List of Chinese era names

This is a list of the Chinese era names used by the various dynasties and regimes in the history of China, sorted by monarch.

The English renditions of the era names in this list are based on the Hanyu Pinyin system. However, some academic works utilize the Wade–Giles romanization. For instance, the era of Zhenguan (貞觀) during the reign of the Emperor Taizong of Tang is rendered as Chen-kuan in Wade–Giles.[1]

Han dynasty

Western Han

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Wu of Han
(r. 141–87 BCE)
Jianyuan
建元
140–135 BCE 6 years
Yuanguang
元光
134–129 BCE 6 years
Yuanshuo
元朔
128–123 BCE 6 years
Yuanshou
元狩
122–117 BCE 6 years
Yuanding
元鼎
116–111 BCE 6 years
Yuanfeng
元封
110–105 BCE 6 years
Taichu
太初
104–101 BCE 4 years
Tianhan
天漢
100–97 BCE 4 years
Taishi
太始
96–93 BCE 4 years
Zhenghe
征和
92–89 BCE 4 years Or Yanhe (延和).
Houyuan
後元
88–87 BCE 2 years Or Hou (), Zhenghehouyuan (征和後元). Might not be an era name.
Emperor Zhao of Han
(r. 87–74 BCE)
Shiyuan
始元
86–80 BCE 7 years
Yuanfeng
元鳳
80–75 BCE 6 years
Yuanping
元平
74 BCE 1 year Usage continued by Liu He and the Emperor Xuan of Han upon their ascension to the throne.
Emperor Xuan of Han
(r. 74–48 BCE)
Benshi
本始
73–70 BCE 4 years
Dijie
地節
69–66 BCE 4 years
Yuankang
元康
65–61 BCE 4 years 2 months
Shenjue
神爵
61–58 BCE 4 years
Wufeng
五鳳
57–54 BCE 4 years
Ganlu
甘露
53–50 BCE 4 years
Huanglong
黃龍
49 BCE 1 year
Emperor Yuan of Han
(r. 48–33 BCE)
Chuyuan
初元
48–44 BCE 5 years
Yongguang
永光
43–39 BCE 5 years
Jianzhao
建昭
38–34 BCE 5 years
Jingning
竟寧
33 BCE 1 year Usage continued by the Emperor Cheng of Han upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Cheng of Han
(r. 33–7 BCE)
Jianshi
建始
32–28 BCE 4 years 2 months
Heping
河平
28–25 BCE 4 years
Yangshuo
陽朔
24–21 BCE 4 years
Hongjia
鴻嘉
20–17 BCE 4 years
Yongshi
永始
16–13 BCE 4 years
Yuanyan
元延
12–9 BCE 4 years
Suihe
綏和
8–7 BCE 2 years Usage continued by the Emperor Ai of Han upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Ai of Han
(r. 7–1 BCE)
Jianping
建平
6–3 BCE 4 years
Taichuyuanjiang
太初元將
5 BCE 3 months Or Taichu (太初). Subsequently reverted back to Jianping (建平).
Yuanshou
元壽
2–1 BCE 2 years Or Yuanshou (元受). Usage continued by the Emperor Ping of Han upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Ping of Han
(r. 1 BCE–6 CE)
Yuanshi
元始
1–5 CE 5 years
Liu Ying
(r. 6–9 CE)
Jushe
居攝
6–8 CE 3 years
Chushi
初始
8 CE 1 month Or Shichu (始初).

Xin dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Wang Mang
(r. 9–23 CE)
Shijianguo
始建國
9–13 CE 5 years Or Jianguo (建國).
Tianfeng
天鳳
14–19 CE 6 years Or Shijianguotianfengshangwu (始建國天鳳上戊), Shijianguotianfeng (始建國天鳳).
Dihuang
地皇
20–23 CE 4 years Or Shijianguodihuangshangwu (始建國地皇上戊), Shijianguodihuang (始建國地皇).

Xuan Han

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Gengshi Emperor
(r. 23–25 CE)
Gengshi
更始
23–25 CE 3 years

Eastern Han

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Guangwu of Han
(r. 25–57 CE)
Jianwu
建武
25–56 CE 32 years
Jianwuzhongyuan
建武中元
56–57 CE 2 years Or Zhongyuan (中元). Usage continued by the Emperor Ming of Han upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Ming of Han
(r. 57–75 CE)
Yongping
永平
58–75 CE 18 years Usage continued by the Emperor Zhang of Han upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Zhang of Han
(r. 75–88 CE)
Jianchu
建初
76–84 CE 9 years
Yuanhe
元和
84–87 CE 4 years
Zhanghe
章和
84–87 CE 4 years Usage continued by the Emperor He of Han upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor He of Han
(r. 88–105 CE)
Yongyuan
永元
89–105 CE 17 years
Yuanxing
元興
105 CE 9 months
Emperor Shang of Han
(r. 106 CE)
Yanping
延平
106 CE 1 year Usage continued by the Emperor An of Han upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor An of Han
(r. 106–125 CE)
Yongchu
永初
107–113 CE 7 years
Yuanchu
元初
114–120 CE 7 years
Yongning
永寧
120–121 CE 2 years
Jianguang
建光
121–122 CE 2 years
Yanguang
延光
122–125 CE 4 years Usage continued by Liu Yi and the Emperor Shun of Han upon their ascension to the throne.
Emperor Shun of Han
(r. 125–144 CE)
Yongjian
永建
126–132 CE 7 years
Yangjia
陽嘉
132–135 CE 4 years
Yonghe
永和
136–141 CE 6 years
Han'an
漢安
142–144 CE 3 years
Jiankang
建康
144 CE 9 months Usage continued by the Emperor Chong of Han upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Chong of Han
(r. 144–145 CE)
Yongxi
永憙
145 CE 1 year Or Yuanjia (元嘉), Yongjia (永嘉), Yongxi (永熹). Usage continued by the Emperor Zhi of Han upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Zhi of Han
(r. 145–146 CE)
Benchu
本初
146 CE 1 year Usage continued by the Emperor Huan of Han upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Huan of Han
(r. 146–168 CE)
Jianhe
建和
147–149 CE 3 years
Heping
和平
150 CE 1 year
Yuanjia
元嘉
151–153 CE 3 years
Yongxing
永興
153–154 CE 2 years
Yongshou
永壽
155–158 CE 4 years
Yanxi
延熹
158–167 CE 10 years
Yongkang
永康
167 CE 6 months
Emperor Ling of Han
(r. 168–189 CE)
Jianning
建寧
168–172 CE 5 years
Xiping
熹平
172–178 CE 7 years
Guanghe
光和
178–184 CE 7 years
Zhongping
中平
184–189 CE 6 years
Liu Bian
(r. 189 CE)
Guangxi
光熹
189 CE 5 months
Zhaoning
昭寧
189 CE 2 months
Emperor Xian of Han
(r. 189–220 CE)
Yonghan
永漢
189 CE 4 months
Zhongping
中平
189 CE 1 month
Chuping
初平
190–193 CE 4 years
Xingping
興平
194–195 CE 2 years
Jian'an
建安
196–220 CE 25 years
Yankang
延康
220 CE 7 months

Other regimes

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Kui Xiao
(r. 23–34 CE)
Hanfu
漢复
23–34 CE 12 years
Gongsun Shu
(r. 25–36 CE)
Longxing
龍興
25–36 CE 12 years
Liu Penzi
(r. 25–27 CE)
Jianshi
建世
25–27 CE 3 years Or Jianshi (建始).
Zhang Mancheng
Shenshang
神上
Unknown Unknown

Three Kingdoms

Cao Wei

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Wen of Cao Wei
(r. 220–226 CE)
Huangchu
黃初
220–226 CE 7 years Usage continued by the Emperor Ming of Cao Wei upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Ming of Cao Wei
(r. 226–239 CE)
Taihe
太和
227–233 CE 7 years
Qinglong
青龍
233–237 CE 5 years
Jingchu
景初
237–239 CE 3 years Usage continued by Cao Fang upon his ascension to the throne.
Cao Fang
(r. 239–254 CE)
Zhengshi
正始
240–249 CE 10 years
Jiaping
嘉平
249–254 CE 6 years
Cao Mao
(r. 254–260 CE)
Zhengyuan
正元
254–256 CE 3 years
Ganlu
甘露
256–260 CE 5 years
Emperor Yuan of Cao Wei
(r. 260–266 CE)
Jingyuan
景元
260–264 CE 5 years
Xianxi
咸熙
264–265 CE 2 years

Shu Han

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Zhaolie of Shu Han
(r. 221–223 CE)
Zhangwu
章武
221–223 CE 3 years
Emperor Xiaohuai of Shu Han
(r. 223–263 CE)
Jianxing
建興
223–237 CE 15 years
Yanxi
延熙
238–257 CE 20 years
Jingyao
景耀
258–263 CE 6 years
Yanxing
炎興
263 CE 5 months

Eastern Wu

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Da of Eastern Wu
(r. 222–252 CE)
Huangwu
黃武
222–229 CE 8 years
Huanglong
黃龍
229–231 CE 3 years
Jiahe
嘉禾
232–238 CE 7 years
Chiwu
赤烏
238–251 CE 14 years
Taiyuan
太元
251–252 CE 2 years
Shenfeng
神鳳
252 CE 3 months
Sun Liang
(r. 252–258 CE)
Jianxing
建興
252–253 CE 2 years
Wufeng
五鳳
254–256 CE 3 years
Taiping
太平
256–258 CE 3 years
Emperor Jing of Eastern Wu
(r. 258–264 CE)
Yong'an
永安
258–264 CE 7 years
Sun Hao
(r. 264–280 CE)
Yuanxing
元興
264–265 CE 2 years
Ganlu
甘露
265–266 CE 2 years
Baoding
寶鼎
266–269 CE 4 years
Jianheng
建衡
269–271 CE 3 years
Fenghuang
鳳凰
272–274 CE 3 years
Tiance
天冊
275–276 CE 2 years
Tianxi
天璽
276 CE 6 months
Tianji
天紀
277–280 CE 4 years

Other regimes

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Gongsun Yuan
(r. 237–238 CE)
Shaohan
紹漢
237–238 CE 1 year 1 month

Jin dynasty

Western Jin

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Wu of Jin
(r. 266–290 CE)
Taishi
泰始
265–274 CE 10 years
Xianning
咸寧
275–280 CE 6 years
Taikang
太康
280–289 CE 10 years
Taixi
太熙
290 CE 4 months
Emperor Hui of Jin
(r. 290–306 CE)
Yongxi
永熙
290 CE 9 months
Yongping
永平
291 CE 3 months
Yuankang
元康
291–299 CE 9 years
Yongkang
永康
300–301 CE 2 years
Yongning
永寧
301–302 CE 2 years
Tai'an
太安
302–303 CE 2 years Or Da'an (大安).
Yong'an
永安
304 CE 8 months
Jianwu
建武
304 CE 5 months Subsequently reverted back to Yong'an (永安).
Yongxing
永興
304–306 CE 3 years
Guangxi
光熙
306 CE 7 months Usage continued by the Emperor Huai of Jin upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Huai of Jin
(r. 306–313 CE)
Yongjia
永嘉
307–313 CE 7 years
Emperor Min of Jin
(r. 313–316 CE)
Jianxing
建興
313–317 CE 5 years Also used by the Former Liang.

Eastern Jin

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Yuan of Jin
(r. 317–323 CE)
Jianwu
建武
317–318 CE 2 years
Daxing
大興
318–321 CE 4 years Or Taixing (太興).
Yongchang
永昌
322–323 CE 2 years Usage continued by the Emperor Ming of Jin upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Ming of Jin
(r. 323–325 CE)
Taining
太寧
323–326 CE 4 years Usage continued by the Emperor Cheng of Jin upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Cheng of Jin
(r. 325–342 CE)
Xianhe
咸和
326–334 CE 9 years
Xiankang
咸康
335–342 CE 8 years Usage continued by the Emperor Kang of Jin upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Kang of Jin
(r. 342–344 CE)
Jianyuan
建元
343–344 CE 2 years Usage continued by the Emperor Mu of Jin upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Mu of Jin
(r. 344–361 CE)
Yonghe
永和
345–356 CE 12 years
Shengping
升平
357–361 CE 5 years Usage continued by the Emperor Ai of Jin upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by the Former Liang.
Emperor Ai of Jin
(r. 361–365 CE)
Longhe
隆和
362–363 CE 2 years Or Chonghe (崇和).
Xingning
興寧
363–365 CE 3 years Usage continued by Sima Yi upon his ascension to the throne.
Sima Yi
(r. 365–371 CE)
Taihe
太和
366–371 CE 6 years
Emperor Jianwen of Jin
(r. 371–372 CE)
Xian'an
咸安
371–372 CE 2 years Usage continued by the Emperor Xiaowu of Jin upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Xiaowu of Jin
(r. 372–396 CE)
Ningkang
寧康
373–375 CE 3 years Sometimes erroneously referred to as Kangning (康寧).
Taiyuan
太元
376–396 CE 21 years Usage continued by the Emperor An of Jin upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor An of Jin
(r. 396–419 CE)
Long'an
隆安
397–401 CE 5 years Or Chong'an (崇安).
Yuanxing
元興
402–404 CE 3 years
Daheng
大亨
402 CE 9 months Subsequently reverted back to Long'an (隆安).
Yixi
義熙
405–419 CE 15 years Usage continued by the Emperor Gong of Jin upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Gong of Jin
(r. 419–420 CE)
Yuanxi
元熙
419–420 CE 2 years

Huan Chu

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Wudao of Huan Chu
(r. 403–404 CE)
Yongshi
永始
403–404 CE 2 years
Huan Qian
(r. 404–405 CE)
Tiankang
天康
404–405 CE 2 years

Other regimes

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Zhao Xin
(r. 300–301 CE)
Taiping
太平
300–301 CE 2 months
Sima Lun
(r. 301 CE)
Jianshi
建始
301 CE 4 months
Qiu Shen
(r. 303 CE)
Shenfeng
神鳳
303 CE 4 months
Sima Bao
(r. 319–320 CE)
Jiankang
建康
319–320 CE 2 years
Li Hong
(r. 370 CE)
Fenghuang
鳳凰
370 CE 1 year

Sixteen Kingdoms

Han Zhao

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Guangwen of Han Zhao
(r. 304–310 CE)
Yuanxi
元熙
304–308 CE 5 years
Yongfeng
永鳳
308–309 CE 2 years
Herui
河瑞
309–310 CE 2 years Usage continued by Liu He upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Zhaowu of Han Zhao
(r. 310–318 CE)
Guangxing
光興
310–311 CE 2 years
Jiaping
嘉平
311–315 CE 5 years
Jianyuan
建元
315–316 CE 2 years
Linjia
麟嘉
316–318 CE 3 years
Emperor Yin of Han Zhao
(r. 318 CE)
Hanchang
漢昌
318 CE 3 months
Liu Yao
(r. 318–329 CE)
Guangchu
光初
318–329 CE 12 years Or Zuochu (佐初).

