List of fruit bats

IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
EX	Extinct (4 species)
EW	Extinct in the wild (0 species)
CR	Critically endangered (8 species)
EN	Endangered (15 species)
VU	Vulnerable (40 species)
NT	Near threatened (13 species)
LC	Least concern (88 species)
Other categories
DD	Data deficient (22 species)
NE	Not evaluated (2 species)

Fruit bats, also known as flying foxes or megabats, are the 197 species of bats that make up the suborder Megachiroptera, found throughout the tropics of Africa, Asia, and Oceania, of which 186 are extant. The suborder is part of the order Chiroptera (bats), and contains a single family, Pteropodidae. The family is divided into between two and six subfamilies, with recent phylogenetic analysis suggesting a different classification structure of the known species than before. Bats have been traditionally thought to be a monophyletic group; according to this model, all living fruit bats and microbats (Microchiroptera) are descendants of a common ancestor species that was already capable of flight.[3]

Chiroptera

Yinpterochiroptera

Pteropodidae

	Rhinolophidae

	Hipposideridae

	Megadermatidae

	Craseonycteridae

Rhinopomatidae

	Yangochiroptera

Cladogram showing the position of Pteropodidae (fruit bats) within Yinpterochiroptera[1][2]

However, there are alternate hypotheses which conclude that bats are polyphyletic. The flying primate hypothesis was created in the 1980s stating that, based on morphological evidence, the Megachiroptera evolved flight separately from the Microchiroptera, although genetic evidence supports the monophyly of bats. This model states that fruit bats and primates share several anatomical features not seen in microbats, and are thus more closely related; for example, their brains show a number of advanced characteristics that link them to primates.[4][5]

The Yinpterochiroptera is a proposed suborder of the Chiroptera based on molecular evidence consisting of the fruit bats and five other microbat families: Rhinopomatidae, Rhinolophidae, Hipposideridae, Craseonycteridae, and Megadermatidae. This model also challenges the view that the Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera are monophyletic. The other suborder consisting of the other bat species would be the Yangochiroptera.[1][2]

Conventions

Conservation statuses listed for each species follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Species considered valid are also based on the Red List of Threatened Species unless noted otherwise in a super-scripted note. The symbol indicates that the species's population trend is positive, the symbol indicates that the species's population trend is negative, the symbol indicates that the species's population is stable, and the ? symbol indicates that the species's population trend is unknown. Population trends are based on the Red List of Threatened Species. The super-scripted "IUCN" tag is a link to that species's Red List of Threatened Species page. If a species has taxonomic synonyms, a list of these is provided in the "Scientific name" column, underneath the binomial name and author, based on the book Mammal Species of the World. If a species has subspecies, a list of these is provided in the "Common name" column, underneath the common name, also based upon Mammal Species of the World.

Classification

There are between two and six recognized subfamilies of fruit bats according to various authors: Cynopterinae, Epomophorinae, Harpionycterinae, Nyctimeninae, Macroglossinae, Rousettinae, and Pteropodinae. However, the relationships among fruit bats are not resolved. According to phylogenetic analysis, the Macroglossinae and Pteropodinae are not monophyletic, and possibly also the Cynopterinae and the Epomophorinae.[6] A new clade consisting solely of African fruit bats is supported by phylogenetic analysis, which will consist of 12 genera currently placed in several different subfamilies.[7] Conversely, there may have been at least three separate colonization events of Africa by fruit bats.[8] There is also controversy regarding the Southeast Asian fruit bats.[6] Listed here are 45 genera and 197 species. Of these, the IUCN classifies 88 species as least concern, 13 as near threatened, 40 as vulnerable, 15 as endangered, eight as critically endangered, four as recently extinct, and 22 as data deficient. Seven species listed here are not evaluated. The population trends of 78 species are decreasing, 40 are stable, three are increasing, and 65 are unknown.

Family Pteropodidae[9]
- Subfamily Pteropodinae
  - Tribe Pteropodini
  - Tribe Macroglossini
  - Tribe Notopterini
- Subfamily Nyctimeninae
- Subfamily Harpyionyterinae
- Subfamily Rousettinae
  - Tribe Rousettini
  - Tribe Dobsoniini
- Subfamily Epomophorinae
  - Tribe Epomophorini
  - Tribe Myonycterini
  - Tribe Scotonycterini
  - Tribe Plerotini
- Subfamily Cynopterinae

Subfamily Pteropodinae

Tribe Pteropodini

Tribe Pteropodini – 5 genera, 73 species

Genus Pteropus Brisson, 1762 – 65 species

Synonyms:[10]

- Desmalopex
  Miller, 1907
- Eunycteris
  Gray, 1866
- Pselaphon
  Gray, 1870
- Sericonycteris
  Matschie, 1899
- Spectrum
  Lacépède, 1799

