Lopingian

Lopingian
	259.1 ± 0.5 – 251.902 ± 0.024 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Chronology
	Key events in the Permian -300 — – -295 — – -290 — – -285 — – -280 — – -275 — – -270 — – -265 — – -260 — – -255 — – -250 — P; a; l; e; o; z; o; i; c M; Z C P; e; r; m; i; a; n T P Late P C; i; s; u; r; a; l; i; a; n G; u; a; d; a; l; u; p. L; o; p; i; n. Early T; Asselian Sakmarian Artinskian Kungurian Roadian Wordian Capitanian Wuchiapingian Changhsingian ← Permian-Triassic mass extinction event ← end-Capitanian extinction event ← Olson's Extinction An approximate timescale of key Permian events.; Axis scale: millions of years ago.;
Etymology
Name formality	Formal
Synonym(s)	Late/Upper Permian;
Usage Information
Celestial body	Earth
Regional Usage	Global (ICS)
Time scale(s) used	ICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit	Epoch
Stratigraphic unit	Series
Time span formality	Formal
Lower boundary definition	FAD of the Conodont Clarkina postbitteri postbitteri
Lower boundary GSSP	Penglaitan Section, Laibin, Guangxi, China; 23.6953°N 109.3211°E
GSSP ratified	2004[1]
Upper boundary definition	FAD of the Conodont Hindeodus parvus.
Upper boundary GSSP	Meishan, Zhejiang, China; 31.0798°N 119.7058°E
GSSP ratified	2001[2]

The Lopingian is the uppermost series/last epoch of the Permian.[3] It is the last epoch of the Paleozoic. The Lopingian was preceded by the Guadalupian and followed by the Early Triassic.

The Lopingian is often synonymous with the informal terms late Permian or upper Permian.

The name was introduced by Amadeus William Grabau in 1931 and derives from Leping, Jiangxi in China.[4] It consists of two stages/ages. The earlier is the Wuchiapingian and the later is the Changhsingian.[5]

The International Chronostratigraphic Chart (v2018/07)[3] provides a numerical age of 259.1 ±0.5 Ma. If a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) has been approved, the lower boundary of the earliest stage determines numerical age of an epoch. The GSSP for the Wuchiapingian has a numerical age of 259.8 ± 0.4 Ma.[6][7]

References

Jin, Yugan; Shen, Shuzhong; Henderson, Charles; Wang, Xiangdong; Wang, Wei; Wang, Yue; Cao, Changqun; Shang, Qinghua (December 2006). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the boundary between the Capitanian and Wuchiapingian Stage (Permian)" (PDF). Episodes. 29: 253–262. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
Hongfu, Yin; Kexin, Zhang; Jinnan, Tong; Zunyi, Yang; Shunbao, Wu (June 2001). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 24: 102–114. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
International Commission on Stratigraphy. "Chart". Retrieved 10 July 2018.
Zhang, Shouxin (2009). Geological Formation Names of China (1866–2000). Beijing/Dordrecht: Higher Education Press/Springer. p. 681. ISBN 978-7-040-25475-4.
Allaby, Michael (2015). A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199653065.001.0001. ISBN 9780199653065.
International Commission on Stratigraphy. "GSSPs". Retrieved 10 July 2018.
Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (2004). A Geologic Time Scale 2004. ISBN 9780521786737.

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