Cheng Han

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Jing of Cheng Han
(r. 303 CE)
Jianchu
建初
303–304 CE 2 years Usage continued by Li Liu upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Wu of Cheng Han
(r. 304–334 CE)
Jianxing
建興
304–306 CE 3 years
Yanping
晏平
306–310 CE 5 years Or Xuanping (宣平).
Yuheng
玉衡
311–334 CE 24 years Usage continued by the Emperor Ai of Cheng Han and Li Qi upon their ascension to the throne.
Dawu
大武
Unknown Unknown
Li Qi
(r. 334–338 CE)
Yuheng
玉恒
335–338 CE 4 years
Emperor Zhaowen of Cheng Han
(r. 338–343 CE)
Hanxing
漢興
338–343 CE 6 years Usage continued by Li Shi upon his ascension to the throne.
Li Shi
(r. 343–347 CE)
Taihe
太和
344–346 CE 3 years
Jianing
嘉寧
346–347 CE 2 years

Later Zhao

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Ming of Later Zhao
(r. 319–333 CE)
Taihe
太和
328–330 CE 3 years
Jianping
建平
330–333 CE 4 years Usage continued by Shi Hong upon his ascension to the throne.
Shi Hong
(r. 333–334 CE)
Yanxi
延熙
334 CE 1 year Usage continued by the Emperor Wu of Later Zhao upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Wu of Later Zhao
(r. 334–349 CE)
Jianwu
建武
335–348 CE 14 years
Taining
太寧
349 CE 1 year Or Taining (泰宁). Usage continued by Shi Shi, Shi Zun, and Shi Jian upon their ascension to the throne.
Yongxi
永熙
Unknown Unknown
Yanxing
延興
Unknown Unknown
Shi Jian
(r. 349–350 CE)
Qinglong
青龍
350 CE 3 months
Shi Zhi
(r. 350–351 CE)
Yongning
永寧
350–351 CE 1 year 1 month

Former Liang

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Prince Ming of Former Liang
(r. 314–320 CE)
Jianxing
建興
317–320 CE 4 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Min of Jin. Or Yong'an (永安).
Prince Cheng of Former Liang
(r. 320–324 CE)
Jianxing
建興
320–324 CE 5 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Min of Jin. Or Yongyuan (永元).
Prince Wen of Former Liang
(r. 324–346 CE)
Jianxing
建興
324–346 CE 23 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Min of Jin. Or Taiyuan (太元).
Prince Huan of Former Liang
(r. 346–353 CE)
Jianxing
建興
346–353 CE 8 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Min of Jin. Or Yongle (永樂).
Prince Wei of Former Liang
(r. 353–355 CE)
Heping
和平
354–355 CE 2 years
Prince Chong of Former Liang
(r. 355–363 CE)
Jianxing
建興
355–361 CE 6 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Min of Jin.
Shengping
升平
361–363 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Mu of Jin. Or Taishi (太始).
Zhang Tianxi
(r. 363–376 CE)
Shengping
升平
363–376 CE 14 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Mu of Jin. Or Taiqing (太清).

Former Yan

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Wenming of Former Yan
(r. 337–348 CE)
Yanyuan
燕元
Unknown Unknown
Emperor Jingzhao of Former Yan
(r. 348–360 CE)
Yuanxi
元璽
352–357 CE 6 years
Guangshou
光壽
357–359 CE 3 years
Emperor You of Former Yan
(r. 360–370 CE)
Jianxi
建熙
360–370 CE 11 years

Former Qin

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Jingming of Former Qin
(r. 351–355 CE)
Huangshi
皇始
351–355 CE 5 years
Fu Sheng
(r. 355–357 CE)
Shouguang
壽光
355–357 CE 3 years
Emperor Xuanzhao of Former Qin
(r. 357–385 CE)
Yongxing
永興
357–359 CE 3 years
Ganlu
甘露
359–364 CE 6 years
Jianyuan
建元
365–385 CE 21 years
Emperor Aiping of Former Qin
(r. 385–386 CE)
Tai'an
太安
385–386 CE 2 years
Emperor Gao of Former Qin
(r. 386–394 CE)
Taichu
太初
386–394 CE 9 years
Fu Chong
(r. 394 CE)
Yanchu
延初
394 CE 4 months

Later Yan

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Chengwu of Later Yan
(r. 384–396 CE)
Yanyuan
燕元
384–386 CE 3 years
Jianxing
建興
386–396 CE 11 years
Emperor Huimin of Later Yan
(r. 396–398 CE)
Yongkang
永康
396–398 CE 3 years
Emperor Zhaowu of Later Yan
(r. 398–401 CE)
Jianping
建平
398 CE 3 months
Changle
長樂
399–401 CE 3 years
Emperor Zhaowen of Later Yan
(r. 401–407 CE)
Guangshi
光始
401–406 CE 6 years
Jianshi
建始
407 CE 7 months

Later Qin

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Wuzhao of Later Qin
(r. 384–394 CE)
Baique
白雀
384–386 CE 3 years
Jianchu
建初
386–394 CE 9 years
Emperor Wenhuan of Later Qin
(r. 394–416 CE)
Huangchu
皇初
394–399 CE 6 years
Hongshi
弘始
399–416 CE 18 years
Yao Hong
(r. 416–417 CE)
Yonghe
永和
416–417 CE 2 years

Western Qin

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Prince Xuanlie of Western Qin
(r. 385–388 CE)
Jianyi
建義
385–388 CE 4 years
Prince Wuyuan of Western Qin
(r. 388–400 CE; first reign)
Taichu
太初
388–400 CE 13 years
Prince Wuyuan of Western Qin
(r. 409–412 CE; second reign)
Gengshi
更始
409–412 CE 4 years
Prince Wenzhao of Western Qin
(r. 412–428 CE)
Yongkang
永康
412–419 CE 8 years
Jianhong
建弘
420–428 CE 9 years
Qifu Mumo
(r. 428–431 CE)
Yonghong
永弘
428–431 CE 4 years

Later Liang

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Yiwu of Later Liang
(r. 386–399 CE)
Tai'an
太安
386–389 CE 4 years Or Da'an (大安).
Linjia
麟嘉
389–396 CE 8 years
Longfei
龍飛
396–399 CE 4 years Usage continued by Lü Shao upon his ascension to the throne.
Chengkang
承康
Unknown Unknown
Emperor Ling of Later Liang
(r. 399–401 CE)
Xianning
咸寧
399–401 CE 3 years
Lü Long
(r. 401–403 CE)
Shending
神鼎
401–403 CE 3 years

Southern Liang

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Prince Wu of Wuwei
(r. 397–399 CE)
Taichu
太初
397–399 CE 3 years
Prince Kang of Hexi
(r. 399–402 CE)
Jianhe
建和
400–402 CE 3 years
Prince Jing of Southern Liang
(r. 402–414 CE)
Hongchang
弘昌
402–404 CE 3 years Or Hongchang (宏昌).
Jiaping
嘉平
408–414 CE 7 years

Northern Liang

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Duan Ye
(r. 397–401 CE)
Shenxi
神璽
397–399 CE 3 years
Tianxi
天璽
399–401 CE 3 years Or Liuxi (六璽).
Prince Wuxuan of Northern Liang
(r. 401–433 CE)
Yong'an
永安
401–412 CE 12 years
Xuanshi
玄始
412–428 CE 17 years Or Yuanshi (元始).
Zhenxing
真興
Unknown Unknown
Chengxuan
承玄
428–431 CE 4 years
Yihe
義和
431–433 CE 3 years
Chengyang
承陽
Unknown Unknown
Yuanhe
緣禾
Unknown Unknown
Prince Ai of Northern Liang
(r. 433–439 CE)
Chenghe
承和
433–439 CE 7 years Or Yonghe (永和).
Taiyuan
太緣
Unknown Unknown
Jianping
建平
Unknown Unknown
Juqu Wuhui
(r. 442–444 CE)
Chengping
承平
443–460 CE 18 years Usage continued by Juqu Anzhou upon his ascension to the throne.

Southern Yan

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Xianwu of Southern Yan
(r. 398–405 CE)
Yanping
燕平
398–400 CE 3 years
Jianping
建平
400–405 CE 6 years
Murong Chao
(r. 405–410 CE)
Taishang
太上
405–410 CE 6 years

Western Liang

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Prince Wuzhao of Western Liang
(r. 400–417 CE)
Gengzi
庚子
400–404 CE 5 years
Jianchu
建初
405–417 CE 13 years
Li Xin
(r. 417–420 CE)
Jiaxing
嘉興
417–420 CE 4 years
Li Xun
(r. 420–421 CE)
Yongjian
永建
420–421 CE 2 years

Hu Xia

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Wulie of Hu Xia
(r. 407–425 CE)
Longsheng
龍昇
407–413 CE 7 years
Fengxiang
鳳翔
413–418 CE 6 years
Changwu
昌武
418–419 CE 3 months
Zhenxing
真興
419–425 CE 7 years
Helian Chang
(r. 425–428 CE)
Chengguang
承光
419–425 CE 7 years Or Chengyang (承陽), Yongguang (永光).
Helian Ding
(r. 428–431 CE)
Shengguang
勝光
428–431 CE 4 years

Northern Yan

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Huiyi of Northern Yan
(r. 407–409 CE)
Zhengshi
正始
407–409 CE 3 years
Emperor Wencheng of Northern Yan
(r. 409–430 CE)
Taiping
太平
409–430 CE 22 years Usage continued by the Emperor Zhaocheng of Northern Yan upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Zhaocheng of Northern Yan
(r. 430–436 CE)
Taixing
太興
431–436 CE 6 years

Dai

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Tuoba Shiyijian
(r. 388–376 CE)
Jianguo
建國
388–376 CE 39 years

Ran Wei

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Ping of Ran Wei
(r. 350–352 CE)
Yongxing
永興
350–352 CE 3 years

Western Yan

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Liewen of Western Yan
(r. 384 CE)
Yanxing
燕興
384 CE 9 months
Emperor Wei of Western Yan
(r. 385–386 CE)
Gengshi
更始
385–386 CE 2 years
Duan Sui
(r. 386 CE)
Changping
昌平
386 CE 2 months
Murong Yi
(r. 386 CE)
Jianming
建明
386 CE 1 month
Emperor Wen of Western Yan
(r. 386 CE)
Jianping
建平
386 CE 1 month
Murong Zhong
(r. 386 CE)
Jianwu
建武
386 CE 7 months
Murong Yong
(r. 386–394 CE)
Zhongxing
中興
386–394 CE 9 years

Zhai Wei

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Zhai Liao
(r. 388–391 CE)
Jianguang
建光
388–391 CE 4 years
Zhai Zhao
(r. 391–392 CE)
Dingding
定鼎
391–392 CE 2 years Or Shending (神鼎).

Other regimes

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Gou Quzhi
(r. 320 CE)
Pingzhao
平趙
320 CE 1 month
Hou Ziguang
(r. 337 CE)
Longxing
龍興
337 CE 1 month
Zhang Ju
(r. 352 CE)
Jianchang
建昌
352 CE 5 months
Zhang Yu
(r. 374 CE)
Heilong
黑龍
374 CE 4 months
Zhang Dayu
(r. 386–387 CE)
Fenghuang
鳳凰
386 CE 10 months
Dou Chong
(r. 393–394 CE)
Yuanguang
元光
393–394 CE 2 years
Murong Xiang
(r. 397 CE)
Jianshi
建始
397 CE 3 months
Murong Lin
(r. 397 CE)
Yanping
延平
397 CE 4 months
Lan Han
(r. 398 CE)
Qinglong
青龍
398 CE 4 months
Wang Shi
(r. 403 CE)
Taiping
太平
403 CE 1 month

Northern and Southern dynasties

Northern Wei

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei
(r. 386–409 CE)
Dengguo
登國
386–396 CE 11 years
Huangshi
皇始
396–398 CE 3 years
Tianxing
天興
398–404 CE 7 years
Tianci
天賜
404–409 CE 6 years
Emperor Mingyuan of Northern Wei
(r. 409–423 CE)
Yongxing
永興
409–413 CE 5 years
Shenrui
神瑞
414–416 CE 3 years
Taichang
泰常
416–423 CE 8 years Usage continued by the Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei
(r. 423–452 CE)
Shiguang
始光
424–428 CE 5 years
Shenjia
神䴥
428–431 CE 4 years
Yanhe
延和
432–435 CE 4 years
Taiyan
太延
435–440 CE 6 years
Taipingzhenjun
太平真君
440–451 CE 12 years
Zhengping
正平
451–452 CE 2 years
Tuoba Yu
(r. 452 CE)
Chengping
承平
452 CE 9 months Sometimes erroneously referred to as Yongping (永平).
Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei
(r. 452–465 CE)
Xing'an
興安
452–454 CE 3 years
Xingguang
興光
454–455 CE 2 years
Tai'an
太安
455–459 CE 5 years
Heping
和平
460–465 CE 6 years Usage continued by the Emperor Xianwen of Northern Wei upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Xianwen of Northern Wei
(r. 465–471 CE)
Tian'an
天安
466–467 CE 2 years
Huangxing
皇興
467–471 CE 5 years
Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei
(r. 471–499 CE)
Yanxing
延興
471–476 CE 6 years
Chengming
承明
476 CE 7 months
Taihe
太和
477–499 CE 23 years Usage continued by the Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei
(r. 499–515 CE)
Jingming
景明
500–504 CE 5 years
Zhengshi
正始
504–508 CE 5 years
Yongping
永平
508–512 CE 5 years
Yanchang
延昌
512–515 CE 4 years Usage continued by the Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei
(r. 515–528 CE)
Xiping
熙平
516–518 CE 3 years
Shengui
神龜
518–520 CE 3 years
Zhengguang
正光
520–525 CE 6 years
Xiaochang
孝昌
525–528 CE 4 years
Wutai
武泰
528 CE 5 months Usage continued by Yuan Zhao upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei
(r. 528–530 CE)
Jianyi
建義
528 CE 6 months
Yong'an
永安
528–530 CE 3 years
Yuan Ye
(r. 530–531 CE)
Jianming
建明
530–531 CE 2 years
Emperor Jiemin of Northern Wei
(r. 531–532 CE)
Putai
普泰
531 CE 9 months Or Pujia (普嘉).
Yuan Lang
(r. 531–532 CE)
Zhongxing
中興
531–532 CE 2 years
Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei
(r. 532–535 CE)
Taichang
太昌
532 CE 9 months
Yongxing
永興
532 CE 1 month
Yongxi
永熙
532–534 CE 3 years

Eastern Wei

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei
(r. 534–550 CE)
Tianping
天平
534–537 CE 4 years
Yuanxiang
元象
538–539 CE 2 years
Xinghe
興和
539–542 CE 4 years
Wuding
武定
543–550 CE 8 years

Western Wei

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Wen of Western Wei
(r. 535–551 CE)
Datong
大統
535–551 CE 17 years
Yuan Qin
(r. 551–554 CE)
Qianming
乾明
Unknown Unknown

Northern Qi

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi
(r. 550–559 CE)
Tianbao
天保
550–559 CE 10 years Usage continued by Gao Yin upon his ascension to the throne.
Gao Yin
(r. 559–560 CE)
Qianming
乾明
560 CE 8 months
Emperor Xiaozhao of Northern Qi
(r. 560–561 CE)
Huangjian
皇建
560–561 CE 2 years
Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi
(r. 561–565 CE)
Taining
太寧
561–562 CE 2 years Or Daning (大寧), Taining (泰寧).
Heqing
河清
562–565 CE 4 years
Gao Wei
(r. 565–577 CE)
Tiantong
天統
565–569 CE 5 years
Wuping
武平
570–576 CE 7 years
Longhua
隆化
576 CE 1 month
Gao Yanzong
(r. 576 CE)
Dechang
德昌
576 CE 1 month
Gao Heng
(r. 577 CE)
Chengguang
承光
577 CE 3 months

Northern Zhou

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Ming of Northern Zhou
(r. 557–560 CE)
Wucheng
武成
559–560 CE 2 years Usage continued by the Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou upon his ascension to the throne.
Wuding
武定
Unknown Unknown
Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou
(r. 560–578 CE)
Baoding
保定
561–565 CE 5 years
Tianhe
天和
566–572 CE 7 years
Jiande
建德
572–578 CE 7 years
Xuanzheng
宣政
578 CE 10 months Usage continued by the Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou
(r. 578–579 CE)
Dacheng
大成
579 CE 2 months
Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou
(r. 579–581 CE)
Daxiang
大象
579–580 CE 2 years
Dading
大定
581 CE 2 months