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Little red flying fox	P. scapulatus Peters, 1862 Synonyms:[11] P. elseyi Peters, 1862	aLC^IUCN ?	Native in blue, vagrant in brown
Mariana fruit bat Subspecies:[12] P. m. mariannus Desmarest, 1822 P. m. paganensis Yamashima, 1932 P. m. ulthiensis Yamashima, 1932	P. mariannus Desmarest, 1822	dEN^IUCN
Large flying fox Subspecies:[13] P. v. vampyrus Linnaeus, 1758 P. v. edulis Geoffroy, 1810 P. v. lanensis Mearns, 1905 P. v. natunae Andersen, 1908 P. v. pluton Temminck, 1837 P. v. sumatrensis Ludeking, 1862	P. vampyrus Linnaeus, 1758	bNT^IUCN
Ryukyu flying fox Subspecies:[14] P. d. dasymallus Temminck, 1825 P. d. daitonensis Kuroda, 1921 P. d. formosus Sclater, 1873 P. d. inopinatus Kuroda, 1933 P. d. yayeyamae Kuroda, 1933	P. dasymallus Temminck, 1825	cVU^IUCN
Admiralty flying fox Subspecies:[10] P. a. admiralitatum Thomas, 1887 P. a. colonus Andersen, 1908 P. a. goweri Tate, 1934 P. a. solomonis Thomas, 1904	P. admiralitatum Thomas, 1894	aLC^IUCN ?		–
Aldabra flying fox	P. aldabrensis True, 1893	cVU^IUCN		–
Black flying fox Subspecies:[15] P. a. alecto Temminck, 1837 P. a. aterrimus Matschie, 1899 P. a. gouldi Peters, 1867 P. a. morio Andersen, 1908	P. alecto Temminck, 1837	aLC^IUCN ?
Vanuatu flying fox Subspecies:[15] P. a. anetianus Gray, 1870 P. a. aorensis Lawrence, 1945 P. a. bakeri Thomas, 1904 P. a. banksiana Sanborn, 1930 P. a. eotinus Andersen, 1913 P. a. motalavae Felten and Kock, 1972 P. a. pastoris Felten and Kock, 1972	P. anetianus Gray, 1870	cVU^IUCN		–
Aru flying fox	P. aruensis Peters, 1867 Synonyms:[15] P. fumigatus von Rosenberg, 1867 P. rubiginosus von Rosenberg, 1867	eCR^IUCN[lower-alpha 1]		–
Torresian flying fox	Pteropus banakrisi[lower-alpha 2] Richards and Hall, 2002	iNE		–
Dusky flying fox	P. brunneus Dobson, 1878	gEX^IUCN	Formerly Percy Island in Queensland, Australia, until the 19th or 20th century	–
Ashy-headed flying fox Subspecies:[15] P. c. caniceps Gray, 1870 P. c. dobsoni Andersen, 1908	P. caniceps Gray, 1870	cVU^IUCN		–
Bismarck masked flying fox Subspecies:[15] P. c. capistratus Peters, 1866 P. c. ennisae Flannery and White, 1991	P. capistratus Peters, 1866	bNT^IUCN	Native range in green, vagrant range in brown
Moluccan flying fox	P. chrysoproctus[lower-alpha 3] Temminck, 1837	cVU^IUCN
Makira flying fox	P. cognatus Andersen, 1908	cVU^IUCN		–
Spectacled flying fox Subspecies:[15] P. c. conspicillatus Gould, 1849 P. c. chrysauchen Peters, 1862	P. conspicillatus Gould, 1849	aLC^IUCN
Nicobar flying fox	P. faunulus Miller, 1902	cVU^IUCN		–
Banks flying fox	P. fundatus Felten and Kock, 1972	dEN^IUCN		–
Indian flying fox Subspecies:[18] P. g. giganteus Brünnich, 1782 P. g. ariel Allen, 1908 P. g. chinghaiensis Wang and Wang, 1962 P. g. leucocephalus Hodgson, 1835	P. giganteus Brünnich, 1782	aLC^IUCN
Gilliard's flying fox	P. gilliardorum van Deusen, 1969	hDD^IUCN ?		–
Gray flying fox Subspecies:[19] P. g. griseus Geoffroy, 1810 P. g. mimus Andersen, 1908 P. g. pallidus Temminck, 1825	P. griseus Geoffroy, 1810	hDD^IUCN ?
Ontong Java flying fox	P. howensis Troughton, 1931	hDD^IUCN ?		–
Small flying fox Subspecies:[20] P. h. hypomelanus Temminck, 1825 P. h. annectens Andersen, 1908 P. h. cagayanus Mearns, 1905 P. h. canus Andersen, 1908 P. h. condorensis Peters, 1866 P. h. enganus Miller, 1916 P. h. fretensis Kloss, 1916 P. h. geminorum Miller, 1903 P. h. lepidus Miller, 1900 P. h. luteus Andersen, 1908 P. h. macassaricus Heude, 1897 P. h. maris Allen, 1917 P. h. robinsoni Andersen, 1908 P. h. satyrus Andersen, 1908 P. h. simalurus Thomas, 1923 P. h. tomesi Peters, 1869	P. hypomelanus Temminck, 1825 Synonyms:[20] P. vociferous Peale, 1848	aLC^IUCN
Ruck flying fox Subspecies:[21] P. i. insularis Hombron and Jacquinot, 1842 P. i. phaeocephalus Thomas, 1882	Pteropus insularis[lower-alpha 4] Hombron and Jacquinot, 1842	iNE
Andersen's flying fox	P. intermedius Andersen, 1908	hDD^IUCN ?		–
Kei flying fox	P. keyensis Peters, 1867	hDD^IUCN ?		–
Lombok flying fox Subspecies:[21] P. l. lombocensis Dobson, 1889 P. l. heudei Matschie, 1899 P. l. salottii Kitchener, 1995	P. lombocensis Dobson, 1878	hDD^IUCN ?		–
Okinawa flying fox	P. loochoensis Gray, 1870	hDD^IUCN ?		–
