List of canids

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the canid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN red list for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "".

The family Canidae consists of 35 extant species belonging to 12 genera and divided into 194 extant subspecies, as well the extinct genus Dusicyon, comprising two extinct species, and 13 extinct wolf subspecies, which are the only canid species to go extinct since prehistoric times. This does not include hybrid species (such as wolfdogs or coywolfs) or extinct prehistoric species (such as the dire wolf or Epicyon). Modern molecular studies indicate that the 13 genera can be grouped into 3 tribes or clades.

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, such as the promotion of the African golden wolf to a separate species from the golden jackal, and splitting out the Lupulella genus from Canis. Range maps are based on IUCN range data. There are several additional proposals which are disputed, such as the promotion of the red wolf and eastern wolf as species from subspecies of the wolf, or the addition of the Italian wolf subspecies, which are not included here.

Tribe Canini

Genus Atelocynus (Cabrera, 1940) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population[lower-alpha 1]
Short-eared dog	A. microtis Cabrera, 1940 Two subspecies A. m. microtis A. m. sclateri	Western Amazon rainforest in South America	Size: 72–100 cm (28–39 in) long, plus 24–35 cm (9–14 in) tail[6] Habitat: Wetlands, forest, and savanna[7] Diet: Primarily eats fish, insects, and small mammals, as well as fruit, birds, and crabs[7][8]	NT  Unknown [7]

Genus Canis (Linnaeus, 1758) – five species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population[lower-alpha 1]
African golden wolf	C. lupaster Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1832 Six subspecies C. l. algirensis (Algerian wolf) C. l. anthus (Senegalese wolf) C. l. bea (Serengeti wolf) C. l. lupaster (Egyptian wolf) C. l. riparius (Somali wolf) C. l. soudanicus (Variegated wolf)	North and northeastern Africa	Size: 100 cm (39 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail[9] Habitat: Grassland, shrubland, and savanna[10] Diet: Primarily eats wild boar and livestock, as well as other mammals and fruit[10][11]	LC  Unknown [10]
Coyote	C. latrans Say, 1823 Nineteen subspecies C. l. cagottis (Mexican coyote) C. l. clepticus (San Pedro Martir coyote) C. l. dickeyi (El Salvador coyote) C. l. frustor (Southeastern coyote) C. l. goldmani (Belize coyote) C. l. hondurensis (Honduras coyote) C. l. impavidus (Durango coyote) C. l. incolatus (Northern coyote) C. l. jamesi (Tiburón Island coyote) C. l. latrans (Plains coyote) C. l. lestes (Mountain coyote) C. l. mearnsi (Mearns' coyote) C. l. microdon (Lower Rio Grande coyote) C. l. ochropus (California valley coyote) C. l. peninsulae (Peninsula coyote) C. l. texensis (Texas plains coyote) C. l. thamnos (Northeastern coyote) C. l. umpquensis (Northwest coast coyote) C. l. vigilis (Colima coyote)	North America	Size: 100–135 cm (39–53 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail[12] Habitat: Forest, desert, shrubland, and grassland[13] Diet: Eats a wide variety of foods, including both small and large mammals, fruit, and insects[13]	LC  1 million+ [13][14]
Ethiopian wolf	C. simensis Rüppell, 1840 Two subspecies C. s. citernii (Southern Ethiopian wolf) C. s. simensis (Northern Ethiopian wolf)	Ethiopian Highlands	Size: 84–100 cm (33–39 in) long, plus 27–40 cm (11–16 in) tail[15] Habitat: Inland wetlands, grassland, shrubland, and rocky areas[16] Diet: Primarily eats rodents as well as small mammals[16][17]	EN  200 [16]
Golden jackal	C. aureus Linnaeus, 1758 Seven subspecies C. a. aureus (Persian jackal) C. a. cruesemanni (Siamese jackal) C. a. ecsedensis (Pannonian jackal) C. a. indicus (Indian jackal) C. a. moreoticus (European jackal) C. a. naria (Sri Lankan jackal) C. a. syriacus (Syrian jackal)	Eastern Europe, Middle East, and southern Asia	Size: 60–132 cm (24–52 in) long, plus 20–30 cm (8–12 in) tail[18] Habitat: Forest, grassland, shrubland, and savanna[19] Diet: Eats a wide variety of foods, including small to large mammals, birds, fish, fruit, and insects[19][18]	LC  Unknown, but at least 150,000 [19]
Wolf	C. lupus Linnaeus, 1758 38 subspecies C. l. albus (Tundra wolf) C. l. alces (Kenai Peninsula wolf) C. l. arabs (Arabian wolf) C. l. arctos (Arctic wolf) C. l. baileyi (Mexican wolf) C. l. beothucus (Newfoundland wolf) C. l. bernardi (Bernard's wolf) C. l. campestris (Steppe wolf) C. l. chanco (Mongolian wolf) C. l. columbianus (British Columbia wolf) C. l. crassodon (Vancouver Island wolf) C. l. cristaldii (Sicilian wolf) C. l. dingo (Dingo) C. l. familiaris (Dog) C. l. filchneri (Tibetan wolf) C. l. floridanus (Florida black wolf) C. l. fuscus (Cascade Mountains wolf) C. l. gregoryi (Gregory's wolf) C. l. griseoalbus (Manitoba wolf) C. l. hattai (Hokkaidō wolf) C. l. hodophilax (Japanese wolf) C. l. hudsonicus (Hudson Bay wolf) C. l. irremotus (Northern Rocky Mountain wolf) C. l. labradorius (Labrador wolf) C. l. ligoni (Alexander Archipelago wolf) C. l. lupus (Eurasian wolf) C. l. lycaon (Eastern wolf) C. l. mackenzii (Mackenzie River wolf) C. l. manningi (Baffin Island wolf) C. l. mogollonensis (Mogollon mountain wolf) C. l. monstrabilis (Texas wolf) C. l. nubilus (Great Plains wolf) C. l. orion (Greenland wolf) C. l. pallipes (Indian wolf) C. l. pambasileus (Alaskan Interior wolf) C. l. rufus (Red wolf) C. l. tundrarum (Alaskan tundra wolf) C. l. youngi (Southern Rocky Mountain wolf)	Eurasia and northern North America	Size: 105–160 cm (41–63 in) long, plus 29–50 cm (11–20 in) tail[20] Habitat: Forest, desert, rocky areas, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[21] Diet: Primarily eats large ungulates, as well as small animals, carrion, and berries[21][22]	LC  300,000 (excluding 1 billion domestic dogs) [21][23][1]