Liu Song

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Wu of Liu Song
(r. 420–422 CE)
Yongchu
永初
420–422 CE 3 years Usage continued by Liu Yifu upon his ascension to the throne.
Liu Yifu
(r. 422–424 CE)
Jingping
景平
423–424 CE 2 years
Emperor Wen of Liu Song
(r. 424–453 CE)
Yuanjia
元嘉
424–453 CE 30 years Usage continued by the Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song
(r. 453–464 CE)
Xiaojian
孝建
454–456 CE 3 years
Daming
大明
457–464 CE 8 years Usage continued by Liu Ziye upon his ascension to the throne.
Liu Ziye
(r. 464–466 CE)
Yongguang
永光
465 CE 8 months
Jinghe
景和
465 CE 4 months
Emperor Ming of Liu Song
(r. 466–472 CE)
Taishi
泰始
466–471 CE 6 years
Taiyu
泰豫
472 CE 1 year Usage continued by Liu Yu upon his ascension to the throne.
Liu Yu
(r. 472–477 CE)
Yuanhui
元徽
473–477 CE 5 years
Emperor Shun of Liu Song
(r. 477–479 CE)
Shengming
昇明
477–479 CE 3 years

Southern Qi

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Gao of Southern Qi
(r. 479–482 CE)
Jianyuan
建元
479–482 CE 4 years Usage continued by the Emperor Wu of Southern Qi upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Wu of Southern Qi
(r. 482–493 CE)
Yongming
永明
483–493 CE 11 years Usage continued by Xiao Zhaoye upon his ascension to the throne.
Xiao Zhaoye
(r. 493–494 CE)
Longchang
隆昌
494 CE 7 months
Xiao Zhaowen
(r. 494 CE)
Yanxing
延興
494 CE 4 months
Emperor Ming of Southern Qi
(r. 494–498 CE)
Jianwu
建武
494–498 CE 5 years
Yongtai
永泰
498 CE 9 months Usage continued by Xiao Baojuan upon his ascension to the throne.
Xiao Baojuan
(r. 498–501 CE)
Yongyuan
永元
499–501 CE 3 years
Emperor He of Southern Qi
(r. 501–502 CE)
Zhongxing
中興
501–502 CE 2 years

Liang dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Wu of Liang
(r. 502–549 CE)
Tianjian
天監
502–519 CE 18 years
Putong
普通
520–527 CE 8 years
Datong
大通
527–529 CE 3 years
Zhongdatong
中大通
529–534 CE 6 years
Datong
大同
535–546 CE 12 years
Zhongdatong
中大同
546–547 CE 2 years
Taiqing
太清
547–549 CE 3 years Usage continued by the Emperor Jianwen of Liang upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Jianwen of Liang
(r. 549–551 CE)
Dabao
大寶
550–551 CE 2 years
Xiao Dong
(r. 551 CE)
Tianzheng
天正
551 CE 4 months
Emperor Yuan of Liang
(r. 552–555 CE)
Chengsheng
承聖
552–555 CE 4 years
Emperor Min of Liang
(r. 555 CE)
Tiancheng
天成
555 CE 6 months
Emperor Jing of Liang
(r. 555–557 CE)
Shaotai
紹泰
555–556 CE 2 years
Taiping
太平
556–557 CE 2 years

Western Liang

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Xuan of Western Liang
(r. 555–562 CE)
Dading
大定
555–562 CE 8 years
Emperor Ming of Western Liang
(r. 562–585 CE)
Tianbao
天保
562–585 CE 24 years Usage continued by the Emperor Jing of Western Liang upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Jing of Western Liang
(r. 585–587 CE)
Guangyun
廣運
586–587 CE 2 years

Chen dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Wu of Chen
(r. 557–559 CE)
Yongding
永定
557–559 CE 3 years Usage continued by the Emperor Wen of Chen upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Wen of Chen
(r. 559–566 CE)
Tianjia
天嘉
560–566 CE 7 years
Tiankang
天康
566 CE 11 months Usage continued by Chen Bozong upon his ascension to the throne.
Chen Bozong
(r. 566–568 CE)
Guangda
光大
567–568 CE 2 years
Emperor Xuan of Chen
(r. 568–582 CE)
Taijian
太建
569–582 CE 14 years Usage continued by Chen Shubao upon his ascension to the throne.
Chen Shubao
(r. 582–589 CE)
Zhide
至德
583–586 CE 4 years
Zhenming
禎明
587–589 CE 3 years

Gaogouli

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
King Guangkaitu of Gaogouli
(r. 391–413 CE)
Yongle
永樂
391–412 CE 22 years
Unknown monarch(s)
Yongkang
永康
Unknown Unknown The 7th year of Yongkang might be 396 CE, 418 CE, 483 CE, or 551 CE.
Yanshou
延壽
Unknown Unknown The 1st year of Yanshou might be 451 CE or 511 CE.
Jianxing
建興
Unknown Unknown The 5th year of Jianxing might be 476 CE, 536 CE, or 596 CE.
Yanjia
延嘉
Unknown Unknown The 7th year of Yanjia might be 479 CE or 539 CE.

Rouran Khaganate

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Shouluobuzhen Khagan
(r. 464–485 CE)
Yongkang
永康
464–484 CE 21 years Usage might be from 466 CE to 484 CE, for a total length of 19 years. Also used by Gaochang.
Fumingdun Khagan
(r. 485–492 CE)
Taiping
太平
485–491 CE 7 years
Houqifudaikuzhe Khagan
(r. 492–506 CE)
Tai'an
太安
492–505 CE 14 years
Tuohan Khagan
(r. 506–508 CE)
Shiping
始平
506–507 CE 2 years
Douluofubadoufa Khagan
(r. 508–520 CE)
Jianchang
建昌
508–520 CE 13 years

Later Chouchi

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Yang Nandang
(r. 436–442 CE)
Jianyi
建義
436–442 CE 7 years

Gaochang

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Kan Bozhou
(r. 460–477 CE)
Yongkang
永康
466–477 CE 12 years Adopted the era name of the Shouluobuzhen Khagan.
Kan Yicheng
(r. 477–478 CE)
Yongkang
永康
477–478 CE 2 years Adopted the era name of the Shouluobuzhen Khagan.
Kan Shougui
(r. 478–488 CE)
Yongkang
永康
478–485 CE 12 years Adopted the era name of the Shouluobuzhen Khagan.
Zhang Mengming
(r. 488–496 CE)
Jianchu
建初
489–496 CE 8 years Might be the era name of Kan Shougui from 489 CE to 491 CE, used for a total length of 3 years.
Qu Jia
(r. 501–525 CE)
Chengping
承平
502–509 CE 8 years Usage might be from 502 CE to 510 CE, for a total length of 9 years.
Yixi
義熙
510–525 CE 16 years Usage might be from 511 CE to 523 CE, for a total length of 13 years.
Qu Guang
(r. 525–530 CE)
Ganlu
甘露
525–530 CE 6 years
Qu Jian
(r. 530–548 CE)
Zhanghe
章和
531–548 CE 18 years
Qu Xuanxi
(r. 548–550 CE)
Yongping
永平
549–550 CE 2 years
Successor to Qu Xuanxi (name unknown)
(r. 550–555 CE)
Heping
和平
551–554 CE 4 years
Qu Baomao
(r. 555–560 CE)
Jianchang
建昌
555–560 CE 6 years
Qu Qiangu
(r. 560–601 CE)
Yanchang
延昌
561–601 CE 41 years
Qu Boya
(r. 601–613 CE; first reign)
Yanhe
延和
602–613 CE 12 years
Usurper (name unknown)
(r. 613–619 CE)
Yihe
義和
614–619 CE 6 years
Qu Boya
(r. 620–623 CE; second reign)
Chongguang
重光
620–623 CE 4 years Usage continued by Qu Wentai upon his ascension to the throne. Might be the era name of Qu Wentai.
Qu Wentai
(r. 623–640 CE)
Yanshou
延壽
624–640 CE 17 years Usage continued by Qu Zhisheng upon his ascension to the throne.

Hou Han

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Hou Jing
(r. 551–552 CE)
Taishi
太始
551–552 CE 2 years

Other regimes

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Baiya Lisi
(r. 415–416 CE)
Jianping
建平
415–416 CE 2 years Usage continued by Liu Hu upon his ascension to the throne.
Li Bao
(r. 422–442 CE)
Longxing
龍興
422–442 CE 21 years
Cheng Daoyang
(r. 432–437 CE)
Taishi
泰始
432–437 CE 6 years
Liu Shao
(r. 453 CE)
Taichu
太初
453 CE 3 months
Lu Shuang
(r. 454 CE)
Jianping
建平
454 CE 4 months
Liu Hun
(r. 455 CE)
Yongguang
永光
455 CE 1 month Or Yuanguang (元光), Yunguang (允光).
Liu Zixun
(r. 466 CE)
Yijia
義嘉
466 CE 8 months
Sima Xiaojun
(r. 471 CE)
Shengjun
聖君
471 CE 1 year
Tang Yuzhi
(r. 486 CE)
Xingping
興平
486 CE 1 year
Yong Daoxi
(r. 500 CE)
Jianyi
建義
500 CE 2 months
Fan Su'an
(r. 503–504 CE)
Zhengshi
正始
Unknown Unknown
Lü Gou'er
(r. 506 CE)
Jianming
建明
506 CE 7 months
Chen Zhan
(r. 506 CE)
Shengming
聖明
506 CE 7 months
Emperor Wenjing of Western Wei
(r. 508 CE)
Jianping
建平
508 CE 2 months
Faqing
(r. 515 CE)
Dacheng
大乘
515 CE 3 months
Poliuhan Baling
(r. 524–525 CE)
Zhenwang
真王
524–525 CE 2 years Also used by Du Luozhou.
Mozhe Niansheng
(r. 524–527 CE)
Tianjian
天建
524–527 CE 4 years
Yuan Faseng
(r. 525 CE)
Tianqi
天啟
525 CE 3 months Or Daqi (大啟).
Du Luozhou
(r. 525 CE)
Zhenwang
真王
525–528 CE 4 years Adopted the era name of Poliuhan Baling.
Liu Lisheng
(r. 525–535 CE)
Shenjia
神嘉
525–535 CE 11 years
Xianyu Xiuli
(r. 526 CE)
Luxing
魯興
526 CE 8 months Or Puxing (普興).
Chen Shuangchi
(r. 526 CE)
Shijian
始建
Unknown Unknown
Ge Rong
(r. 526–528 CE)
Guang'an
廣安
526–528 CE 3 years
Liu Huo, Zheng Bian
(r. 527 CE)
Tianshou
天授
527 CE 1 month
Xiao Baoyin
(r. 527–528 CE)
Longxu
隆緒
527–528 CE 2 years
Xing Gao
(r. 528–529 CE)
Tiantong
天統
528–529 CE 2 years
Moqi Chounu
(r. 528–530 CE)
Shenshou
神獸
528–530 CE 3 years Or Shenhu (神虎), Shenping (神平).
Yuan Hao
(r. 529 CE)
Xiaoji
孝基
529 CE 2 months
Jianwu
建武
529 CE 3 months
Yuan Yue
(r. 530–532 CE)
Gengxing
更興
530–532 CE 3 years Or Gengxin (更新).
Xianyu Chen
(r. 535 CE)
Shangyuan
上願
535 CE 1 year
Wang Tiaochu, Cao Erlong
(r. 536 CE)
Pingdu
平都
536 CE 1 month
Liu Jinggong
(r. 542 CE)
Yonghan
永漢
542 CE 2 months
Xiao Zhengde
(r. 548–549 CE)
Zhengping
正平
548–549 CE 2 years
Xiao Ji
(r. 552–553 CE)
Tianzheng
天正
552–553 CE 2 years
Xiao Zhuang
(r. 558–560 CE)
Tianqi
天啟
558–560 CE 3 years
Liu Moduo
(r. 577 CE)
Shiping
石平
577 CE 1 month
Gao Shaoyi
(r. 578 CE)
Wuping
武平
578 CE 1 year Might be a continuation of the era name of Gao Wei.
Unknown
Antai
安太
Unknown Unknown
Unknown
Baique
白雀
Unknown Unknown

Sui dynasty

Sui dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Wen of Sui
(r. 581–604 CE)
Kaihuang
開皇
581–600 CE 20 years
Renshou
仁壽
601–604 CE 4 years Usage continued by the Emperor Yang of Sui upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Yang of Sui
(r. 604–618 CE)
Daye
大業
605–618 CE 14 years
Yang You
(r. 617–618 CE)
Yining
義寧
617–618 CE 2 years
Yang Tong
(r. 618–619 CE)
Huangtai
皇泰
618–619 CE 2 years

Other regimes

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Xiang Haiming
(r. 613 CE)
Bainiao
白鳥
613 CE 1 month
Liu Jialun
(r. 614 CE)
Dashi
大世
614 CE 1 month
Zhu Can
(r. 615–619 CE)
Changda
昌達
615–619 CE 5 years Usage might be from 618 CE to 619 CE, for a total length of 2 years.
Cao Shiqi
(r. 616 CE)
Shixing
始興
616 CE 1 month Or Tiancheng (天成).
Lin Shihong
(r. 616–622 CE)
Taiping
太平
616–622 CE 7 years Or Yankang (延康), Tiancheng (天成).
Dou Jiande
(r. 617–621 CE)
Dingchou
丁丑
617–618 CE 2 years
Wufeng
五鳳
618–621 CE 4 years
Li Mi
(r. 617–618 CE)
Yongping
永平
617–618 CE 2 years
Liu Wuzhou
(r. 617–620 CE)
Tianxing
天興
617–620 CE 4 years
Guo Zihe
(r. 617–618 CE)
Zhengping
正平
617–618 CE 2 years Or Chouping (丑平).
Xue Ju
(r. 617–618 CE)
Qinxing
秦興
617–618 CE 2 years Sometimes erroneously referred to as Taixing (泰興).
Xiao Xian
(r. 617–621 CE)
Mingfeng
鳴鳳
617–621 CE 5 years Or Fengming (鳳鳴).
Li Gui
(r. 617–619 CE)
Anle
安樂
617–619 CE 3 years
Cao Wuche
(r. 617 CE)
Tongsheng
通聖
617 CE 1 month
Liang Shidu
(r. 618–628 CE)
Yonglong
永隆
618–628 CE 11 years

Tang dynasty

Tang dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Gaozu of Tang
(r. 618–626 CE)
Wude
武德
618–626 CE 9 years Usage continued by the Emperor Taizong of Tang upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Taizong of Tang
(r. 626–649 CE)
Zhenguan
貞觀
627–649 CE 23 years Or Zhengguan (正觀). Usage continued by the Emperor Gaozong of Tang upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Gaozong of Tang
(r. 649–683 CE)
Yonghui
永徽
650–655 CE 6 years Also used by Silla.
Xianqing
顯慶
656–661 CE 6 years Or Mingqing (明慶), Guangqing (光慶). Also used by Silla.
Longshuo
龍朔
661–663 CE 3 years Also used by Silla.
Linde
麟德
664–665 CE 2 years Also used by Silla.
Qianfeng
乾封
666–668 CE 3 years Also used by Silla.
Zongzhang
總章
668–670 CE 3 years Also used by Silla.
Xianheng
咸亨
670–674 CE 5 years Also used by Silla.
Shangyuan
上元
674–676 CE 3 years Also used by Silla.
Yifeng
儀鳳
676–679 CE 4 years Also used by Silla.
Tiaolu
調露
679–680 CE 2 years Also used by Silla.
Yonglong
永隆
680–681 CE 2 years Or Yongchong (永崇). Also used by Silla.
Kaiyao
開耀
681–682 CE 2 years Also used by Silla.
Yongchun
永淳
682–683 CE 2 years Also used by Silla.
Hongdao
弘道
683 CE 1 month Also used by Silla.
Emperor Zhongzong of Tang
(r. 684 CE; first reign)
Sisheng
嗣聖
684 CE 2 months Also used by Silla.
Emperor Ruizong of Tang
(r. 684–690 CE; first reign)
Wenming
文明
684 CE 7 months Also used by Silla.
Guangzhai
光宅
684 CE 4 months Also used by Silla.
Chuigong
垂拱
685–688 CE 4 years Also used by Silla.
Yongchang
永昌
689 CE 11 months Also used by Silla.
Zaichu
載初
689–690 CE 2 years Also used by Silla.