Lyle's flying fox	P. lylei Andersen, 1908	cVU^IUCN
Big-eared flying fox Subspecies:[12] P. m. macrotis Peters, 1867 P. m. epularius Ramsay, 1878	P. macrotis Peters, 1867	aLC^IUCN		–
Lesser flying fox	P. mahaganus Sanborn, 1931	aLC^IUCN		–
Black-bearded flying fox	P. melanopogon Peters, 1867	dEN^IUCN
Black-eared flying fox Subspecies:[24] P. m. melanotus Blyth, 1863 P. m. modiglianii Thomas, 1887 P. m. natalis Thomas, 1887 P. m. niadicus Miller, 1906 P. m. tytleri Dobson, 1874	P. melanotus Blyth, 1863	cVU^IUCN	Range in red, extinct in black
Caroline flying fox	P. molossinus Temminck, 1853	cVU^IUCN
Great flying fox Subspecies:[12] P. n. neohibernicus Peters, 1867 P. n. hilli Felten, 1961	P. neohibernicus Peters, 1867	aLC^IUCN ?
Mauritian flying fox	P. niger Kerr, 1792 Synonyms:[25] P. fuscus Geoffroy, 1803 P. mauritianus Hermann, 1804 P. rufus Tiedemann, 1808 P. pteropus Merriam and Brisson, 1895 P. vulgaris Geoffroy, 1810	cVU^IUCN
Temotu flying fox	P. nitendiensis Sanborn, 1930 Synonyms:[25] P. sanctacrucis Troughton, 1931	dEN^IUCN		–
Ceram fruit bat	P. ocularis Peters, 1867 Synonyms:[25] P. ceramensis Gray, 1871	cVU^IUCN		–
Ornate flying fox Subspecies:[25] P. o. ornatus Gray, 1870 P. o. auratus Andersen, 1909	P. ornatus Gray, 1870	cVU^IUCN		–
Pelew flying fox	P. pelewensis Andersen, 1909	bNT^IUCN
Masked flying fox	P. personatus Temminck, 1825	aLC^IUCN
Large Palau flying fox	P. pilosus Andersen, 1909	gEX^IUCN	Formerly Palau since 1874	–
Geelvink Bay flying fox	P. pohlei Stein, 1933	cVU^IUCN		–
Grey-headed flying fox	P. poliocephalus Temminck, 1825	cVU^IUCN
Bonin flying fox	P. pselaphon Lay, 1829 Synonyms:[26] P. ursinus Temminck and von Kittlitz, 1837	dEN^IUCN
Little golden-mantled flying fox	P. pumilus Miller, 1911 Synonyms:[26] P. balutus Hollister, 1913 P. tablasi Taylor, 1934	bNT^IUCN		–
Solomons flying fox Subspecies:[26] P. r. rayneri Gray, 1870 P. r. grandis Thomas, 1887 P. r. lavellanus Andersen, 1908 P. r. monoensis Lawrence, 1945 P. r. rubianus Andersen, 1908	P. rayneri Gray, 1870	bNT^IUCN		–
Rennell flying fox	P. rennelli Troughton, 1929	dEN^IUCN		–
Rodrigues flying fox	P. rodricensis Dobson, 1878 Synonyms:[27] P. mascarinus Mason, 1907	dEN^IUCN		–
Madagascan flying fox	P. rufus Geoffroy, 1803 Synonyms:[27] P. edwardsi Geoffroy, 1810 P. phaiops Temminck, 1825 P. princeps Andersen, 1908	cVU^IUCN
Samoa flying fox Subspecies:[11] P. s. samoensis Peale, 1848 P. s. nawaiensis Gray, 1870	P. samoensis Peale, 1848	bNT^IUCN
Seychelles fruit bat Subspecies:[11] P. s. seychellensis Milne-Edwards, 1877 P. s. comorensis Nicoll, 1908	P. seychellensis Milne-Edwards, 1877	aLC^IUCN
Philippine gray flying fox	P. speciosus Andersen, 1908 Synonyms:[11] P. mearnsi Hollister, 1913	hDD^IUCN ?		–
Small Mauritian flying fox	P. subniger Kerr, 1792 Synonyms:[11] P. collaris Illiger, 1815 P. fuscus Desmarest, 1803 P. ruber Geoffroy, 1803 P. rubidum Daudin, 1802 P. rubricollis Geoffroy, 1810 P. torquatus Fischer, 1814 P. vulgaris Temminck, 1837	gEX^IUCN	Formerly Mauritius until 1859
Temminck's flying fox Subspecies:[13] P. t. temminckii Peters, 1867 P. t. liops Thomas, 1910	P. temminckii Peters, 1867	cVU^IUCN
Guam flying fox	P. tokudae Tate, 1934	gEX^IUCN	Formerly Guam until 1968	–
Insular flying fox Subspecies:[13] P. t. tonganus Quoy and Gaimard, 1830 P. t. basiliscus Thomas, 1915 P. t. geddiei MacGillivray, 1860	P. tonganus Quoy and Gaimard, 1830	aLC^IUCN
Vanikoro flying fox	P. tuberculatus Peters, 1869	eCR^IUCN[lower-alpha 5] ?		–
Kosrae flying fox	P. ualanus Peters, 1883 Synonyms:[13] P. ualensis Finsch, 1881	cVU^IUCN
New Caledonia flying fox	P. vetulus Jouan, 1863 Synonyms:[28] P. germaini Dobson, 1878 P. macmillani Tate, 1942	cVU^IUCN		–
Pemba flying fox	P. voeltzkowi Matschie, 1909	cVU^IUCN		–
Dwarf flying fox	P. woodfordi Thomas, 1888 Synonyms:[28] P. austini Lawrence, 1945	aLC^IUCN		–
Yap flying fox	P. yapensis Andersen, 1908	cVU^IUCN ?
Livingstone's fruit bat	P. livingstonii Gray, 1866	eCR^IUCN
Small Samoan flying fox	P. allenorum[lower-alpha 6] Helgen, Helgen, and Wilson, 2009	iNE[lower-alpha 7]		–
Large Samoan flying fox	P. coxi[lower-alpha 8] Helgen, Helgen, and Wilson, 2009	iNE[lower-alpha 9]		–