Genus Cerdocyon (C. E. H. Smith, 1839) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population[lower-alpha 1]
Crab-eating fox	C. thous Linnaeus, 1766 Five subspecies C. t. aquilus C. t. azarae C. t. entrerianus C. t. germanus C. t. thous	Eastern and northern South America	Size: 64 cm (25 in) long, plus 28 cm (11 in) tail[24] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[25] Diet: Primarily eats crabs and insects, as well as rodents, birds, turtles, eggs, fruit, and carrion[24][25]	LC  Unknown [25]

Genus Chrysocyon (C. E. H. Smith, 1839) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population[lower-alpha 1]
Maned wolf	C. brachyurus Illiger, 1815	Central South America	Size: 100–130 cm (39–51 in) long, plus 45 cm (18 in) tail[26][27] Habitat: Forest, wetlands, grassland, shrubland, and savanna[28] Diet: Primarily eats fruit, arthropods, and small and medium vertebrates[28]	NT  17,000 [28]

Genus Cuon (Hodgson, 1838) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population[lower-alpha 1]
Dhole	C. alpinus Pallas, 1811 Three subspecies C. a. alpinus (Ussuri dhole) C. a. hesperius (Tien Shan dhole) C. a. sumatrensis (Sumatran dhole)	Southeast Asia	Size: 90 cm (35 in) long, plus 40–45 cm (16–18 in) tail[29] Habitat: Forest, grassland, and shrubland[30] Diet: Primarily eats ungulates, as well as small rodents and hares[30]	EN  1,000–2,200 [30]

Genus Dusicyon (C. E. H. Smith, 1839) – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population[lower-alpha 1]
Falkland Islands wolf	D. australis Kerr, 1792	Falkland Islands at tip of South America	Size: Unknown Habitat: Grassland and shrubland[31] Diet: Unknown[31]	EX  0[lower-alpha 2] [31]
South American fox	D. avus Burmeister, 1866	Southern South America	Size: Unknown Habitat: Grassland and shrubland[32] Diet: Unknown[32]	EX  0[lower-alpha 3] [32]