Wu Zhou

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Wu Zhao
(r. 690–705 CE)
Tianshou
天授
690–692 CE 3 years Also used by Silla.
Ruyi
如意
692 CE 6 months Also used by Silla.
Changshou
長壽
692–694 CE 3 years Also used by Silla.
Yanzai
延載
694 CE 8 months Also used by Silla.
Zhengsheng
証聖
695 CE 9 months Also used by Silla.
Tiancewansui
天冊萬歲
695 CE 3 months Also used by Silla.
Wansuidengfeng
萬歲登封
695–696 CE 4 months Also used by Silla.
Wansuitongtian
萬歲通天
696–697 CE 2 years Also used by Silla.
Shengong
神功
697 CE 4 months Also used by Silla.
Shengli
聖曆
698–700 CE 3 years Also used by Silla.
Jiushi
久視
700–701 CE 2 years Also used by Silla.
Dazu
大足
701 CE 10 months Also used by Silla.
Chang'an
長安
701–704 CE 4 years Also used by Silla.
Shenlong
神龍
705–707 CE 3 years Usage continued by the Emperor Zhongzong of Tang upon his second ascension to the throne. Also used by Silla.

Tang dynasty (restored)

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Zhongzong of Tang
(r. 705–710 CE; second reign)
Jinglong
景龍
707–710 CE 4 years Also used by Silla.
Emperor Shang of Tang
(r. 710 CE)
Tanglong
唐隆
710 CE 2 months Or Tangyuan (唐元), Tangxing (唐興), Tang'an (唐安). Also used by Silla.
Emperor Ruizong of Tang
(r. 710–712 CE; second reign)
Jingyun
景雲
710–712 CE 3 years Also used by Silla.
Taiji
太極
712 CE 4 months Also used by Silla.
Yanhe
延和
712 CE 4 months Also used by Silla.
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
(r. 712–756 CE)
Xiantian
先天
712–713 CE 2 years Also used by Silla.
Kaiyuan
開元
713–741 CE 29 years Also used by Silla.
Tianbao
天寶
742–756 CE 15 years In the 1st lunar month of the 3rd year of Tianbao, the official term for "year" was switched from "nián" () to "zǎi" ().[2] Also used by Silla.
Emperor Suzong of Tang
(r. 756–762 CE)
Zhide
至德
756–758 CE 3 years The official term used for "year" was "zǎi" (). Also used by Silla.
Qianyuan
乾元
758–760 CE 3 years In the 2nd lunar month of the 1st year of Qianyuan, the official term for "year" was switched from "zǎi" () back to "nián" ().[2] Also used by Silla.
Shangyuan
上元
760–761 CE 2 years Also used by Silla.
Baoying
寶應
762–763 CE 2 years Usage continued by the Emperor Daizong of Tang upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Silla.
Emperor Daizong of Tang
(r. 762–779 CE)
Guangde
廣德
763–764 CE 2 years Also used by Silla.
Yongtai
永泰
765–766 CE 2 years Also used by Silla.
Dali
大曆
766–779 CE 14 years Also used by Silla.
Emperor Dezong of Tang
(r. 779–805 CE)
Jianzhong
建中
780–783 CE 4 years Also used by Silla.
Xingyuan
興元
784 CE 1 year Also used by Silla.
Zhenyuan
貞元
785–805 CE 21 years Also used by Silla.
Emperor Shunzong of Tang
(r. 805 CE)
Yongzhen
永貞
805 CE 5 months Also used by Silla.
Emperor Xianzong of Tang
(r. 805–820 CE)
Yuanhe
元和
806–820 CE 15 years Usage continued by the Emperor Muzong of Tang upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Silla.
Emperor Muzong of Tang
(r. 820–824 CE)
Yongxin
永新
820 CE 1 year Subsequently reverted back to Yuanhe (元和). Also used by Silla.
Changqing
長慶
821–824 CE 4 years Usage continued by the Emperor Jingzong of Tang upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Silla.
Emperor Jingzong of Tang
(r. 824–826 CE)
Baoli
寶歷
825–827 CE 3 years Usage continued by the Emperor Wenzong of Tang upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Silla.
Emperor Wenzong of Tang
(r. 826–840 CE)
Dahe
大和
827–835 CE 9 years Or Taihe (太和). Also used by Silla.
Kaicheng
開成
836–840 CE 5 years Usage continued by the Emperor Wuzong of Tang upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Silla.
Emperor Wuzong of Tang
(r. 840–846 CE)
Huichang
會昌
841–846 CE 6 years Usage continued by the Emperor Xuanzong of Tang upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Silla.
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
(r. 846–859 CE)
Dazhong
大中
847–860 CE 14 years Usage continued by the Emperor Yizong of Tang upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Silla.
Emperor Yizong of Tang
(r. 859–873 CE)
Xiantong
咸通
860–874 CE 15 years Usage continued by the Emperor Xizong of Tang upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Silla.
Emperor Xizong of Tang
(r. 873–888 CE)
Qianfu
乾符
874–879 CE 6 years Also used by Silla.
Guangming
廣明
880–881 CE 2 years Also used by Silla.
Zhonghe
中和
881–885 CE 5 years Also used by Silla.
Guangqi
光啟
885–888 CE 4 years Also used by Silla.
Wende
文德
888 CE 11 months Usage continued by the Emperor Zhaozong of Tang upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Silla.
Emperor Zhaozong of Tang
(r. 888–904 CE)
Longji
龍紀
889 CE 1 year Also used by Silla.
Dashun
大順
890–891 CE 2 years Also used by Silla.
Jingfu
景福
892–893 CE 2 years Also used by Silla.
Qianning
乾寧
894–898 CE 5 years Also used by Silla.
Guanghua
光化
898–901 CE 4 years Also used by Silla.
Tianfu
天復
901–904 CE 4 years Also used by the Yang Wu, the Former Shu, and Silla.
Tianyou
天祐
904–907 CE 4 years Usage continued by the Emperor Ai of Tang upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by the Yang Wu, the Former Shu, the Former Jin, Qi, Wuyue, and Silla.

Bohai

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
King Wu of Bohai
(r. 719–737 CE)
Ren'an
仁安
720–737 CE 18 years Usage might be from 718 CE to 737 CE, for a total length of 20 years; or from 719 CE to 737 CE, for a total length of 19 years.
King Wen of Bohai
(r. 737–793 CE)
Daxing
大興
738–794 CE 57 years Usage might be from 737 CE to 774 CE, then from 786 CE to 793 CE, for a total length of 45 years; or from 737 CE to 774 CE, then from 785 CE to 793 CE, for a total length of 46 years.
Baoli
寶曆
774–785 CE 12 years Usage might be from 774 CE to 786 CE, for a total length of 13 years. Subsequently reverted back to Daxing (大興).
King Cheng of Bohai
(r. 793–794 CE)
Zhongxing
中興
794 CE 1 year
King Kang of Bohai
(r. 794–809 CE)
Zhengli
正曆
795–809 CE 15 years Usage might be from 794 CE to 808 CE, for a total length of 15 years; or from 795 CE to 807 CE, for a total length of 13 years.
King Ding of Bohai
(r. 809–812 CE)
Yongde
永德
810–812 CE 3 years Usage might be from 808 CE to 812 CE, for a total length of 5 years; or from 808 CE to 811 CE, for a total length of 4 years.
King Xi of Bohai
(r. 812–817 CE)
Zhuque
朱雀
813–817 CE 5 years Usage might be from 812 CE to 817 CE, for a total length of 6 years; or from 812 CE to 816 CE, for a total length of 5 years.
King Jian of Bohai
(r. 817–818 CE)
Taishi
太始
818 CE 1 year Usage might be from 813 CE to 817 CE, for a total length of 5 years; or from 817 CE to 818 CE, for a total length of 2 years.
King Xuan of Bohai
(r. 818–830 CE)
Jianxing
建興
819–830 CE 12 years Usage might be from 818 CE to 830 CE, for a total length of 13 years.
Da Yizhen
(r. 830–857 CE)
Xianhe
咸和
831–857 CE 27 years

Nanzhao

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
King Shenwu of Nanzhao
(r. 748–779 CE)
Zanpuzhong
贊普鐘
752–768 CE 17 years
Changshou
長壽
769–779 CE 11 years
King Xiaohuan of Nanzhao
(r. 779–808 CE)
Jianlong
見龍
780–783 CE 4 years
Shangyuan
上元
784 CE–? Unknown
Yuanfeng
元封
?–808 CE Unknown
King Xiaohui of Nanzhao
(r. 808–809 CE)
Yingdao
應道
809 CE 1 year
King You of Nanzhao
(r. 809–816 CE)
Longxing
龍興
810–816 CE 7 years
King Jing of Nanzhao
(r. 816–823 CE)
Quanyi
全義
816–819 CE 4 years
Dafeng
大豐
820–823 CE 4 years
King Zhaocheng of Nanzhao
(r. 823–859 CE)
Baohe
保和
824–839 CE 16 years Or Baohe (保合).
Tianqi
天啟
840–859 CE 20 years
Emperor Jingzhuang of Dali
(r. 859–877 CE)
Jianji
建極
860–877 CE 18 years
Emperor Wuxuan of Dafengmin
(r. 877–897 CE)
Zhenming
貞明
878 CE–? Unknown Or Zhenmingchengzhidatong (貞明承智大同).
Chengzhi
承智
Unknown Unknown Or Zhenmingchengzhidatong (貞明承智大同).
Datong
大同
?–888 CE Unknown Or Zhenmingchengzhidatong (貞明承智大同).
Cuoye
嵯耶
889–897 CE 9 years
Emperor Xiao'ai of Dafengmin
(r. 897–902 CE)
Zhongxing
中興
897–902 CE 6 years

Yan

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Guanglie of Yan
(r. 756–757 CE)
Shengwu
聖武
756–757 CE 2 years
An Qingxu
(r. 757–759 CE)
Zaichu
載初
757 CE 9 months
Tiancheng
天成
758–759 CE 2 years
Emperor Zhaowu of Yan
(r. 759–761 CE)
Yingtian
應天
759 CE 3 months
Shuntian
順天
759–761 CE 3 years
Shi Chaoyi
(r. 761–763 CE)
Xiansheng
顯聖
761–763 CE 3 years

Tibetan Empire

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Ralpacan
(r. 816–838 CE)
Yitai
彝泰
815–838 CE 24 years

Kingdom of Khotan

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Viśa' Saṃbhava
(r. 912–966 CE)
Tongqing
同慶
912–966 CE 55 years Or Kaiqing (開慶).
Viśa' Śūra
(r. 966–977 CE)
Tianzun
天尊
967–977 CE 11 years
Viśa' Dharma
(r. 977–985 CE)
Zhongxing
中興
978–985 CE 8 years
Viśa' Sangrāma
(r. 985–999 CE)
Tianxing
天興
986–999 CE 14 years
Unknown
Tianshou
天壽
999–1001 CE 3 years Usage might be from 999 CE to 1005 CE, for a total length of 7 years.

Other regimes

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Yuwen Huaji
(r. 618–619 CE)
Tianshou
天壽
618–619 CE 2 years
Gao Kaidao
(r. 618–624 CE)
Shixing
始興
618–624 CE 7 years Or Tiancheng (天成).
Gao Tancheng
(r. 618 CE)
Falun
法輪
618 CE 1 month
Shen Faxing
(r. 618–621 CE)
Yankang
延康
619–620 CE 2 years
Wang Shichong
(r. 619–621 CE)
Kaiming
開明
619–621 CE 3 years
Li Zitong
(r. 619–621 CE)
Mingzheng
明政
619–621 CE 3 years
Liu Heita
(r. 622–623 CE)
Tianzao
天造
622–623 CE 2 years
Fu Gongshi
(r. 623–624 CE)
Tianming
天明
623–624 CE 2 years
Qiande
乾德
Unknown Unknown
Wang Mosha
(r. 623 CE)
Jintong
進通
623 CE 1 year
Li Chongfu
(r. 710 CE)
Zhongyuankefu
中元克復
710 CE 2 months Or Zhongzongkefu (中宗克復).
Duan Zizhang
(r. 761 CE)
Huanglong
黃龍
761 CE 3 months
Li Zhen
(r. 761 CE)
Zhengde
正德
761 CE 1 year
Yuan Chao
(r. 762–763 CE)
Baosheng
寶勝
762–763 CE 2 years Or Shengguo (升國).
Zhu Ci
(r. 783–784 CE)
Yingtian
應天
783 CE 3 months
Tianhuang
天皇
784 CE 6 months
Li Xilie
(r. 784–786 CE)
Wucheng
武成
784–786 CE 3 years
Qiu Fu
(r. 860 CE)
Luoping
羅平
860 CE 7 months
Huang Chao
(r. 878–884 CE)
Wangba
王霸
878–880 CE 3 years
Jintong
金統
880–884 CE 5 years
Li Yun
(r. 886 CE)
Jianzhen
建貞
886 CE 3 months Or Yongzhen (永貞).
Dong Chang
(r. 895–896 CE)
Shuntian
順天
895–896 CE 2 years Or Dasheng (大聖), Tiance (天冊), Tiansheng (天聖).
Prince Pu of Tang dynasty
Tianshou
天壽
Unknown Unknown

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

Later Liang

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Taizu of Later Liang
(r. 907–912 CE)
Kaiping
開平
907–911 CE 5 years Also used by Min and Silla.
Qianhua
乾化
911–913 CE 3 years Usage later restored during the reign of Zhu Youzhen. Also used by Wuyue, Min, and Silla.
Zhu Yougui
(r. 912–913 CE)
Fengli
鳳曆
913 CE 2 months Also used by Wuyue and Silla.
Zhu Youzhen
(r. 913–923 CE)
Qianhua
乾化
913–915 CE 3 years Restored the era name of the Emperor Taizu of Later Liang. Also used by Wuyue, Min, and Silla.
Zhenming
貞明
915–921 CE 7 years Also used by Wuyue, Min, and Silla.
Longde
龍德
921–923 CE 3 years Also used by Wuyue, Min, and Silla.

Later Tang

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang
(r. 923–926 CE; as Emperor of Later Tang)
Tongguang
同光
923–926 CE 4 years Also used by Min, Jingnan and Silla.
Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang
(r. 926–933 CE)
Tiancheng
天成
926–930 CE 5 years Also used by the Ma Chu, Min, Jingnan and Silla.
Changxing
長興
930–933 CE 4 years Also used by the Ma Chu, Min, Jingnan, Silla, and Goryeo.
Emperor Min of Later Tang
(r. 933–934 CE)
Yingshun
應順
934 CE 4 months Also used by the Ma Chu, Wuyue, Jingnan, Silla, and Goryeo.
Li Congke
(r. 934–937 CE)
Qingtai
清泰
934–936 CE 3 years Also used by the Ma Chu, Wuyue, Jingnan, Silla, and Goryeo.