Genus Acerodon Jourdan, 1837 – 5 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Sulawesi flying fox	A. celebensis Peters, 1867 Synonyms:[31] A. arquatus Miller and Hollister, 1921	cVU^IUCN
Talaud flying fox	A. humilis Andersen, 1909	dEN^IUCN		–
Giant golden-crowned flying fox Subspecies:[31] A. j. jubatus von Eschscholtz, 1831 A. j. lucifer Elliot, 1896 A. j. mindanensis Andersen, 1908	A. jubatus von Eschscholtz, 1831	dEN^IUCN	current range in green, possibly extinct in orange, and extinct in black
Palawan fruit bat Subspecies:[31] A. l. leucotis Sanborn, 1950 A. l. obscurus Sanborn, 1950	A. leucotis Sanborn, 1950	cVU^IUCN		–
Sunda flying fox Subspecies:[31] A. m. mackloti Temminck, 1837 A. m. alorensis Andersen, 1909 A. m. floresii Gray, 1871 A. m. gilvus Andersen, 1909 A. m. prajae Sody, 1936	A. mackloti Temminck, 1837	cVU^IUCN		–

Genus Pteralopex Thomas, 1888 – 5 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Bougainville monkey-faced bat	P. anceps Andersen, 1909	dEN^IUCN		–
Guadalcanal monkey-faced bat	P. atrata Thomas, 1888	dEN^IUCN		–
Greater monkey-faced bat	P. flanneryi[lower-alpha 10] Helgen, 2005	eCR^IUCN		–
Montane monkey-faced bat	P. pulchra Flannery, 1991	eCR^IUCN[lower-alpha 11]		–
New Georgian monkey-faced bat	P. taki Parnaby, 2002	cVU^IUCN	Range in red, extinct in black	–

Genus Styloctenium Matschie, 1899 – 2 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Sulawesi stripe-faced fruit bat	S. wallacei Gray, 1866	bNT^IUCN
Mindoro stripe-faced fruit bat	S. mindorensis Esselstyn, 2007	hDD^IUCN ?		–

Genus Neopteryx Hayman, 1946 – 1 species

Synonyms:[32]

- Neoptryx
  Van der Zon, 1979

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Small-toothed fruit bat	N. frosti Hayman, 1946	dEN^IUCN		–

Tribe Macroglossini

Tribe Macroglossini – 2 genera, 5 species

Genus Macroglossus Cuviwer, 1824 – 2 species

Synonyms:[33]