Genus Lupulella (Hilzheimer, 1906) – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population[lower-alpha 1]
Black-backed jackal	L. mesomelas Schreber, 1775 Two subspecies L. m. mesomelas (Cape black-backed jackal) L. m. schmidti (East African black-backed jackal)	Southern Africa and eastern Africa	Size: 60–95 cm (24–37 in) long, plus 16–40 cm (6–16 in) tail[34] Habitat: Marine intertidal, forest, desert, grassland, shrubland, and savanna[35] Diet: Primarily eats small to medium-sized mammals and birds[35][36]	LC  Unknown [35]
Side-striped jackal	L. adustus Sundevall, 1847 Seven subspecies L. a. adustus (Sundevall's side-striped jackal) L. a. bweha L. a. centralis L. a. grayi L. a. kaffensis (Kaffa side-striped jackal) L. a. lateralis L. a. notatus (East African side-striped jackal)	Central Africa	Size: 69–81 cm (27–32 in) long, plus 30–41 cm (12–16 in) tail[37] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands[38] Diet: Primarily eats small to medium-sized mammals and fruit, as well as birds, insects, grass, and carrion[38][39]	LC  3 million [38][40]

Genus Lycalopex (Burmeister, 1854) – six species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population[lower-alpha 1]
Culpeo	L. culpeo Molina, 1782 Six subspecies L. c. andinus L. c. culpaeus L. c. lycoides L. c. magellanicus L. c. reissii L. c. smithersi	Western South America	Size: 95–132 cm (37–52 in) long, plus 32–44 cm (13–17 in) tail[41] Habitat: Forest, rocky areas, grassland, shrubland, and savanna[42] Diet: Primarily eats rodents and lagomorphs, as well as livestock and guanacos[42][43]	LC  Unknown [42]
Darwin's fox	L. fulvipes Martin, 1837	Limited areas in southern Chile	Size: 48–59 cm (19–23 in) long, plus 18–26 cm (7–10 in) tail[44] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[45] Diet: Primarily eats small mammals, insects, crabs, and fruit[44][45]	EN  600-2,500 [45]
Hoary fox	L. vetulus Lund, 1842	South-central Brazil	Size: 49–71 cm (19–28 in) long, plus 25–38 cm (10–15 in) tail[44] Habitat: Savanna[46] Diet: Primarily eats insects, as well as small rodents, birds, reptiles, and fruit[44][46]	LC  Unknown [46]
Pampas fox	L. gymnocercus Waldheim, 1814 Five subspecies L. g. antiquus L. g. domeykoanus L. g. gracilis L. g. gymnocercus L. g. maulinicus	Southern South America	Size: 51–74 cm (20–29 in) long, plus 25–41 cm (10–16 in) tail[44] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and savanna[47] Diet: Primarily eats small rodents, hares, birds, insects, and fruit, as well as carrion[44][47]	LC  Unknown [47]
Sechuran fox	L. sechurae Thomas, 1900	Sechura Desert in southwestern Ecuador and northwestern Peru	Size: 50–78 cm (20–31 in) long, plus 27–34 cm (11–13 in) tail[44] Habitat: Forest, desert, grassland, and shrubland[48] Diet: Primarily eats fruit and seeds, as well as small rodents, birds, reptiles, insects, scorpions, and carrion[44][48]	NT  15,000 [48][49]
South American gray fox	L. griseus Gray, 1837	Southern South America	Size: 50–66 cm (20–26 in) long, plus 12–34 cm (5–13 in) tail[44] Habitat: Forest, grassland, and shrubland[50] Diet: Primarily eats small rodents, hares, and carrion[44][50]	LC  Unknown [50]

Genus Lycaon (Brookes, 1827) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population[lower-alpha 1]
African wild dog	L. pictus Temminck, 1820 Five subspecies L. p. lupinus (East African wild dog) L. p. manguensis (West African wild dog) L. p. pictus (Cape wild dog) L. p. sharicus (Chadian wild dog) L. p. somalicus (Somali wild dog)	Scattered areas of Africa	Size: 76–112 cm (30–44 in) long, plus 30–42 cm (12–17 in) tail[44] Habitat: Forest, grassland, shrubland, savanna, and desert[51] Diet: Primarily eats medium-sized antelope[51]	EN  1,400 [51]