Later Jin

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin
(r. 936–942 CE)
Tianfu
天福
936–944 CE 9 years Usage continued by the Emperor Chu of Later Jin upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by the Later Han, the Ma Chu, Wuyue, Jingnan, and Goryeo.
Emperor Chu of Later Jin
(r. 942–947 CE)
Kaiyun
開運
944–946 CE 3 years Also used by the Ma Chu, Wuyue, Jingnan, and Goryeo.

Later Han

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Gaozu of Later Han
(r. 947–948 CE)
Tianfu
天福
947 CE 1 year Adopted the era name of the Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin.
Qianyou
乾祐
948–950 CE 3 years Usage continued by the Emperor Yin of Later Han upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by the Ma Chu, Wuyue, Jingnan, the Northern Han, and Goryeo.

Later Zhou

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Taizu of Later Zhou
(r. 951–954 CE)
Guangshun
廣順
951–953 CE 3 years Also used by Wuyue, Jingnan, and Goryeo.
Xiande
顯德
954–960 CE 7 years Usage continued by the Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou and the Emperor Gong of Later Zhou upon their ascension to the throne. Also used by Wuyue, Jingnan, the Southern Tang, and Goryeo.

Former Shu

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Gaozu of Former Shu
(r. 907–918 CE)
Tianfu
天復
907 CE 1 month Adopted the era name of the Emperor Zhaozong of Tang.
Wucheng
武成
908–910 CE 3 years
Yongping
永平
911–915 CE 5 years
Tongzheng
通正
916 CE 1 year
Tianhan
天漢
917 CE 1 year
Guangtian
光天
918 CE 1 year Or Guangda (光大), Guangda (廣大). Usage continued by Wang Yan upon his ascension to the throne.
Wang Yan
(r. 918–925 CE)
Qiande
乾德
919–924 CE 6 years
Xiankang
咸康
925 CE 11 months

Yang Wu

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Taizu of Yang Wu
(r. 902–905 CE)
Tianfu
天復
902–904 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Zhaozong of Tang.
Tianyou
天祐
904–905 CE 2 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Zhaozong of Tang.
Emperor Liezu of Yang Wu
(r. 905–908 CE)
Tianyou
天祐
905–908 CE 4 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Zhaozong of Tang.
Emperor Gaozu of Yang Wu
(r. 908–920 CE)
Tianyou
天祐
908–919 CE 12 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Zhaozong of Tang.
Wuyi
武義
919–921 CE 3 years Or Banyi (頒義). Usage continued by the Emperor Rui of Yang Wu upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Rui of Yang Wu
(r. 920–937 CE)
Shunyi
順義
921–927 CE 7 years
Qianzhen
乾貞
927–929 CE 3 years Also used by Jingnan.
Dahe
大和
929–935 CE 7 years
Tianzuo
天祚
935–937 CE 3 years

Ma Chu

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
King Wumu of Ma Chu
(r. 907–930 CE)
Tiancheng
天成
927–930 CE 4 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang.
King Hengyang of Ma Chu
(r. 930–932 CE)
Changxing
長興
930–932 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang.
King Wenzhao of Ma Chu
(r. 932–947 CE)
Changxing
長興
930–932 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang.
Yingshun
應順
934 CE 4 months Adopted the era name of the Emperor Min of Later Tang.
Qingtai
清泰
934–936 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of Li Congke.
Tianfu
天福
936–944 CE 9 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin.
Kaiyun
開運
944–946 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Chu of Later Jin.
Ma Xiguang
(r. 947–950 CE)
Tianfu
天福
947 CE 1 month Adopted the era name of the Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin.
Qianyou
乾祐
948–950 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Gaozu of Later Han.
King Gongxiao of Ma Chu
(r. 950–951 CE)
Baoda
保大
950–951 CE 2 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Yuanzong of Southern Tang.

Wuyue

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
King Taizu of Wuyue
(r. 907–932 CE)
Tianyou
天祐
907 CE 1 month Adopted the era name of the Emperor Zhaozong of Tang.
Tianbao
天寶
908–912 CE 5 years
Fengli
鳳曆
913 CE 1 month Adopted the era name of Zhu Yougui.
Qianhua
乾化
913–915 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Taizu of Later Liang.
Zhenming
貞明
915–921 CE 7 years Adopted the era name of Zhu Youzhen.
Longde
龍德
921–923 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of Zhu Youzhen.
Baoda
寶大
924–925 CE 2 years Or Baotai (寶太).
Baozheng
寶正
926–931 CE 6 years Or Baozhen (寶貞), Baozhen (保貞).
Guangchu
廣初
Unknown Unknown
Zhengming
正明
Unknown Unknown
King Shizong of Wuyue
(r. 932–941 CE)
Changxing
長興
932–933 CE 2 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang.
Yingshun
應順
934 CE 4 months Adopted the era name of the Emperor Min of Later Tang.
Qingtai
清泰
934–936 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of Li Congke.
Tianfu
天福
936–941 CE 6 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin.
King Chengzong of Wuyue
(r. 941–947 CE)
Tianfu
天福
941–944 CE 4 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin.
Kaiyun
開運
944–946 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Chu of Later Jin.
King Zhongxun of Wuyue
(r. 947–948 CE)
Tianfu
天福
947 CE 1 year Adopted the era name of the Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin.
King Zhongyi of Qin
(r. 948–978 CE)
Qianyou
乾祐
948–950 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Gaozu of Later Han.
Guangshun
廣順
951–953 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Taizu of Later Zhou.
Xiande
顯德
954–960 CE 7 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Taizu of Later Zhou.
Jianlong
建隆
960–963 CE 4 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Taizu of Song.
Qiande
乾德
963–968 CE 6 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Taizu of Song.
Kaibao
開寶
968–976 CE 9 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Taizu of Song.
Taipingxingguo
太平興國
976–978 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Taizong of Song.

Min

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Taizu of Min
(r. 909–925 CE)
Kaiping
開平
909–911 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Taizu of Later Liang.
Qianhua
乾化
911–915 CE 5 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Taizu of Later Liang.
Zhenming
貞明
915–921 CE 7 years Adopted the era name of Zhu Youzhen.
Longde
龍德
921–923 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of Zhu Youzhen.
Tongguang
同光
923–925 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang.
Wang Yanhan
(r. 925–926 CE)
Tiancheng
天成
926 CE 1 year Adopted the era name of the Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang.
Emperor Huizong of Min
(r. 926–935 CE)
Tiancheng
天成
926–930 CE 5 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang.
Changxing
長興
930–932 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang.
Longqi
龍啟
933–934 CE 2 years
Yonghe
永和
935–936 CE 2 years
Emperor Kangzong of Min
(r. 935–939 CE)
Tongwen
通文
936–939 CE 4 years
Emperor Jingzong of Min
(r. 939–944 CE)
Yonglong
永隆
939–944 CE 6 years
Tiande Emperor
(r. 943–945 CE)
Tiande
天德
943–945 CE 3 years

Southern Han

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Gaozu of Southern Han
(r. 917–942 CE)
Qianheng
乾亨
917–925 CE 9 years
Bailong
白龍
925–928 CE 4 years
Dayou
大有
928–942 CE 15 years
Emperor Shang of Southern Han
(r. 942–943 CE)
Guangtian
光天
942–943 CE 2 years
Emperor Zhongzong of Southern Han
(r. 943–958 CE)
Yingqian
應乾
943 CE 8 months
Qianhe
乾和
943–958 CE 16 years
Liu Chang
(r. 958–971 CE)
Dabao
大寶
958–971 CE 14 years

Jingnan

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Prince Wuxin of Chu
(r. 924–929 CE)
Tongguang
同光
924–926 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang.
Tiancheng
天成
926–928 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang.
Qianzhen
乾貞
928 CE 7 months Adopted the era name of the Emperor Rui of Yang Wu.
Prince Wenxian of Nanping
(r. 929–948 CE)
Qianzhen
乾貞
929 CE 6 months Adopted the era name of the Emperor Rui of Yang Wu.
Tiancheng
天成
929–930 CE 2 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang.
Changxing
長興
930–933 CE 4 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang.
Yingshun
應順
934 CE 4 months Adopted the era name of the Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang.
Qingtai
清泰
934–936 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of Li Congke.
Tianfu
天福
936–944 CE 9 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin.
Kaiyun
開運
944–946 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Chu of Later Jin.
Tianfu
天福
947 CE 1 year Adopted the era name of the Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin.
Qianyou
乾祐
948 CE 10 months Adopted the era name of the Emperor Gaozu of Later Han.
Prince Zhenyi of Nanping
(r. 948–960 CE)
Qianyou
乾祐
948–950 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Gaozu of Later Han.
Guangshun
廣順
951–953 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Taizu of Later Zhou.
Xiande
顯德
954–960 CE 7 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Taizu of Later Zhou.
Gao Baoxu
(r. 960–962 CE)
Jianlong
建隆
960–962 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Taizu of Song.
Gao Jichong
(r. 962–963 CE)
Jianlong
建隆
962–963 CE 2 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Taizu of Song.

Later Shu

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Gaozu of Later Shu
(r. 934 CE)
Mingde
明德
934–937 CE 4 years Usage continued by Meng Chang upon his ascension to the throne.
Meng Chang
(r. 934–965 CE)
Guangzheng
廣政
938–965 CE 28 years

Southern Tang

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Liezu of Southern Tang
(r. 937–943 CE)
Shengyuan
昇元
937–943 CE 7 years Or Shengyuan (升元).
Emperor Yuanzong of Southern Tang
(r. 943–961 CE)
Baoda
保大
943–957 CE 15 years Also used by the Ma Chu.
Zhongxing
中興
958 CE 2 months
Jiaotai
交泰
958 CE 3 months
Xiande
顯德
958–961 CE 4 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Taizu of Later Zhou for external purposes. The era name Jiaotai (交泰) remained in use for domestic purposes.
Li Yu
(r. 961–975 CE)
Xiande
顯德
961–962 CE 2 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Taizu of Later Zhou for external purposes. The era name Jiaotai (交泰) remained in use for domestic purposes.
Jianlong
建隆
963 CE 1 year Adopted the era name of the Emperor Taizu of Song.
Qiande
乾德
963–968 CE 6 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Taizu of Song.
Kaibao
開寶
968–975 CE 8 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Taizu of Song.

Northern Han

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Shizu of Northern Han
(r. 951–954 CE)
Qianyou
乾祐
951–954 CE 4 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Gaozu of Later Han.
Emperor Ruizong of Northern Han
(r. 954–968 CE)
Qianyou
乾祐
954–956 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Gaozu of Later Han.
Tianhui
天會
957–973 CE 17 years Usage continued by Liu Ji'en and the Emperor Yingwu of Northern Han upon their ascension to the throne.
Emperor Yingwu of Northern Han
(r. 968–979 CE)
Guangyun
廣運
974–979 CE 6 years

Qi

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Li Maozhen
(r. 901–924 CE)
Tianyou
天祐
904–924 CE 21 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Zhaozong of Tang.

Dachanghe

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Huan of Dachanghe
(r. 902–909 CE)
Anguo
安國
903–909 CE 7 years
Emperor Suwen of Dachanghe
(r. 909–926 CE)
Shiyuan
始元
910 CE–? Unknown Or Xiaozhi (孝治).
Tianruijingxing
天瑞景星
Unknown Unknown Or Tianrui (天瑞).
Anhe
安和
Unknown Unknown
Zhenyou
貞祐
Unknown Unknown
Chuli
初歷
?–926 CE Unknown
Emperor Gonghui of Dachanghe
(r. 926–928 CE)
Tianying
天應
927 CE 1 year

Datianxing

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Daokang of Datianxing
(r. 928–929 CE)
Zunsheng
尊聖
928–929 CE 2 years

Dayining

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Sugong of Dayining
(r. 929–930 CE)
Xingsheng
興聖
930 CE 1 year
Yang Zhao
(r. 930–937 CE)
Daming
大明
931–937 CE 7 years
Dingxin
鼎新
Unknown Unknown
Guangsheng
光聖
Unknown Unknown Or Kesheng (克聖).

Former Jin

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Li Keyong
(r. 896–908 CE)
Tianyou
天祐
904–908 CE 5 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Zhaozong of Tang.
Li Cunxu
(r. 908–923 CE; as Prince of Former Jin)
Tianyou
天祐
908–923 CE 16 years Adopted the era name of the Emperor Zhaozong of Tang.

Yan

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Liu Shouguang
(r. 911–914 CE)
Yingtian
應天
911–913 CE 3 years

Other regimes

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Unknown
Anguoshengzhi
安國聖治
Unknown Unknown Might be the era name of the Emperor Huan of Dachanghe.
Zhang Yuxian
(r. 942–943 CE)
Yongle
永樂
942–943 CE 2 years Or Changle (長樂).

Liao dynasty

Liao dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Taizu of Liao
(r. 916–926 CE)
Shence
神冊
916–922 CE 7 years
Tianzan
天贊
922–926 CE 5 years
Tianxian
天顯
926–938 CE 13 years Usage continued by the Emperor Taizong of Liao upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Taizong of Liao
(r. 927–947 CE)
Huitong
會同
938–947 CE 10 years
Datong
大同
947 CE 8 months Usage continued by the Emperor Shizong of Liao upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Shizong of Liao
(r. 947–951 CE)
Tianlu
天祿
947–951 CE 5 years
Emperor Muzong of Liao
(r. 951–969 CE)
Yingli
應曆
951–969 CE 19 years
Emperor Jingzong of Liao
(r. 969–982 CE)
Baoning
保寧
969–979 CE 11 years
Qianheng
乾亨
979–983 CE 5 years Usage continued by the Emperor Shengzong of Liao upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Shengzong of Liao
(r. 982–1031 CE)
Tonghe
統和
983–1012 CE 30 years Also used by Goryeo.
Kaitai
開泰
1012–1021 CE 10 years Also used by Goryeo.
Taiping
太平
1021–1031 CE 11 years Also used by Goryeo.
Emperor Xingzong of Liao
(r. 1031–1055 CE)
Jingfu
景福
1031–1032 CE 2 years
Chongxi
重熙
1032–1055 CE 24 years Or Chonghe (重和), Chongxi (崇熙). Also used by Goryeo.
Emperor Daozong of Liao
(r. 1055–1101 CE)
Qingning
清寧
1055–1064 CE 10 years Also used by Goryeo.
Xianyong
咸雍
1065–1074 CE 10 years Also used by Goryeo.
Dakang
大康
1075–1084 CE 10 years Or Taikang (太康). Also used by Goryeo.
Da'an
大安
1085–1094 CE 10 years Also used by Goryeo.
Shouchang
壽昌
1095–1101 CE 7 years Or Shoulong (壽隆), Shengchang (盛昌). Also used by Goryeo.
Emperor Tianzuo of Liao
(r. 1101–1125 CE)
Qiantong
乾統
1101–1110 CE 10 years Or Qiantong (乾通). Also used by Goryeo.
Tianqing
天慶
1111–1120 CE 10 years Also used by Goryeo.
Baoda
保大
1121–1125 CE 5 years

Dongdan

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Yelü Bei
(r. 926–937 CE)
Ganlu
甘露
926–936 CE 11 years

Ding'an

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Wu Xuanming
(r. 976–986 CE)
Yuanxing
元興
976 CE–? Unknown

Xingliao

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Da Yanlin
(r. 1029–1030 CE)
Tianqing
天慶
1029–1030 CE 2 years

Northern Liao

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Xuanzong of Northern Liao
(r. 1122 CE)
Jianfu
建福
1122 CE 4 months Or Tianfu (天福).
Xiao Puxiannü
(r. 1122 CE; as regent)
Dexing
德興
1122 CE 7 months
Yelü Yali
(r. 1123 CE)
Shenli
神曆
1123 CE 6 months

Western Liao

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Dezong of Western Liao
(r. 1124–1143 CE)
Yanqing
延慶
1124–1133 CE 10 years Usage might be from 1125 CE to 1133 CE, for a total length of 9 years.
Kangguo
康國
1134–1143 CE 10 years Usage might be from 1127 CE to 1136 CE, for a total length of 10 years.
Xiao Tabuyan
(r. 1143–1150 CE; as regent)
Xianqing
咸清
1144–1150 CE 7 years Usage might be from 1136 CE to 1142 CE, for a total length of 7 years.
Gantian
感天
Unknown Unknown
Emperor Renzong of Western Liao
(r. 1150–1163 CE)
Shaoxing
紹興
1151–1163 CE 13 years Usage might be from 1142 CE to 1154 CE, for a total length of 13 years.
Xuxing
續興
Unknown Unknown
Muxing
穆興
Unknown Unknown
Yelü Pusuwan
(r. 1163–1177 CE; as regent)
Chongfu
崇福
1164–1177 CE 14 years Usage might be from 1154 CE to 1168 CE, for a total length of 15 years.
Huangde
皇德
Unknown Unknown
Zhongde
重德
Unknown Unknown
Yelü Zhilugu
(r. 1177–1211 CE)
Tianxi
天禧
1178–1211 CE 34 years Usage might be from 1168 CE to 1201 CE, for a total length of 34 years.