- Carponycteris
  Lydekker, 1891
- Kiodotus
  Blyth, 1840
- Odontonycteris
  Jentink, 1902
- Rhynchocyon
  Gistel, 1848

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Long-tongued nectar bat Subspecies:[33] M. m. minimus Geoffroy, 1810 M. m. booensis Kompanje and Moeliker, 2001 M. m. lagochilus Matschie, 1899 M. m. nanus Matschie, 1899	M. minimus Geoffroy, 1810	aLC^IUCN
Long-tongued fruit bat Subspecies:[33] M. s. sobrinus Andersen, 1911 M. s. fraternus Chasen and Kloss, 1928	M. sobrinus Andersen, 1911	aLC^IUCN

Genus Syconycteris Matschie, 1899 – 3 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Picture
Common blossom bat Subspecies:[34] S. a. australis Peters, 1867 S. a. crassa Thomas, 1895 S. a. finschi Matschie, 1899 S. a. keyensis Andersen, 1911 S. a. major Andersen, 1911 S. a. naias Andersen, 1908 S. a. papuana Matschie, 1899	S. australis Peters, 1867	aLC^IUCN
Halmahera blossom bat	S. carolinae Rozendaal, 1984	cVU^IUCN	–
Moss-forest blossom bat	S. hobbit Ziegler, 1982	aLC^IUCN	–

Tribe Notopterini

Tribe Notopterini – 4 genera, 8 species

Genus Notopteris Gray, 1859 – 2 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Long-tailed fruit bat	N. macdonaldi Gray, 1859	cVU^IUCN
New Caledonia blossom bat	N. neocaledonica Trouessart, 1908	cVU^IUCN ?		–

Genus Melonycteris – 2 subgenera, 3 species Dobson, 1877

Subgenus Melonycteris Dobson, 1877

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Black-bellied fruit bat	M. (M.) melanops Dobson, 1877 Synonyms:[35] M. (M.) alboscapulatus Ramsay, 1877	aLC^IUCN

Subgenus Nesonycteris Thomas, 1887

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Fardoulis' blossom bat Subspecies:[35] M. (N.) f. fardoulisi Flannery, 1993 M. (N.) f. maccoyi Flannery, 1993 M. (N.) f. mengermani Flannery, 1993 M. (N.) f. schouteni Flannery, 1993	M. (N.) fardoulisi Flannery, 1993	aLC^IUCN		–
Woodford's fruit bat Subspecies:[35] M. (N.) w. woodfordi Thomas, 1887 M. (N.) w. aurantius[lower-alpha 12] Phillips, 1966	M. (N.) woodfordi Thomas, 1887	aLC^IUCN ?		–

Genus Mirimiri Helgen, 2005 – 1 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Fijian monkey-faced bat	M. acrodonta[lower-alpha 13] Hill and Beckon, 1978	eCR^IUCN

Genus Desmalopex Miller, 1907 – 2 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
White-winged flying fox	D. leucopterus[lower-alpha 14] Temminck, 1825 Synonyms:[21] D. chinensis Gray, 1871	aLC^IUCN
Small white-winged flying fox	D. microleucopterus[lower-alpha 15] Esselstyn, Harvey, Garcia, Mylanar, Saulog, and Lawrence, 2008	iNE		–

Subfamily Nyctimeninae

Subfamily Nyctimeninae – 2 genera, 17 species

Genus Nyctimene Rafinesque, 1815 – 15 species

Synonyms:[40]

- Bdelygma
  Matschie, 1899
- Cephalotes
  Geoffroy, 1810
- Gelasinus
  Temminck, 1837
- Harpyia
  Illiger, 1811
- Uronycteris
  Gray, 1863