Genus Speothos (Lund, 1839) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population[lower-alpha 1]
Bush dog	S. venaticus Lund, 1842 Three subspecies S. v. panamensis (Panamanian bush dog) S. v. venaticus (South American bush dog) S. v. wingei (Southern bush dog)	Northern South America	Size: 57–75 cm (22–30 in) long, plus 12–15 cm (5–6 in) tail[52] Habitat: Shrubland, forest, grassland, and savanna[53] Diet: Primarily eats small and medium mammals, as well as birds, reptiles, and fruit[53]	NT  15,000 [53][54]

Tribe Vulpini

Genus Nyctereutes (Temminck, 1839) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population[lower-alpha 1]
Raccoon dog	N. procyonoides Gray, 1834 Five subspecies N. p. procyonoides (Chinese raccoon dog) N. p. koreensis (Korean raccoon dog) N. p. orestes (Yunnan raccoon dog) N. p. ussuriensis (Ussuri raccoon dog) N. p. viverrinus (Japanese raccoon dog)	Eastern Asia, introduced to Central and Eastern Europe	Size: 49–71 cm (19–28 in) long, plus 15–23 cm (6–9 in) tail[44] Habitat: Forest, grassland, and shrubland[55] Diet: Primarily eats insects, rodents, amphibians, birds, fish, and reptiles, as well as fruit, nuts, and berries[55]	LC  Unknown, but at least 1.5 million in fur farms [55][56]

Genus Otocyon (Müller, 1835) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population[lower-alpha 1]
Bat-eared fox	O. megalotis Desmarest, 1822 Two subspecies O. m. megalotis O. m. virgatus	Southern and Eastern Africa	Size: 46–61 cm (18–24 in) long, plus 23–34 cm (9–13 in) tail[44] Habitat: Grassland, shrubland, and savanna[57] Diet: Primarily eats harvester termites as well as other arthropods[57]	LC  Unknown [57]