Other regimes

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Gao Yongchang
(r. 1116 CE)
Longji
隆基
1116 CE 4 months Or Yingshun (應順).
Huilibao
(r. 1123 CE)
Tianfu
天復
1123 CE 8 months
Xiao Gan
(r. 1123 CE)
Tiansi
天嗣
1123 CE 1 year Or Tianxing (天興), Tianfu (天阜).

Song dynasty

Northern Song

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Taizu of Song
(r. 960–976 CE)
Jianlong
建隆
960–963 CE 4 years Also used by Wuyue, Jingnan, and the Southern Tang.
Qiande
乾德
963–968 CE 6 years Also used by Wuyue, the Southern Tang, and Goryeo.
Kaibao
開寶
968–976 CE 9 years Usage continued by the Emperor Taizong of Song upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Wuyue, the Southern Tang, and Goryeo.
Emperor Taizong of Song
(r. 976–997 CE)
Taipingxingguo
太平興國
976–984 CE 9 years Also used by Wuyue and Goryeo.
Yongxi
雍熙
984–987 CE 4 years Also used by Goryeo.
Duangong
端拱
988–989 CE 2 years Also used by Goryeo.
Chunhua
淳化
990–994 CE 5 years Also used by Goryeo.
Zhidao
至道
995–997 CE 3 years Usage continued by the Emperor Zhenzong of Song upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Goryeo.
Emperor Zhenzong of Song
(r. 997–1022 CE)
Xianping
咸平
998–1003 CE 6 years
Jingde
景德
1004–1007 CE 4 years
Dazhongxiangfu
大中祥符
1008–1016 CE 9 years Also used by Goryeo.
Tianxi
天禧
1017–1021 CE 5 years Also used by Goryeo.
Qianxing
乾興
1022 CE 1 year Usage continued by the Emperor Renzong of Song upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Goryeo.
Emperor Renzong of Song
(r. 1022–1063 CE)
Tiansheng
天聖
1023–1032 CE 10 years
Mingdao
明道
1032–1033 CE 2 years
Jingyou
景祐
1034–1038 CE 5 years
Baoyuan
寶元
1038–1040 CE 3 years
Kangding
康定
1040–1041 CE 2 years
Qingli
慶曆
1041–1048 CE 8 years
Huangyou
皇祐
1049–1054 CE 6 years
Zhihe
至和
1054–1056 CE 3 years
Jiayou
嘉祐
1056–1063 CE 8 years Usage continued by the Emperor Yingzong of Song upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Yingzong of Song
(r. 1063–1067 CE)
Zhiping
治平
1064–1067 CE 4 years Usage continued by the Emperor Shenzong of Song upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Shenzong of Song
(r. 1067–1085 CE)
Xining
熙寧
1068–1077 CE 10 years
Yuanfeng
元豐
1078–1085 CE 8 years Usage continued by the Emperor Zhezong of Song upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Zhezong of Song
(r. 1085–1110 CE)
Yuanyou
元祐
1086–1094 CE 9 years
Shaosheng
紹聖
1094–1098 CE 5 years
Yuanfu
元符
1098–1100 CE 3 years Usage continued by the Emperor Huizong of Song upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Huizong of Song
(r. 1100–1125 CE)
Jianzhongjingguo
建中靖國
1101 CE 1 year
Chongning
崇寧
1102–1106 CE 5 years
Daguan
大觀
1107–1110 CE 4 years
Zhenghe
政和
1111–1118 CE 8 years
Chonghe
重和
1118–1119 CE 2 years
Xuanhe
宣和
1119–1125 CE 7 years Usage continued by the Emperor Qinzong of Song upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Qinzong of Song
(r. 1126–1127 CE)
Jingkang
靖康
1126–1127 CE 2 years

Southern Song

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Gaozong of Song
(r. 1127–1162 CE)
Jianyan
建炎
1127–1130 CE 4 years
Shaoxing
紹興
1131–1162 CE 32 years Usage continued by the Emperor Xiaozong of Song upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Xiaozong of Song
(r. 1162–1189 CE)
Longxing
隆興
1163–1164 CE 2 years
Qiandao
乾道
1165–1173 CE 9 years
Chunxi
淳熙
1165–1173 CE 9 years Originally proposed as Chunxi (純熙). Or Chunxi (湻熙). Usage continued by the Emperor Guangzong of Song upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Guangzong of Song
(r. 1189–1194 CE)
Shaoxi
紹熙
1190–1194 CE 5 years Usage continued by the Emperor Ningzong of Song upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Ningzong of Song
(r. 1194–1224 CE)
Qingyuan
慶元
1195–1200 CE 6 years
Jiatai
嘉泰
1201–1204 CE 4 years
Kaixi
開禧
1205–1207 CE 3 years
Jiading
嘉定
1208–1224 CE 17 years Usage continued by the Emperor Lizong of Song upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Lizong of Song
(r. 1224–1264 CE)
Baoqing
寶慶
1225–1227 CE 3 years
Shaoding
紹定
1228–1233 CE 6 years
Duanping
端平
1234–1236 CE 3 years
Jiaxi
嘉熙
1237–1240 CE 4 years
Chunyou
淳祐
1241–1252 CE 12 years
Baoyou
寶祐
1253–1258 CE 6 years
Kaiqing
開慶
1259 CE 1 year
Jingding
景定
1260–1264 CE 5 years Usage continued by the Emperor Duzong of Song upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Duzong of Song
(r. 1264–1274 CE)
Xianchun
咸淳
1265–1274 CE 10 years Usage continued by the Emperor Gong of Song upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Gong of Song
(r. 1274–1276 CE)
Deyou
德祐
1275–1276 CE 2 years
Emperor Duanzong of Song
(r. 1276–1278 CE)
Jingyan
景炎
1276–1278 CE 3 years
Zhao Bing
(r. 1278–1279 CE)
Xiangxing
祥興
1278–1279 CE 2 years Also used by Huang Hua.

Former Dali

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Taizu of Dali
(r. 937–944 CE)
Wende
文德
938 CE–? Unknown
Shenwu
神武
?–944 CE Unknown
Emperor Wenjing of Dali
(r. 944–945 CE)
Wenjing
文經
945 CE 1 year Sometimes erroneously referred to as Wenjingwulüe (文經武略).
Emperor Shengci of Dali
(r. 945–951 CE)
Zhizhi
至治
946–951 CE 6 years Or Zhizhi (致治). Sometimes erroneously referred to as Zhuzhi (主治).
Emperor Guangci of Dali
(r. 952–968 CE)
Mingde
明德
952 CE–? Unknown
Guangde
廣德
?–967 CE Unknown
Shunde
順德
968 CE 1 year Or Shengde (聖德).
Emperor Yingdao of Dali
(r. 968–985 CE)
Mingzheng
明政
969–985 CE 17 years Or Mingzheng (明正).
Emperor Zhaoming of Dali
(r. 985–1009 CE)
Guangming
廣明
986 CE–? Unknown
Mingtong
明統
Unknown Unknown
Mingsheng
明聖
Unknown Unknown
Mingde
明德
Unknown Unknown
Mingzhi
明治
Unknown Unknown
Mingfa
明法
Unknown Unknown
Mingying
明應
1006 CE–? Unknown
Mingyun
明運
?–1009 CE Unknown
Emperor Xuansu of Dali
(r. 1009–1022 CE)
Mingqi
明啟
1010–1022 CE 13 years Or Qimingtiansheng (啟明天聖).
Qianxing
乾興
Unknown Unknown
Emperor Bingyi of Dali
(r. 1022–1026 CE)
Mingtong
明通
1023–1026 CE 4 years Or Mingtongtiansheng (明通天聖).
Emperor Shengde of Dali
(r. 1026–1041 CE)
Zhengzhi
正治
1027–1041 CE 15 years
Emperor Tianming of Dali
(r. 1041–1044 CE)
Shengming
聖明
1042 CE–? Unknown
Tianming
天明
?–1044 CE Unknown
Emperor Xingzong of Dali
(r. 1044–1075 CE)
Bao'an
保安
1045–1052 CE 8 years
Zheng'an
政安
1053 CE–? Unknown Or Zheng'an (正安).
Zhengde
正德
Unknown Unknown Or Zhengde (政德).
Baode
保德
?–1074 CE Unknown
Tai'an
太安
Unknown Unknown
Minghou
明侯
Unknown Unknown
Emperor Shangde of Dali
(r. 1075–1080 CE)
Shangde
上德
1076 CE 1 year
Guang'an
廣安
1077–1080 CE 4 years
Emperor Shangming of Dali
(r. 1080–1081 CE)
Shangming
上明
1081 CE 1 year
Emperor Baoding of Dali
(r. 1081–1094 CE)
Baoli
保立
1082 CE 1 year Or Baoding (保定).
Jian'an
建安
1083–1091 CE 9 years
Tianyou
天祐
1091–1094 CE 4 years

Dazhong Kingdom

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Biaozheng of Dazhong
(r. 1094–1096 CE)
Shangzhi
上治
1095 CE 1 year

Later Dali

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Zhongzong of Dali
(r. 1096–1108 CE)
Tianshou
天授
1096 CE 1 year
Mingkai
明開
1097–1103 CE 7 years Or Kaiming (開明).
Tianzheng
天政
1103–1104 CE 2 years Or Tianzheng (天正).
Wen'an
文安
1104–1108 CE 5 years
Emperor Xianzong of Dali
(r. 1108–1147 CE)
Rixin
日新
1109–1110 CE 2 years
Wenzhi
文治
1110 CE–? Unknown
Yongjia
永嘉
?–1128 CE Unknown Sometimes erroneously referred to as Wenjia (文嘉).
Baotian
保天
1129–1137 CE 9 years Or Tianbao (天保).
Guangyun
廣運
1138–1147 CE 10 years
Emperor Jingzong of Dali
(r. 1147–1171 CE)
Yongzhen
永貞
1148 CE 1 year
Dabao
大寶
1149–1156 CE 8 years Or Tianbao (天寶).
Longxing
龍興
1157–1161 CE 5 years
Shengming
盛明
1162 CE–? Unknown
Jiande
建德
?–1171 CE Unknown
Emperor Xuanzong of Dali
(r. 1172–1200 CE)
Lizhen
利貞
1172–1174 CE 4 years
Shengde
盛德
1176–1180 CE 5 years
Jiahui
嘉會
1181–1184 CE 4 years
Yuanheng
元亨
1185–1195 CE 11 years Sometimes erroneously referred to as Hengli (亨利).
Ding'an
定安
1195–1200 CE 6 years Sometimes erroneously referred to as Anding (安定).
Hengshi
亨時
Unknown Unknown
Emperor Yingzong of Dali
(r. 1200–1204 CE)
Fengli
鳳曆
1200 CE–? Unknown
Yuanshou
元壽
?–1204 CE Unknown
Emperor Shenzong of Dali
(r. 1204–1238 CE)
Tiankai
天開
1205–1225 CE 21 years
Tianfu
天輔
1226 CE 1 year
Renshou
仁壽
1227–1238 CE 12 years
Emperor Xiaoyi of Dali
(r. 1238–1251 CE)
Daolong
道隆
1239–1251 CE 13 years
Duan Xingzhi
(r. 1251–1254 CE)
Tianding
天定
1251–1254 CE 4 years

Ziqi Kingdom

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Axie
(r. 1161–1205 CE)
Qianzhen
乾貞
1176 CE 1 year

Other regimes

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Duan Sikuang
Shunde
順德
Unknown Unknown
Gao Guanyinlong
Xingzheng
興正
Unknown Unknown
Gao Guanyinzheng
Zhide
至德
Unknown Unknown
Unknown
Daben
大本
Unknown Unknown
Unknown
Zhongyuan
鍾元
Unknown Unknown
Unknown
Longde
隆德
Unknown Unknown
Unknown
Yongdao
永道
Unknown Unknown
Li Shun
(r. 994 CE)
Yingyun
應運
994 CE 5 months
Wang Jun
(r. 1000 CE)
Huashun
化順
1000 CE 10 months
Wang Ze
(r. 1047–1048 CE)
Desheng
得聖
1047–1048 CE 4 months Or Desheng (得勝), Desheng (德勝), Detian (得天).
Nong Zhigao
(r. 1041–1055 CE)
Jingrui
景瑞
1049–1052 CE 4 years
Qili
啟歷
1052–1053 CE 2 years
Duanyi
端懿
Unknown Unknown
Dali
大歷
Unknown Unknown
Zhao Shen
(r. 1102 CE)
Longxing
隆興
1102 CE 1 year Or Longxing (龍興).
Fang La
(r. 1120–1121 CE)
Yongle
永樂
1120–1121 CE 2 years
Zhao Fu
(r. 1129 CE)
Mingshou
明受
1129 CE 2 months
Zhong Xiang
(r. 1130 CE)
Tianzai
天載
1130 CE 2 months Or Tianzhan (天戰).
Li Herong
Zhengfa
正法
1127 CE 1 year Also used by Lei Jin.
Lei Jin
Zhengfa
正法
1127 CE 1 year Adopted the era name of Li Herong.
Renzhi
人知
1130 CE 1 year Or Renhe (人和).
Li Pobei
Taiping
太平
Unknown Unknown
Liu Yu
(r. 1130–1137 CE)
Fuchang
阜昌
1130–1137 CE 8 years
Yang Yao
(r. 1133–1135 CE)
Dashengtianwang
大聖天王
1133–1135 CE 3 years Or Datianshengzheng (大天聖正).
Gengxu
庚戌
Unknown Unknown
Wang Fa'en
(r. 1141 CE)
Luoping
羅平
1141 CE 1 month
Li Jie
(r. 1179 CE)
Luoping
羅平
1179 CE 5 months
Wu Xi
(r. 1207 CE)
Zhuanyun
轉運
1207 CE 2 months
Liao Sen
(r. 1229 CE)
Zhongde
重德
1229 CE 1 year
Chen Wan
Tianzhan
天戰
Unknown Unknown