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Broad-striped tube-nosed fruit bat	N. aello Thomas, 1900 Synonyms:[40] N. celaeno Thomas, 1922	aLC^IUCN
Common tube-nosed fruit bat Subspecies:[40] N. a. albiventer Gray, 1862 N. a. papuanus Andersen, 1910	N. albiventer Gray, 1862	aLC^IUCN
Pallas's tube-nosed bat Subspecies:[40] N. c. cephalotes Pallas, 1767 N. c. aplini Kitchener, 1995	N. cephalotes Pallas, 1767	aLC^IUCN ?	range in green, possibly extinct in orange
Mountain tube-nosed fruit bat	N. certans Andersen, 1912	aLC^IUCN		–
Round-eared tube-nosed fruit bat	N. cyclotis Andersen, 1910	hDD^IUCN ?		–
Dragon tube-nosed fruit bat	N. draconilla Thomas, 1922	hDD^IUCN ?		–
Keast's tube-nosed fruit bat Subspecies:[41] N. k. keasti Kitchener, 1993 N. k. babari Bergmans, 2001 N. k. tozeri Kitchener, 1995	N. keasti Kitchener, 1993	cVU^IUCN		–
Island tube-nosed fruit bat Subspecies:[42] N. m. major Dobson, 1877 N. m. geminus Andersen, 1910 N. m. lullulae Gray, 1904 N. m. scitulus Andersen, 1910	N. major Dobson, 1877	hDD^IUCN ?
Malaita tube-nosed fruit bat	N. malaitensis Phillips, 1968	hDD^IUCN ?		–
Lesser tube-nosed bat Subspecies:[43] N. m. minutus Andersen, 1910 N. m. varius Andersen, 1910	N. minutus Andersen, 1910	cVU^IUCN		–
Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat	N. rabori Heaney and Peterson, 1984	dEN^IUCN		–
Eastern tube-nosed bat	N. robinsoni Thomas, 1904 Synonyms:[43] N. tryoni Longman, 1921	aLC^IUCN ?
Nendo tube-nosed fruit bat	N. sanctacrucis Troughton, 1931	hDD^IUCN ?		–
Umboi tube-nosed fruit bat Subspecies:[44] N. v. vizcaccia Thomas, 1914 N. v. bougainville Troughton, 1936	N. vizcaccia Thomas, 1914	aLC^IUCN ?
Demonic tube-nosed fruit bat	N. masalai[lower-alpha 16] Smith and Hood, 1983	hDD^IUCN ?		–

Genus Paranyctimene Tate, 1942 – 2 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Unstriped tube-nosed bat	P. raptor Tate, 1942	aLC^IUCN ?
Steadfast tube-nosed fruit bat Subspecies:[44] P. t. tenax Bergmans, 2001 P. t. marculus Bergmans, 2001	P. tenax Bergmans, 2001	aLC^IUCN ?		–

Subfamily Harpiyonycterinae

Subfamily Harpiyonycterinae – 1 genus, 2 species

Genus Harpyionycteris Palmer, 1898 – 2 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Sulawesi harpy fruit bat	H. celebensis Miller and Hollister, 1921	cVU^IUCN		–
Harpy fruit bat Subspecies:[45] H. w. whiteheadi Thomas, 1896 H. w. negrosensis Peterson and Fenton, 1970	H. whiteheadi Thomas, 1896	aLC^IUCN

Subfamily Rousettinae

Tribe Rousettini

Tribe Rousettini – 3 genera, 15 species

Genus Rousettus Gray, 1821 – 3 subgenera, 10 species

Synonyms:[46]

- Cercopterus
  Burnett, 1829
- Cynonycteris
  Peters, 1852
- Eleutherura
  Gray, 1844
- Senonycteris
  Gray, 1870
- Xantharpyia
  Gray, 1834

Subgenus Boneia Jentink, 1879

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Manado fruit bat	R. (B.) bidens Jentink, 1879 Synonyms:[47] R. (B.) menadensis Thomas, 1896	cVU^IUCN		–

Subgenus Rousettus Gray, 1821

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Picture
Egyptian fruit bat Subspecies:[47] R. (R.) a. aegyptiacus Geoffroy, 1810 R. (R.) a. arabicus Andersen and de Winton, 1902 R. (R.) a. leachii Miller, 1916 R. (R.) a. princes Juste and Iba±ez, 1993 R. (R.) a. tomensis Juste and Iba±ez, 1993 R. (R.) a. unicolor Gray, 1870	R. (R.) aegyptiacus Geoffroy, 1810	aLC^IUCN
Geoffroy's rousette Subspecies:[47] R. (R.) a. amplexicaudatus Geoffroy, 1810 R. (R.) a. brachyotis Dobson, 1878 R. (R.) a. hedigeri Pohle, 1952 R. (R.) a. infumatus Gray, 1871 R. (R.) a. minor Dobson, 1873	R. (R.) amplexicaudatus Geoffroy, 1810	aLC^IUCN ?
Sulawesi rousette	R. (R.) celebensis Andersen, 1907	aLC^IUCN
Leschenault's rousette Subspecies:[47] R. (R.) l. leschenaultii Desmarest, 1820 R. (R.) l. seminudus Kelaart, 1850 R. (R.) l. shortridgei Thomas and Wroughton, 1909	R. (R.) leschenaultii Desmarest, 1820	aLC^IUCN
Linduan rousette	R. (R.) linduensis Maryanto and Yani, 2003	hDD^IUCN ?	–
Comoro rousette	R. (R.) obliviosus Kock, 1978	cVU^IUCN ?	–
Bare-backed rousette	R. (R.) spinalatus Bergmans and Hill, 1980	cVU^IUCN	–

Subgenus Stenonycteris Gray, 1871

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Long-haired rousette	R. (S.) lanosus Thomas, 1906 Synonyms:[48] R. (S.) kempu Thomas, 1909	aLC^IUCN
Madagascan rousette	R. (S.) madagascariensis Grandidier, 1928	bNT^IUCN

Genus Eonycteris Dobson, 1878 – 3 species

Synonyms:[49]

- Callinycteris
  Jentink, 1889

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Picture
Greater nectar bat	E. major Andersen, 1910	hDD^IUCN ?	–
Philippine dawn bat	E. robusta Miller, 1913	bNT^IUCN	–
Dawn bat Subspecies:[49] E. s. spelaea Dobson, 1871 E. s. glandifera Lawrence, 1939 E. s. rosenbergii Jentink, 1889 E. s. winnyae Maharadatunkamsi and Kitchener, 1997	E. spelaea Dobson, 1871	aLC^IUCN ?