Genus Vulpes (Frisch, 1775) – twelve species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population[lower-alpha 1]
Arctic fox	V. lagopus Linnaeus, 1758 Five subspecies V. l. lagopus (Common Arctic Fox) V. l. beringensis (Bering Islands Arctic fox) V. l. foragoapusis (Greenland Arctic fox) V. l. fuliginosus (Iceland Arctic fox) V. l. pribilofensis (Pribilof Islands Arctic fox)	Arctic North America and Eurasia	Size: 50–75 cm (20–30 in) long, plus 25–43 cm (10–17 in) tail[44] Habitat: Grassland[58] Diet: Primarily eats lemmings, as well as other rodents, birds, and reindeer[58]	LC  Unknown [58]
Bengal fox	V. bengalensis Shaw, 1800	India	Size: 39–58 cm (15–23 in) long, plus 25–32 cm (10–13 in) tail[44] Habitat: Grassland and shrubland[59] Diet: Primarily eats arthropods, rodents, reptiles, fruit, and birds[59]	LC  Unknown [59]
Blanford's fox	V. cana Blanford, 1877	The Middle East and Central Asia	Size: 34–47 cm (13–19 in) long, plus 26–36 cm (10–14 in) tail[44] Habitat: Desert and rocky areas[60] Diet: Primarily eats fruit and insects[60]	LC  Unknown [60]
Cape fox	V. chama A Smith, 1833	Southern Africa	Size: 45–61 cm (18–24 in) long, plus 25–41 cm (10–16 in) tail[44] Habitat: Rocky areas, grassland, shrubland, and savanna[61] Diet: Primarily eats fruit and insects[61]	LC  20,000 [61]
Corsac fox	V. corsac Linnaeus, 1768 Three subspecies V. c. corsac V. c. kalmykorum V. c. turkmenicus	Central Asia	Size: 45–60 cm (18–24 in) long, plus 19–34 cm (7–13 in) tail[44] Habitat: Desert, grassland, and shrubland[62] Diet: Primarily eats insects and small rodents[62]	LC  Unknown [62]
Fennec fox	V. zerda Zimmermann, 1780	Northern Africa	Size: 33–40 cm (13–16 in) long, plus 13–23 cm (5–9 in) tail[44] Habitat: Desert and marine coastal/supratidal[63] Diet: Primarily eats rodents, insects, birds, eggs, and rabbits[63]	LC  Unknown [63]
Kit fox	V. macrotis Merriam, 1888 Two subspecies V. m. macrotis V. m. mutica (San Joaquin kit fox)	Western North America	Size: 46–54 cm (18–21 in) long, plus 25–34 cm (10–13 in) tail[44] Habitat: Shrubland, savanna, and grassland[64] Diet: Primarily eats rodents, rabbits, invertebrates, birds, lizards, and snakes[64]	LC  Unknown [64]
Pale fox	V. pallida Cretzschmar, 1827 Five subspecies V. p. cyrenaica V. p. edwardsi V. p. harterti V. p. oertzeni V. p. pallida	Upper middle Africa	Size: 38–55 cm (15–22 in) long, plus 23–29 cm (9–11 in) tail[44] Habitat: Desert, grassland, shrubland, and savanna[65] Diet: Primarily eats plants and berries as well as rodents, reptiles, and insects[65]	LC  10,000–100,000 [65]
Rüppell's fox	V. rueppellii Schinz, 1825	Northern Africa and the Middle East	Size: 35–56 cm (14–22 in) long, plus 25–39 cm (10–15 in) tail[44] Habitat: Desert, shrubland, and marine coastal/supratidal[66] Diet: Primarily eats small mammals, lizards, birds, and insects, as well as fruit and succulents[66]	LC  Unknown [66]
Red fox	V. vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 44 subspecies V. v. abietorum (British Columbian fox) V. v. alascensis (Northern Alaskan fox) V. v. alpherakyi (Eastern Trans-Caucasian fox) V. v. anatolica (Anatolian fox) V. v. arabica (Arabian red fox) V. v. atlantica (Atlas fox) V. v. bangsi (Labrador fox) V. v. barbara (Barbary fox) V. v. beringiana (Anadyr fox) V. v. cascadensis (Cascade red fox) V. v. caucasica (North Caucasian fox) V. v. crucigera (European fox) V. v. daurica (Trans-Baikal fox) V. v. deletrix (Newfoundland fox) V. v. dolichocrania (Ussuri fox) V. v. dorsalis V. v. lavescens (Turkmenian fox) V. v. fulvus (American red fox) V. v. harrimani (Afghan red fox) V. v. hoole (Southern Chinese fox) V. v. ichnusae (Sardinian fox) V. v. indutus (Cyprus fox) V. v. jakutensis (Yakutsk fox) V. v. japonica (Japanese fox) V. v. karagan (Karaganka fox) V. v. kenaiensis (Kenai Peninsula fox) V. v. kurdistanica (Trans-Caucasian montane fox) V. v. macroura (Wasatch Mountains fox) V. v. montana (Hill fox) V. v. necator (Sierra Nevada red fox) V. v. niloticus (Nile fox) V. v. ochroxantha (Turkestan fox) V. v. palaestina (Palestinian fox) V. v. peculiosa (Korean fox) V. v. pusilla (White-footed fox) V. v. regalis (Northern plains fox) V. v. rubricosa (Nova Scotia fox) V. v. schrencki (Sakhalin fox) V. v. silacea (Iberian fox) V. v. splendidissima (Kuril Islands fox) V. v. stepensis (Steppe red fox) V. v. tobolica (Tobol'sk fox) V. v. tschiliensis (Northern Chinese fox) V. v. vulpes (Scandinavian red fox)	North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia	Size: 62–72 cm (24–28 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail[67] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, forest, and desert[68] Diet: Primarily eats small rodents, as well as birds, larger mammals, reptiles, insects, and fish[68]	LC  Unknown [68]
Swift fox	V. velox Say, 1823	Western grasslands of North America	Size: 48–54 cm (19–21 in) long, plus 25–34 cm (10–13 in) tail[44] Habitat: Grassland[69] Diet: Primarily eats rabbits, mice, ground squirrels, birds, insects and lizards, as well as grasses and fruit[69]	LC  Unknown [69]
Tibetan sand fox	V. ferrilata Hodgson, 1842	High plateaus in Nepal and western China	Size: 49–70 cm (19–28 in) long, plus 22–29 cm (9–11 in) tail[44] Habitat: Desert, rocky areas, grassland, and shrubland[70] Diet: Primarily eats pikas, as well as carrion and other small mammals[70]	LC  Unknown [70]