Western Xia

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia
(r. 1038–1048 CE)
Xiandao
顯道
1032–1034 CE 3 years Derived from the era name Mingdao (明道) of the Emperor Renzong of Song.
Kaiyun
開運
1034 CE 1 month
Guangyun
廣運
1034–1036 CE 3 years
Daqing
大慶
1036–1038 CE 3 years
Tianshoulifayanzuo
天授禮法延祚
1038–1048 CE 11 years Or Tianshou (天授), Tianshoulifayanzuo (天授理法延祚). Usage continued by the Emperor Yizong of Western Xia upon his ascension to the throne.
Guangxi
廣熙
Unknown Unknown
Guangmin
廣民
Unknown Unknown
Emperor Yizong of Western Xia
(r. 1048–1067 CE)
Yansiningguo
延嗣寧國
1049 CE 1 year Or Ningguo (寧國).
Tianyouchuisheng
天祐垂聖
1050–1052 CE 3 years Or Chuisheng (垂聖).
Fushengchengdao
福聖承道
1053–1056 CE 4 years Or Fusheng (福聖), Chengdao (承道).
Duodu
奲都
1057–1062 CE 6 years
Gonghua
拱化
1063–1067 CE 5 years Usage continued by the Emperor Huizong of Western Xia upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Huizong of Western Xia
(r. 1067–1086 CE)
Qiandao
乾道
1068–1069 CE 2 years Usage might be from 1067 CE to 1068 CE, for a total length of 2 years.
Tiancilishengguoqing
天賜禮盛國慶
1070–1074 CE 5 years Or Tianciguoqing (天賜國慶). Usage might be from 1069 CE to 1074 CE, for a total length of 6 years.
Da'an
大安
1075–1085 CE 11 years
Tian'anliding
天安禮定
1086 CE 7 months
Xi'an
西安
Unknown Unknown
Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia
(r. 1086–1139 CE)
Tianyizhiping
天儀治平
1086–1089 CE 4 years
Tianyoumin'an
天祐民安
1090–1097 CE 8 years
Yong'an
永安
1098–1100 CE 3 years
Zhenguan
貞觀
1101–1113 CE 13 years
Yongning
雍寧
1114–1118 CE 5 years
Yuande
元德
1119–1127 CE 9 years Or Tiande (天德).
Zhengde
正德
1127–1134 CE 8 years
Dade
大德
1135–1139 CE 5 years Usage continued by the Emperor Renzong of Western Xia upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Renzong of Western Xia
(r. 1139–1193 CE)
Daqing
大慶
1140–1143 CE 4 years
Renqing
人慶
1144–1148 CE 5 years
Tiansheng
天盛
1149–1169 CE 21 years
Qianyou
乾祐
1170–1193 CE 24 years Usage continued by the Emperor Huanzong of Western Xia upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Huanzong of Western Xia
(r. 1193–1206 CE)
Tianqing
天慶
1194–1206 CE 13 years
Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia
(r. 1206–1211 CE)
Yingtian
應天
1206–1209 CE 4 years
Huangjian
皇建
1210–1211 CE 2 years
Emperor Shenzong of Western Xia
(r. 1211–1223 CE)
Guangding
光定
1211–1223 CE 13 years
Emperor Xianzong of Western Xia
(r. 1223–1226 CE)
Qianding
乾定
1223–1226 CE 4 years
Li Xian
(r. 1226–1227 CE)
Baoyi
寶義
1226–1227 CE 2 years
Baoqing
寶慶
Unknown Unknown
Guangxi
廣僖
Unknown Unknown
Qingping
清平
Unknown Unknown

Jin dynasty

Jin dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Taizu of Jin
(r. 1115–1123 CE)
Shouguo
收國
1115–1116 CE 2 years
Tianfu
天輔
1117–1123 CE 7 years
Emperor Taizong of Jin
(r. 1123–1135 CE)
Tianhui
天會
1123–1137 CE 15 years Usage continued by the Emperor Xizong of Jin upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Xizong of Jin
(r. 1135–1150 CE)
Tianjuan
天眷
1138–1140 CE 3 years
Huangtong
皇統
1141–1149 CE 9 years Also used by Goryeo.
Wanyan Liang
(r. 1150–1161 CE)
Tiande
天德
1149–1153 CE 5 years Also used by Goryeo.
Zhenyuan
貞元
1153–1156 CE 4 years Also used by Goryeo.
Zhenglong
正隆
1156–1161 CE 6 years Also used by Goryeo.
Emperor Shizong of Jin
(r. 1161–1189 CE)
Dading
大定
1161–1189 CE 29 years Also used by Goryeo.
Xingqing
興慶
Unknown Unknown
Emperor Zhangzong of Jin
(r. 1189–1208 CE)
Mingchang
明昌
1190–1196 CE 7 years Also used by Goryeo.
Cheng'an
承安
1196–1200 CE 5 years Also used by Goryeo.
Taihe
泰和
1201–1208 CE 8 years Also used by Goryeo.
Tianding
天定
Unknown Unknown
Wanyan Yongji
(r. 1208–1213 CE)
Da'an
大安
1209–1211 CE 3 years Also used by Goryeo.
Chongqing
崇慶
1212–1213 CE 2 years Also used by Goryeo.
Zhining
至寧
1213 CE 5 months Also used by Goryeo.
Emperor Xuanzong of Jin
(r. 1213–1224 CE)
Zhenyou
貞祐
1213–1217 CE 5 years Also used by Goryeo.
Xingding
興定
1217–1222 CE 6 years Also used by Goryeo.
Yuanguang
元光
1222–1223 CE 2 years Also used by Goryeo.
Emperor Aizong of Jin
(r. 1224–1234 CE)
Zhengda
正大
1224–1231 CE 8 years
Kaixing
開興
1232 CE 4 months
Tianxing
天興
1232–1234 CE 3 years
Wanyan Chenglin
(r. 1234 CE)
Shengchang
盛昌
Unknown Unknown

Eastern Liao

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Yelü Liuge
(r. 1213–1220 CE)
Yuantong
元統
1213–1216 CE 4 years

Later Liao

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Yelü Sibu
(r. 1216 CE)
Tianwei
天威
1216 CE 1 year Or Tiancheng (天成).
Yelü Qinu
(r. 1216 CE; as regent)
Tianyou
天祐
1216 CE 1 year
Yelü Jinshan
(r. 1216–1217 CE)
Tiande
天德
1216 CE 1 year Or Tianhui (天會), Tiancheng (天成).

Eastern Xia

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Puxian Wannu
(r. 1215–1233 CE)
Tiantai
天泰
1215–1223 CE 9 years
Datong
大同
1224–1233 CE 10 years

Other regimes

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Aoluo Bojilie
(r. 1147 CE)
Tianxing
天興
1147 CE 1 year
Wanyan Yunwen
Tiantong
天統
Unknown Unknown
Yelü Wogan
(r. 1161–1162 CE)
Tianzheng
天正
1161 CE 1 month
Yelü Deshou
(r. 1196 CE)
Shensheng
身聖
1196 CE 1 month
Liu Yongchang
(r. 1214 CE)
Tianci
天賜
1214 CE 1 year
Yang An'er
(r. 1214 CE)
Tianshun
天順
1214 CE 8 months
Zhang Zhi
(r. 1215–1217 CE)
Xinglong
興隆
1216–1217 CE 2 years Or Xinglong (興龍).
Hao Ding
(r. 1216 CE)
Shuntian
順天
1216 CE 1 year

Yuan dynasty

Yuan dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Shizu of Yuan
(r. 1260–1294 CE)
Zhongtong
中統
1260–1264 CE 5 years Also used by Goryeo.
Zhiyuan
至元
1264–1294 CE 31 years Also used by Goryeo.
Emperor Chengzong of Yuan
(r. 1294–1307 CE)
Yuanzhen
元貞
1295–1297 CE 3 years Also used by Goryeo.
Dade
大德
1297–1307 CE 11 years Usage continued by the Emperor Wuzong of Yuan upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Goryeo.
Emperor Wuzong of Yuan
(r. 1307–1311 CE)
Zhida
至大
1308–1311 CE 4 years Usage continued by the Emperor Renzong of Yuan upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Goryeo.
Emperor Renzong of Yuan
(r. 1311–1320 CE)
Huangqing
皇慶
1312–1313 CE 2 years Also used by Goryeo.
Yanyou
延祐
1314–1320 CE 7 years Usage continued by the Emperor Yingzong of Yuan upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Goryeo.
Emperor Yingzong of Yuan
(r. 1320–1323 CE)
Zhizhi
至治
1321–1323 CE 3 years Usage continued by the Taiding Emperor upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Goryeo.
Taiding Emperor
(r. 1323–1328 CE)
Taiding
泰定
1324–1328 CE 5 years Also used by Goryeo.
Zhihe
致和
1328 CE 8 months Also used by Goryeo.
Tianshun Emperor
(r. 1328 CE)
Tianshun
天順
1328 CE 2 months Also used by Goryeo.
Emperor Wenzong of Yuan
(r. 1328–1329 CE; first reign)
Tianli
天歷
1328–1330 CE 3 years Usage continued by the Emperor Mingzong of Yuan upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Goryeo.
Emperor Wenzong of Yuan
(r. 1329–1332 CE; second reign)
Zhishun
至順
1330–1333 CE 4 years Usage continued by the Emperor Ningzong of Yuan and the Emperor Huizong of Yuan upon their ascension to the throne. Also used by Goryeo.
Emperor Huizong of Yuan
(r. 1333–1370 CE)
Yuantong
元統
1333–1335 CE 3 years Also used by Goryeo.
Zhiyuan
至元
1335–1340 CE 6 years Also used by Goryeo.
Zhizheng
至正
1341–1370 CE 30 years Also used by Goryeo.

Northern Yuan

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Zhaozong of Northern Yuan
(r. 1370–1378 CE)
Xuanguang
宣光
1371–1379 CE 9 years Usage continued by the Tianyuan Emperor upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Goryeo.
Tianyuan Emperor
(r. 1378–1388 CE)
Tianyuan
天元
1379–1388 CE 10 years

Tianwan

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Xu Shouhui
(r. 1351–1360 CE)
Zhiping
治平
1351–1355 CE 5 years Usage might be from 1351 CE to 1354 CE, for a total length of 4 years.
Taiping
太平
1356–1358 CE 3 years Usage might be in 1358 CE, for a total length of 1 year.
Tianqi
天啟
1356–1359 CE 4 years Also used by the Ming Xia.
Tianding
天定
1359–1360 CE 2 years

Zhang Zhou

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Zhang Shicheng
(r. 1354–1367 CE)
Tianyou
天佑
1354–1357 CE 4 years Or Tianyou (天祐).

Han Song

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Han Lin'er
(r. 1355–1366 CE)
Longfeng
龍鳳
1355–1366 CE 12 years

Chen Han

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Chen Youliang
(r. 1360–1363 CE)
Dayi
大義
1360–1363 CE 4 years
Dading
大定
Unknown Unknown
Chen Li
(r. 1363–1364 CE)
Deshou
德壽
1363–1364 CE 2 years

Ming Xia

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Taizu of Ming Xia
(r. 1361–1366 CE)
Tianqi
天啟
1361–1362 CE 2 years Adopted the era name of Xu Shouhui.
Tiantong
天統
1363–1366 CE 4 years
Ming Sheng
(r. 1366–1371 CE)
Kaixi
開熙
1367–1371 CE 5 years

Other regimes

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Du Keyong
(r. 1280 CE)
Wancheng
萬乘
1280 CE 1 month
Chen Diaoyan
(r. 1281 CE)
Changtai
昌泰
1281 CE 4 months
Lin Guifang, Zhao Liangkou
(r. 1283 CE)
Yankang
延康
1283 CE 1 month
Huang Hua
(r. 1283–1284 CE)
Xiangxing
祥興
1283–1284 CE 2 years Adopted the era name of Zhao Bing.
Yang Zhenlong
(r. 1289 CE)
Anding
安定
1289 CE 9 months
Chen Kongya
(r. 1297 CE)
Zhengzhi
正治
1297 CE 1 month
Zhu Guangqing
(r. 1337 CE)
Chifu
赤符
1337 CE 7 months
Zhao Pusheng
Zhengshuo
正朔
Unknown Unknown

Ming dynasty

Ming dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Hongwu Emperor
(r. 1368–1398 CE)
Hongwu
洪武
1368–1398 CE 31 years Usage continued by the Jianwen Emperor upon his ascension to the throne. Usage later restored during the reign of the Yongle Emperor. Also used by Goryeo, Joseon, the Satto dynasty, the Haniji dynasty, and the Ōzato dynasty.
Jianwen Emperor
(r. 1398–1402 CE)
Jianwen
建文
1399–1402 CE 4 years Also used by Joseon, the Satto dynasty, the Haniji dynasty, and the Ōzato dynasty.
Yongle Emperor
(r. 1402–1424 CE)
Hongwu
洪武
1402 CE 7 months Restored the era name of the Hongwu Emperor. Also used by Joseon, the Satto dynasty, the Haniji dynasty, and the Ōzato dynasty.
Yongle
永樂
1403–1424 CE 22 years Usage continued by the Hongxi Emperor upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Joseon, the Satto dynasty, the Haniji dynasty, the Ōzato dynasty, and the First Shō dynasty.
Hongxi Emperor
(r. 1424–1425 CE)
Hongxi
洪熙
1425 CE 1 year Usage continued by the Xuande Emperor upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Joseon, the Ōzato dynasty, and the First Shō dynasty.
Xuande Emperor
(r. 1425–1435 CE)
Xuande
宣德
1426–1435 CE 10 years Usage continued by the Emperor Yingzong of Ming upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Joseon, the Ōzato dynasty, and the First Shō dynasty.
Emperor Yingzong of Ming
(r. 1435–1449 CE; first reign)
Zhengtong
正統
1436–1449 CE 14 years Usage continued by the Jingtai Emperor upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Joseon and the First Shō dynasty.
Jingtai Emperor
(r. 1449–1457 CE)
Jingtai
景泰
1450–1457 CE 8 years Also used by Joseon and the First Shō dynasty.
Emperor Yingzong of Ming
(r. 1457–1464 CE; second reign)
Tianshun
天順
1457–1464 CE 8 years Usage continued by the Chenghua Emperor upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Joseon and the First Shō dynasty.
Chenghua Emperor
(r. 1464–1487 CE)
Chenghua
成化
1465–1487 CE 23 years Usage continued by the Hongzhi Emperor upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Joseon, the First Shō dynasty, and the Second Shō dynasty.
Hongzhi Emperor
(r. 1487–1505 CE)
Hongzhi
弘治
1488–1505 CE 18 years Usage continued by the Zhengde Emperor upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Joseon and the Second Shō dynasty.
Zhengde Emperor
(r. 1505–1521 CE)
Zhengde
正德
1506–1521 CE 16 years Usage continued by the Jiajing Emperor upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Joseon and the Second Shō dynasty.
Jiajing Emperor
(r. 1521–1566 CE)
Jiajing
嘉靖
1522–1566 CE 45 years Also used by Joseon and the Second Shō dynasty.
Longqing Emperor
(r. 1567–1572 CE)
Longqing
隆慶
1567–1572 CE 6 years Usage continued by the Wanli Emperor upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Joseon and the Second Shō dynasty.
Wanli Emperor
(r. 1572–1620 CE)
Wanli
萬曆
1573–1620 CE 48 years Also used by Joseon and the Second Shō dynasty.
Taichang Emperor
(r. 1620 CE)
Taichang
泰昌
1620–1621 CE 4 months Usage continued by the Tianqi Emperor upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Joseon and the Second Shō dynasty.
Tianqi Emperor
(r. 1620–1627 CE)
Tianqi
天啟
1621–1627 CE 7 years Usage continued by the Chongzhen Emperor upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Joseon and the Second Shō dynasty.
Chongzhen Emperor
(r. 1627–1644 CE)
Chongzhen
崇禎
1628–1644 CE 17 years Also used by Joseon and the Second Shō dynasty.