Genus Eidolon Rafinesque, 1837 – 2 species

Synonyms:[50]

- Leiponyx
  Jentink, 1881
- Liponyx
  Forbes, 1882
- Pterocyon
  Peters, 1861

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Madagascan fruit bat	E. dupreanum Schlegel and Pollen	cVU^IUCN
Straw-colored fruit bat Subspecies:[31] E. h. helvum Kerr, 1792 E. h. annobonensis Juste, Ibß±ez, and Machordom, 2000 E. h. sabaeum Andersen, 1907	E. helvum Kerr, 1792	bVU^IUCN

Tribe Dobsoniini

Tribe Dobsoniini – 2 genera, 15 species

Genus Dobsonia Palmer, 1898 – 14 species

Synonyms:[45]

- Hypoderma
  Geoffroy, 1828
- Pteronotus
  Rafinesque, 1815
- Tribonophorus
  Burnett, 1829

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Picture
Andersen's naked-backed fruit bat	D. anderseni Thomas, 1914	aLC^IUCN	–
Beaufort's naked-backed fruit bat	D. beauforti Bergmans, 1975	aLC^IUCN ?	–
Philippine naked-backed fruit bat	D. chapmani Rabor, 1975	eCR^IUCN	–
Halmahera naked-backed fruit bat	D. crenulata Andersen, 1908	aLC^IUCN ?	–
Biak naked-backed fruit bat	D. emersa Bergmans and Sarbini, 1985	cVU^IUCN ?	–
Sulawesi naked-backed fruit bat	D. exoleta Andersen, 1908	aLC^IUCN ?	–
Solomon's naked-backed fruit bat Subspecies:[51] D. i. inermis Andersen, 1909 D. i. minimus Phillips, 1968	D. inermis Andersen, 1909	aLC^IUCN	–
Lesser naked-backed fruit bat	D. minor Dobson, 1878	aLC^IUCN ?	–
Moluccan naked-backed fruit bat	D. moluccensis Quoy and Gaimard, 1830	aLC^IUCN
New Guinea naked-backed fruit bat	D. magna[lower-alpha 17] Thomas, 1905	iNE	–
Panniet naked-backed fruit bat Subspecies:[51] D. p. pannietensis De Vis, 1905 D. p. remota Cabrera, 1920	D. pannietensis De Vis, 1905	bNT^IUCN ?	–
Western naked-backed fruit bat Subspecies:[51] D. p. peronii Geoffroy, 1810 D. p. grandis Bergmans, 1978	D. peronii Geoffroy, 1810	aLC^IUCN	–
New Britain naked-backed fruit bat	D. praedatrix Andersen, 1908	aLC^IUCN ?	–
Greenish naked-backed fruit bat	D. viridis Heude, 1896	aLC^IUCN	–

Genus Aproteles Menzies, 1977 – 1 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Bulmer's fruit bat	A. bulmerae Menzies, 1977	eCR^IUCN		–

Subfamily Epomophorinae

Tribe Epomophorini

Tribe Epomophorini 5 genera, 16 species

Genus Epomophorus Bennett, 1835 – 9 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Angolan epauletted fruit bat	E. angolensis Gray, 1870	bNT^IUCN		–
Peters's epauletted fruit bat	E. crypturus Peters, 1852	aLC^IUCN ?
Gambian epauletted fruit bat Subspecies:[53] E. g. gambianus Ogilby, 1835 E. g. pousarguesi Trouessart, 1904	E. gambianus Ogilby, 1835	aLC^IUCN ?
Lesser Angolan epauletted fruit bat	E. grandis Sanborn, 1950	hDD^IUCN ?		–
Ethiopian epauletted fruit bat	E. labiatus Temminck, 1837 Synonyms:[54] E. anurus von Heuglin, 1864 E. doriae Matschie, 1899 E. schoensis Rüppell, 1842 E. schovanus von Heuglin, 1877	aLC^IUCN
East African epauletted fruit bat	E. minimus Claessen and Vree, 1991	aLC^IUCN		–
Minor epauletted fruit bat	E. minor Dobson, 1879	aLC^IUCN	Central Africa and East Africa	–
Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat	E. wahlbergi Sundevall, 1846 Synonyms:[55] E. haldemani Hallowell, 1846 E. neumanni Matschie, 1899 E. stuhlmanni Matschie, 1899 E. unicolor Gray, 1870 E. zenkeri Matschie, 1899	aLC^IUCN
Ansell's epauletted fruit bat	E. anselli Bergmans & van Strien, 2004	hDD^IUCN ?		–