Urocyon

Genus Urocyon (Baird, 1857) – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population[lower-alpha 1]
Gray fox	U. cinereoargenteus Schreber, 1775 Sixteen subspecies U. c. borealis U. c. californicus U. c. cinereoargenteus U. c. costaricensis U. c. floridanus U. c. fraterculus U. c. furvus U. c. guatemalae U. c. madrensis U. c. nigrirostris U. c. ocythous U. c. orinomus U. c. peninsularis U. c. scottii U. c. townsendi U. c. venezuelae	North America and Central America	Size: 53–66 cm (21–26 in) long, plus 28–44 cm (11–17 in) tail[44] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[71] Diet: Primarily eats rabbits, voles, shrews, and birds, as well as insects and fruit[71]	LC  Unknown [71]
Island fox	U. littoralis Baird, 1857 Six subspecies U. l. catalinae U. l. clementae U. l. dickeyi U. l. littoralis U. l. santacruzae U. l. santarosae	Channel Islands of California	Size: 46–63 cm (18–25 in) long, plus 12–32 cm (5–13 in) tail[44] Habitat: Marine intertidal, forest, grassland, and shrubland[72] Diet: Primarily eats fruit, insects, birds, eggs, crabs, lizards, and small mammals[72]	NT  4,000 [72]

In addition to extant canids, a number of prehistoric species have been discovered and classified as a part of Canidae. Morphogenic and molecular phylogenic research has placed them within the extant subfamily Caninae as well as the extinct subfamilies Hesperocyoninae and Borophaginae. Within Caninae, prehistoric species have been placed into both extant genera and separate extinct genera.

The generally accepted classification of extinct canid species is primarily based for Hesperocyoninae on work by Xiaoming Wang, curator of terrestrial mammals at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County,[5] and on work by Wang and zoologists Richard H. Tedford and Beryl E. Taylor for Borophaginae and Caninae.[73][74][75] The species and classifications listed below are all from these works; exceptions due to more recently-described species are also listed with citations. Not all of these classifications are universally accepted, and alternate classifications for species are noted below. Where available, the approximate time period the species was extant is given in millions of years before the present (Mya), based on data from the Paleobiology Database. All listed species are extinct; where a genus, subtribe, or tribe within Caninae comprises only extinct species, it is indicated with a dagger symbol .

Subfamily Caninae

Restoration of C. dirus (Dire wolf)

Restoration of C. arnensis (Arno River dog)

Restoration of C. etruscus (Etruscan wolf)

Restoration of C. othmani

• Tribe Canini
  • Subtribe Canina
    • Genus Canis
      • C. antonii
      • C. apolloniensis (2.6–0.78 Mya)[76]
      • C. armbrusteri (Armbruster's wolf) (1.8–0.012 Mya)
      • C. arnensis (Arno River dog) (2.6–0.78 Mya)
      • C. brevicephalus
      • C. cedazoensis (1.8–0.3 Mya)
      • C. chihliensis
      • C. cipio[lower-alpha 4]
      • C. dirus (Dire wolf) (1.8–0.012 Mya)
      • C. edwardii (23–0.78 Mya)
      • C. etruscus (Etruscan wolf) (2.6–0.13 Mya)
      • C. ferox (4.9–2.6 Mya)
      • C. gezi
      • C. leilhardi
      • C. lepophagus (4.9–0.012 Mya)
      • C. longdanensis
      • C. mosbachensis (Mosbach wolf) (2.6–0.13 Mya)
      • C. nehringi
      • C. othmani[77]
      • C. palmidens
      • C. variabilis
    • Genus Cynotherium (0.13–0.012 Mya)
      • C. sardous (Sardinian dhole) (0.13–0.012 Mya)
    • Genus Eucyon
      • E. adoxus
      • E. davisi (5.3–3.6 Mya)
      • E. intrepidus
      • E. monticinensis
      • E. odessanus
      • E. skinneri (13.6–10.3 Mya)
      • E. zhoui
    • Genus Lycaon
      • L. magnus
      • L. sekowei
    • Genus Mececyon
      • M. trinilensis
    • Genus Megacyon (3.6–2.6 Mya)
      • M. merriami (3.6–2.6 Mya)
    • Genus Nurocyon
      • N. chonokhariensis
    • Genus Xenocyon[lower-alpha 5]
      • X. africanus
      • X. antonii
      • X. falconeri
      • X. lycaonoides (0.78–0.3 Mya)
  • Subtribe Cerdocyonina
    • Genus Cerdocyon
      • C. ensenadensis[78]
      • C. texanus (4.9–1.8 Mya)
    • Genus Nyctereutes
      • N. abdeslami (3.6–2.6 Mya)
      • N. donnezani
      • N. megamastoides (2.6–0.13 Mya)
      • N. sinensis
      • N. terblanchei
      • N. tingi
    • Genus Protocyon
      • P. orcesi (0.78–0.012 Mya)
      • P. scagliarum
      • P. troglodytes (0.13–0.012 Mya)
    • Genus Speothos
      • S. pacivorus (Pleistocene bush dog)
    • Genus Theriodictis (1.8 Mya)
      • T. floridanus (1.8 Mya)

