurus, a thyreophoran from Asia
- Stegosaurus, a thyreophoran from North America and Europe
- Dryosaurus, a North American ornithopod
- Camptosaurus, an ornithopod from North America and possibly Europe
- Gargoyleosaurus, a thyreophoran from North America
- Archaeopteryx, the first known bird, from Europe
- Rhamphorhynchus a long-tailed pterosaur from Europe
- Pterodactylus, a short-tailed pterosaur from Europe.
- Ophthalmosaurus, a very common sea-going ichthyosaur from what is now Europe and North America
- Liopleurodon, a medium-sized sea-going pliosaur from what is now Europe
- Perisphinctes, an ammonite
References
- Owen 1987.
- Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G.; Schmitz, M.D.; Ogg, G.M. (editors) (2012). The Geologic Timescale 2012 (volume 1). Elsevier. p. 744. ISBN 978-0-44-459390-0.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
- Owen, Donald E. (March 1987). "Commentary: Usage of Stratigraphic Terminology in Papers, Illustrations, and Talks". Journal of Sedimentary Petrology. 57 (2): 363–372.
- Kazlev, M. Alan (2002-06-28). "Late Jurassic — The Malm Epoch: The Acme of the Dinosaurs". Palæos. Retrieved 2014-10-23.