Southern Ming

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Hongguang Emperor
(r. 1644–1645 CE)
Hongguang
弘光
1645 CE 5 months Also used by the Second Shō dynasty.
Longwu Emperor
(r. 1645–1646 CE)
Longwu
隆武
1645–1646 CE 2 years Also used by the Second Shō dynasty and Zhang Huashan.
Zhu Hengjia
(r. 1645 CE; as regent)
Xingye
興業
1645 CE 1 month
Zhu Yihai
(r. 1645–1655 CE; as regent)
Jianguo
監國
1646–1653 CE 8 years Not an actual era name, but used in place of an era name and served a similar function; Jianguo literally means "regency".
Shaowu Emperor
(r. 1646–1647 CE)
Shaowu
紹武
Did not use Did not use The era name Shaowu was originally planned to supersede Longwu (隆武) in 1647 CE, but the Shaowu Emperor's reign ended before the era name was put into effective use.
Yongli Emperor
(r. 1646–1662 CE)
Yongli
永曆
1647–1662 CE 16 years Also used by the Kingdom of Tungning and Wang Guangtai.
Dingwu Emperor
(r. 1646–1664 CE)
Dingwu
定武
1646–1663 CE 18 years
Zhu Changqing
(r. 1648–1649 CE; as regent)
Dongwu
東武
1648 CE 1 year

Shun dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Li Zicheng
(r. 1644–1645 CE)
Yongchang
永昌
1644–1645 CE 2 years Also used by Gong Wencai.

Kingdom of Tungning

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Zheng Chenggong
(r. 1662 CE)
Yongli
永曆
1662 CE 1 year Adopted the era name of the Yongli Emperor.
Zheng Xi
(r. 1662 CE; as regent)
Yongli
永曆
1662 CE 1 year Adopted the era name of the Yongli Emperor.
Zheng Jing
(r. 1662–1681 CE)
Yongli
永曆
1662–1681 CE 20 years Adopted the era name of the Yongli Emperor.
Zheng Kezang
(r. 1681 CE; as regent)
Yongli
永曆
1681 CE 1 year Adopted the era name of the Yongli Emperor.
Zheng Keshuang
(r. 1681–1683 CE)
Yongli
永曆
1681–1683 CE 3 years Adopted the era name of the Yongli Emperor.

Other regimes

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Peng Yulin
(r. 1386 CE)
Tianding
天定
1386 CE 1 year
Tian Jiucheng
(r. 1397 CE)
Longfeng
龍鳳
1397 CE 1 year
Phạm Ngọc
(r. 1417–1420 CE)
Yongning
永寧
1417–1420 CE 4 years
Lê Ngạ
(r. 1420 CE)
Yongtian
永天
1420 CE 1 year
Chen Jianhu
(r. 1448–1449 CE)
Taiding
泰定
1448–1449 CE 2 years
Huang Xiaoyang
(r. 1449–1450 CE)
Dongyang
東陽
1449–1450 CE 2 years
Zhu Huizha
(r. 1451 CE)
Xuanyuan
玄元
1451 CE 1 month Or Xuanwu (玄武), Xuanwu (𢆯武), Yuanwu (元武).
Esen
(r. 1453–1457 CE)
Tianyuan
添元
1453–1457 CE 5 years Or Tianyuan (天元).
Li Zhen
(r. 1456 CE)
Tianshun
天順
1456 CE 1 year
Wang Bin
(r. 1457 CE)
Tianxiu
天繡
1457 CE–? Unknown
Li Tianbao
(r. 1460 CE)
Wulie
武烈
1460 CE 1 year
Liu Tong
(r. 1465–1466 CE)
Desheng
德勝
1465–1466 CE 2 years
Cao Fu
(r. 1511–1512 CE)
Mingzheng
明正
1511 CE 1 year
Zhu Chenhao
(r. 1519 CE)
Shunde
順德
1519 CE 2 months
Duan Chang
(r. 1520 CE)
Dashunpingding
大順平定
1520 CE 1 year Or Dashun (大順), Pingding (平定).
Tian Bin
(r. 1546 CE)
Tianyuan
天淵
1546 CE 1 year
Zhang Lian
(r. 1560–1562 CE)
Zaoli
造歷
1560–1562 CE 3 years
Longfei
龍飛
Unknown Unknown
Cai Boguan
(r. 1565–1566 CE)
Dabao
大寶
1565–1566 CE 2 months
Li Xin
(r. 1619 CE)
Hongwu
洪武
1619 CE 1 month
Li Wen
(r. 1619 CE)
Zhenhun
真混
1619 CE 1 month Or Tianzhenhun (天真混).
She Chongming
(r. 1621–1629 CE)
Ruiying
瑞應
1621 CE 1 month
Moqi De
(r. 1622 CE)
Xuanjing
玄靜
1622 CE 1 year Or Xuanjing (𢆯靜), Yuanjing (元靜).
Xu Hongru
(r. 1622 CE)
Dachengxingsheng
大成興勝
1622 CE 6 months Or Dachengxingsheng (大乘興勝), Dachengxingsheng (大成興盛), Dachengxingsheng (大乘興盛), Xingsheng (興勝).
Zhang Weiyuan
(r. 1628 CE)
Yongxing
永興
1628 CE 1 year
Gao Yingxiang
(r. 1635 CE)
Xingwu
興武
1635 CE 1 year
Zhang Puwei
(r. 1637–1638 CE)
Tianyun
天運
1637 CE 1 year
Zhang Xianzhong
(r. 1644–1646 CE)
Dashun
大順
1644–1646 CE 3 years Sometimes erroneously referred to as Tianshun (天順).
Yiwu
義武
Unknown Unknown
Zhu Cilang
(r. 1644 CE)
Yixing
義興
1644 CE 1 month
Ma Xiang
Yuanmingdabao
圓明大寶
Unknown Unknown
Xingwu
Hongrun
宏閏
Unknown Unknown
Mingben
Yong'an
湧安
Unknown Unknown

Qing dynasty

Later Jin

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Tianming Khan
(r. 1616–1626 CE)
Tianming
天命
1616–1626 CE 11 years
Tiancong Khan
(r. 1626–1636 CE; as Khan of Later Jin)
Tiancong
天聰
1627–1636 CE 10 years

Qing dynasty

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Taizong of Qing
(r. 1636–1643 CE; as Emperor of Qing)
Chongde
崇德
1636–1643 CE 8 years Usage continued by the Shunzhi Emperor upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Joseon.
Shunzhi Emperor
(r. 1643–1661 CE)
Shunzhi
順治
1644–1661 CE 18 years Usage continued by the Kangxi Emperor upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Joseon and the Second Shō dynasty.
Kangxi Emperor
(r. 1661–1722 CE)
Kangxi
康熙
1662–1722 CE 61 years Usage continued by the Yongzheng Emperor upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Joseon and the Second Shō dynasty.
Yongzheng Emperor
(r. 1722–1735 CE)
Yongzheng
雍正
1723–1735 CE 13 years Usage continued by the Qianlong Emperor upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Joseon and the Second Shō dynasty.
Qianlong Emperor
(r. 1735–1796 CE)
Qianlong
乾隆
1736–1795 CE 60 years Usage continued within the Forbidden City until 1799 CE, for a total length of 64 years. Also used by Joseon and the Second Shō dynasty.
Jiaqing Emperor
(r. 1796–1820 CE)
Jiaqing
嘉慶
1796–1820 CE 25 years Usage continued by the Daoguang Emperor upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Joseon and the Second Shō dynasty.
Daoguang Emperor
(r. 1820–1850 CE)
Daoguang
道光
1821–1850 CE 30 years Usage continued by the Xianfeng Emperor upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Joseon and the Second Shō dynasty.
Xianfeng Emperor
(r. 1850–1861 CE)
Xianfeng
咸豐
1851–1861 CE 11 years Also used by Joseon and the Second Shō dynasty.
Tongzhi Emperor
(r. 1861–1875 CE)
Tongzhi
同治
1862–1875 CE 14 years Originally proposed as Qixiang (祺祥). Also used by Joseon and the Second Shō dynasty.
Guangxu Emperor
(r. 1875–1908 CE)
Guangxu
光緒
1875–1908 CE 34 years Usage continued by the Xuantong Emperor upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by Joseon and the Second Shō dynasty.
Xuantong Emperor
(r. 1908–1912 CE; first reign as Emperor of Qing)
Xuantong
宣統
1909–1912 CE 4 years Usage later restored during the Manchu Restoration.

Wu Zhou

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Emperor Taizu of Wu Zhou
(r. 1678 CE)
Zhaowu
昭武
1678 CE 6 months
Liyong
利用
Unknown Unknown Might not be an era name.
Wu Shifan
(r. 1678–1681 CE)
Honghua
洪化
1678–1681 CE 4 years

Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Hong Xiuquan
(r. 1851–1864 CE)
Taipingtianguo
太平天國
1851–1864 CE 14 years

Other regimes

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Qin Shangxing
(r. 1644 CE)
Chongxing
重興
1644 CE 1 year
Liu Shoufen
(r. 1644 CE)
Tianding
天定
1644 CE 1 month
Gong Wencai
(r. 1644–1645 CE)
Yongchang
永昌
1644–1645 CE 2 years Adopted the era name of Li Zicheng.
Hu Shoulong
(r. 1645 CE)
Qingguang
清光
1645 CE 1 month Usage might be in 1646 CE, for a total length of 1 year.
Jiang Erxun
(r. 1647 CE)
Zhongxing
中興
1647 CE 1 year
Wang Guangtai
(r. 1647 CE)
Yongli
永曆
1647 CE 1 year Adopted the era name of the Yongli Emperor.
Zhang Huashan
(r. 1647 CE)
Longwu
隆武
1647 CE 1 month Adopted the era name of the Longwu Emperor.
Sun Kewang
Xingchao
興朝
Unknown Unknown
Zhang Jintang
(r. 1648 CE)
Tianzheng
天正
1648 CE 1 year
Xiao Weitang
(r. 1661 CE)
Tianshun
天順
1661 CE 1 year
Wang Yaozu
(r. 1665 CE)
Daqing
大慶
1665 CE 1 month
Yang Qilong
(r. 1673–1680 CE)
Guangde
廣德
1673–1680 CE 8 years
Geng Jingzhong
(r. 1674–1676 CE)
Yumin
裕民
1674–1676 CE 3 years Might not be an era name.
Wei Zhiye
(r. 1704 CE)
Wenxing
文興
1704 CE 1 year
Zhu Liufei, Li Tianji
Yuanxing
元興
Unknown Unknown
Qian Baotong
(r. 1708 CE)
Yongxing
永興
1708 CE 1 year
Zhang Nianyi
(r. 1708 CE)
Tiande
天德
1708 CE 1 year
Zhu Yigui
(r. 1721 CE)
Yonghe
永和
1721 CE 2 months
Lin Shuangwen
(r. 1786–1788 CE)
Tianyun
天運
1786 CE 1 month
Shuntian
順天
1787–1788 CE 2 years
Chen Zhouquan
(r. 1795 CE)
Tianyun
天運
1795 CE 1 month
Li Shu
(r. 1797 CE)
Wanli
萬利
1797 CE 1 year Or Daqing (大慶).
Wang Dashu
(r. 1797 CE)
Daqing
大慶
1797 CE 1 month
Cai Qian
(r. 1805–1809 CE)
Guangming
光明
1805–1809 CE 5 years
Zhu Maoli
(r. 1814 CE)
Yanchao
晏朝
1814 CE 1 year
Zhang Bing
(r. 1832–1833 CE)
Tianyun
天運
1832–1833 CE 2 years
Lin Wanqing
(r. 1851 CE)
Tiande
天德
1851 CE 1 year
Li Mingxian
(r. 1853 CE)
Hongshun
洪順
1853 CE 1 month
Huang Wei
(r. 1853 CE)
Tiande
天德
1853 CE 1 year Also used by other members of the Small Swords Society.
Liu Lichuan
(r. 1853–1855 CE)
Tianyun
天運
1853–1855 CE 3 years Or Daming (大明).
Yang Longxi
(r. 1854 CE)
Jianghan
江漢
1854 CE 1 year Sometimes erroneously referred to as Jianghan (姜漢). Also used by Zhu Mingyue.
Chen Kai
(r. 1855–1864 CE)
Hongde
洪德
1855–1864 CE 10 years
Li Yonghe
(r. 1859–1864 CE)
Shuntian
順天
1860–1864 CE 5 years
Song Jipeng
(r. 1860–1863 CE)
Tianzong
天縱
1860–1863 CE 4 years
Zhu Mingyue
(r. 1864–1868 CE)
Sitong
嗣統
1864–1868 CE 5 years
Huahan
華漢
Unknown Unknown
Jianghan
江漢
Unknown Unknown Adopted the era name of Yang Longxi.
Tang Jingsong
(in office 1895 CE; as President of the Republic of Formosa)
Yongqing
永清
1895 CE 1 month Usage continued by Liu Yongfu upon his assumption of office.
Huang Guozhen
(r. 1897–1898 CE)
Dajing
大靖
1897–1898 CE 2 years
Aisin Gioro Pujun
Baoqing
保慶
Did not use Did not use The era name Baoqing was originally planned to supersede Guangxu (光緒) in 1900 CE, when the Guangxu Emperor was to abdicate in favor of Aisin Gioro Pujun; this plan did not materialize.
Hong Quanfu
(r. 1902 CE)
Damingguo
大明國
1902 CE 1 year Or Damingshuntianguo (大明順天國).
Gong Chuntai
(r. 1906 CE)
Hande
漢德
1906 CE 1 year
8th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu
(r. 1911–1915 CE; first reign)
Gongdai
共戴
1911–1915 CE 5 years Usage later restored in 1921 CE.

Republic of China

Republic of China

The Republic of China officially uses the Republic of China calendar. While not an era name, the Republic of China calendar is based on the era name system of Imperial China. The Republic of China calendar was the official calendar of mainland China between 1912 CE and 1949 CE, and has been in official use in Taiwan since 1945 CE.

Other regimes

Era name Period of use Length of use Remark
Hongxian Emperor
(r. 1915–1916 CE)
Hongxian
洪憲
1916 CE 92 days
Chadu Ruoba
(r. 1917 CE)
Tongzhi
通志
1917 CE 1 year
Xuantong Emperor
(r. 1917 CE; second reign as Emperor of Qing)
Xuantong
宣統
1917 CE 12 days Restored the era name of 1909 CE.
8th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu
(r. 1921–1924 CE; second reign)
Gongdai
共戴
1921–1924 CE 4 years Restored the era name of 1911 CE.
Aisin Gioro Puyi
(in office 1932–1934 CE; as Chief Executive of Manchukuo)
Datong
大同
1932–1934 CE 3 years
Kangde Emperor
(r. 1934–1945 CE; as Emperor of Manchukuo)
Kangde
康德
1934–1945 CE 12 years

Unknown era names

This is a list of individuals who proclaimed era names, but the exact era names are not known.

Era name Monarch Period of use Length of use Remark
Era names not known Ma Mian 144–145 CE 5 months
Song Jian Late 180s–214 CE Over 30 years
Li Chenghong 763 CE 3 months

See also

References

  1. Winkler, Dietmar; Tang, Li (2009). Hidden Treasures and Intercultural Encounters: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia. p. 267. ISBN 9783643500458.
  2. Li, Chongzhi (2004). 中国历代年号考. p. 102. ISBN 7101025129.
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