• Tribe Vulpini
  • Genus Ferrucyon[79]
    • F. avius (4.9–2.6 Mya)[79]
  • Genus Metalopex (10–4.9 Mya)
    • M. bakeri (10–4.9 Mya)
    • M. macconnelli (10–5.3 Mya)
    • M. merriami (10–5.3 Mya)
  • Genus Prototocyon
    • P. curvipalatus
    • P. recki
  • Genus Vulpes
    • V. alopecoides (2.5–0.13 Mya)
    • V. angustidens
    • V. beihaiensis
    • V. chikushanensis
    • V. galaticus
    • V. praecorsac (3.2–0.78 Mya)
    • V. praeglacialis
    • V. riffautae
    • V. skinneri
    • V. stenognathus (14–0.3 Mya)
    • V. qiuzhudingi[80]

• Urocyon
  • Genus Urocyon
    • U. minicephalus (1.8–0.3 Mya)
    • U. progressus (4.9–1.8 Mya)

• Basal Caninae
  • Genus Leptocyon (31–10 Mya)
    • L. delicatus (31–20 Mya)
    • L. douglassi (31–26 Mya)
    • L. gregorii (25–20 Mya)
    • L. leidyi (20–14 Mya)
    • L. matthewi (14–10 Mya)
    • L. mollis (31–20 Mya)
    • L. tejonensis (14–10 Mya)
    • L. vafer (14–10 Mya)
    • L. vulpinus (20–16 Mya)

• Unclassified
  • Genus Protemnocyon (34–33 Mya)
    • P. inflatus (34–33 Mya)

Subfamily Borophaginae

Restoration of Mesocyon

Restoration of Tephrocyon

• Tribe Borophagini (26–1.8 Mya)
  • Genus Cormocyon (26–20 Mya)
    • C. copei (26–20 Mya)
    • C. haydeni (25–20 Mya)
  • Genus Desmocyon (20–16 Mya)
    • D. matthewi (20–16 Mya)
    • D. thomsoni (20–16 Mya)
  • Genus Euoplocyon (20–14 Mya)
    • E. brachygnathus (16–14 Mya)
    • E. spissidens (20–16 Mya)
  • Genus Metatomarctus (20–16 Mya)
    • M. canavus (20–16 Mya)
  • Genus Microtomarctus (16–14 Mya)
    • M. conferta (16–14 Mya)
  • Genus Protomarctus (16–14 Mya)
    • P. optatus (16–14 Mya)
  • Genus Psalidocyon (16–14 Mya)
    • P. marianae (16–14 Mya)
  • Genus Tephrocyon (16–14 Mya)
    • T. rurestris (16–14 Mya)
  • Subtribe Aelurodontina (16–5.3 Mya)
    • Genus Aelurodon (16–5.3 Mya)
      • A. asthenostylus (16–14 Mya)
      • A. ferox (14–10 Mya)
      • A. mcgrewi (16–14 Mya)
      • A. montanensis (16–14 Mya)[81]
      • A. stirtoni (14–10 Mya)
      • A. taxoides (10–5.3 Mya)
    • Genus Tomarctus (16–14 Mya)
      • T. brevirostris (16–14 Mya)
      • T. hippophaga (16–14 Mya)
  • Subtribe Borophagina (16–1.8 Mya)
    • Genus Borophagus (14–1.8 Mya)
      • B. diversidens (4.9–1.8 Mya)
      • B. dudleyi (5.3–3.6 Mya)
      • B. hilli (5.3–3.6 Mya)
      • B. littoralis (14–10 Mya)
      • B. orc (5.3–4.9 Mya)
      • B. parvus (10–4.9 Mya)
      • B. pugnator (10–5.3 Mya)
      • B. secundus (10–4.9 Mya)
    • Genus Carpocyon (16–5.3 Mya)
      • C. compressus (16–14 Mya)
      • C. limosus (10–5.3 Mya)
      • C. robustus (14–10 Mya)
      • C. webbi (14–5.3 Mya)
    • Genus Epicyon (16–4.9 Mya)
      • E. aelurodontoides (10–4.9 Mya)
      • E. haydeni (10–4.9 Mya)
      • E. saevus (16–4.9 Mya)
    • Genus Paratomarctus (16–5.3 Mya)
      • P. euthos (14–10 Mya)
      • P. temerarius (16–5.3 Mya)
    • Genus Protepicyon (16–14 Mya)
      • P. raki (16–14 Mya)
  • Subtribe Cynarctina (16–10 Mya)
    • Genus Cynarctus (16–10 Mya)
      • C. crucidens (12–10 Mya)
      • C. galushai (16–14 Mya)
      • C. marylandica (16–14 Mya)
      • C. saxatilis (16–14 Mya)
      • C. voorhiesi (14–10 Mya)
      • C. wangi (16–14 Mya)[82]
    • Genus Paracynarctus (16–14 Mya)
      • P. kelloggi (16–14 Mya)
      • P. sinclairi (16–14 Mya)

• Tribe Phlaocyonini (30.8–13.6 Mya)
  • Genus Cynarctoides (31–14 Mya)
    • C. acridens (20–14 Mya)
    • C. emryi (20–16 Mya)
    • C. gawnae (20–16 Mya)
    • C. harlowi (25–20 Mya)
    • C. lemur (31–20 Mya)
    • C. luskensis (25–20 Mya)
    • C. roii (31–26 Mya)
  • Genus Phlaocyon (31–16 Mya)
    • P. achoros (25—20 Mya)
    • P. annectens (25–20 Mya)
    • P. latidens (31–20 Mya)
    • P. leucosteus (20–16 Mya)
    • P. mariae(20–16 Mya)
    • P. marslandensis (20–16 Mya)
    • P. minor (25–16 Mya)
    • P. multicuspus (25–20 Mya)
    • P. taylori (31–25 Mya)[83]
    • P. yatkolai (20–16 Mya)
• Basal Borophaginae
  • Genus Archaeocyon (31–20 Mya)
    • A. falkenbachi (31–20 Mya)
    • A. leptodus (31–26 Mya)
    • A. pavidus (31–26 Mya)
  • Genus Otarocyon (34–26 Mya)
    • O. cooki (31–26 Mya)
    • O. macdonaldi (34–33 Mya)
  • Genus Oxetocyon (33–31 Mya)
    • O. cuspidatus (33–31 Mya)
  • Genus Rhizocyon (31–20 Mya)
    • R. oregonensis (31–20 Mya)

Subfamily Hesperocyoninae

Restoration of H. gregarius

Restoration of Hesperocyon head

• Genus Cynodesmus (31–20 Mya)
  • C. martini (31–20 Mya)
  • C. thooides (31–26 Mya)
• Genus Caedocyon (31–20 Mya)
  • C. tedfordi (31–20 Mya)
• Genus Ectopocynus (31–16 Mya)
  • E. antiquus (31–20 Mya)
  • E. intermedius (31–20 Mya)
  • E. siplicidens (20–16 Mya)
• Genus Enhydrocyon (31–20 Mya)
  • E. basilatus (25–20 Mya)
  • E. crassidens (26–20 Mya)
  • E. pahinsintewkpa (26–20 Mya)
  • E. stenocephalus (31–20 Mya)
  • E. sectorius
• Genus Hesperocyon (37–31 Mya)
  • H. coloradensis (34–33 Mya)
  • H. gregarius (37–31 Mya)
• Genus Mesocyon (33–20 Mya)
  • M. brachyops (31–20 Mya)
  • M. coryphaeus (31–20 Mya)
  • M. temnodon (33–20 Mya)
• Genus Osbornodon (33–14 Mya)
  • O. brachypus (20–16 Mya)
  • O. fricki (16–14 Mya)
  • O. iamonensis (20–16 Mya)
  • O. renjiei (33–31 Mya)
  • O. scitulus (21–16 Mya)[84]
  • O. sesnoni (31–20 Mya)
  • O. wangi (31–20 Mya)[83]
• Genus Paraenhydrocyon (25–20 Mya)
  • P. josephi (25–20 Mya)
  • P. robustus (25–20 Mya)
  • P. wallovianus (25–20 Mya)
• Genus Philotrox (31–26 Mya)
  • P. condoni (31–26 Mya)
• Genus Prohesperocyon (37–34 Mya)
  • P. wilsoni (37–34 Mya)
• Genus Sunkahetanka (31–26 Mya)
  • S. geringensis (31–26 Mya)