Genus Micropteropus Matschie, 1899 – 2 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Hayman's dwarf epauletted fruit bat	M. intermedius Hayman, 1963	hDD^IUCN ?		–
Peters' dwarf epauletted fruit bat	M. pusillus Peters, 1867	aLC^IUCN

Genus Hypsignathus Allen, 1861 – 1 species

Synonyms:[56]

- Sphyrocephalus
  Murray, 1862
- Zygaenocephalus
  Murray, 1862

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Hammer-headed bat	H. monstrosus Allen, 1861 Synonyms:[56] H. labrosus Murray, 1862 H. macrocephalus Peters, 1876	aLC^IUCN ?

Genus Epomops Gray, 1870 – 3 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status
Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat	E. buettikoferi Matschie, 1899	aLC^IUCN
Dobson's epauletted fruit bat	E. dobsonii du Bocage, 1889	aLC^IUCN
Franquet's epauletted fruit bat	E. franqueti Tomes, 1860 Synonyms:[56] E. comptus Allen, 1861 E. strepitans Andersen, 1910	aLC^IUCN

Genus Nanonycteris Matschie, 1899 – 1 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Veldkamp's dwarf epauletted fruit bat	N. veldkampii Jentink, 1888	aLC^IUCN ?

Tribe Myonycterini

Tribe Myonycterini 3 genera, 7 species

Genus Myonycteris Matschie, 1899 – 4 species

Synonyms:[32]

- Phylletis
  Juste and Ibáñez, 1993

Subgenus Myonycteris Matschie, 1899

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
East African little collared fruit bat	M. (M.) relicta Bergmans, 1980	aLC^IUCN		–
Little collared fruit bat	M. (M.) torquata Dobson, 1878 Synonyms:[32] M. (M.) collaris Andersen, 1907 M. (M.) leptodon Andersen, 1908 M. (M.) wroughtoni Andersen, 1908	aLC^IUCN
Sierra Leone collared fruit bat	M. (M.) leptodon[lower-alpha 18] Andersen, 1908	aLC^IUCN ?	Northern coast of the Gulf of Guinea	–

Subgenus Phygetis Andersen, 1912

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
São Tomé collared fruit bat	M. (P.) brachycephala du Bocage, 1889 Synonyms:[32] M. (P.) brachycephalus Seabra, 1898 M. (P.) collaris Andersen, 1907	dEN^IUCN		–

Genus Lissonycteris Andersen, 1912 – 1 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Angolan rousette Subspecies:[56] L. a. angolensis du Bocage, 1898 L. a. goliath Bergmans, 1997 L. a. petraea Bergmans, 1997 L. a. ruwenzorii Eisentraut, 1965 L. a. smithii Thomas, 1908	L. angolensis du Bocage, 1898	aLC^IUCN

Genus Megaloglossus Pagenstecher, 1885 – 2 species

Synonyms:[57]

- Trygenycteris
  Lydekker, 1891

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Woermann's bat	M. woermanni Pagenstecher, 1885 Synonyms:[57] M. prigoginei Hayman, 1966	aLC^IUCN		–
Azagnyi fruit bat	M. azagnyi Nesi, Kadjo & Hassanin, 2012	aLC^IUCN ?	Coasts of Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Togo	–

Tribe Scotonycterini

Tribe Scotonycterini 2 genera, 4 species

Genus Scotonycteris Matschie, 1894 – 1 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Zenker's fruit bat Subspecies:[34] S. z. zenkeri Matschie, 1894 S. z. bedfordi Thomas, 1904 S. z. occidentalis Hayman, 1947	S. zenkeri Matschie, 1894	aLC^IUCN

Genus Casinycteris Thomas, 1910 – 3 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Picture
Short-palated fruit bat	C. argynnis Thomas, 1910	aLC^IUCN ?	–
Campo-Ma'an fruit bat	C. campomaanensis Hassanin, 2014	hDD^IUCN ?	–
Pohle's fruit bat	C. ophiodon[lower-alpha 19] Pohle, 1943 Synonyms:[34] C. cansdalei Hayman, 1946	bNT^IUCN

Tribe Plerotini

Tribe Plerotini 1 genus, 1 species

Genus Plerotes Andersen, 1910 – 1 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
D'Anchieta's fruit bat	P. anchietae Seabra, 1900	hDD^IUCN ?		–

Subfamily Cynopterinae

Subfamily Cynopterinae – 15 genera, 28 species

Genus Sphaerias Miller, 1906 – 1 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Blanford's fruit bat	S. blanfordi Thomas, 1891 Synonyms:[34] S. motuoensis Thomas, 1891	aLC^IUCN ?

Genus Alionycteris Kock, 1969 – 1 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Mindanao pygmy fruit bat	A. paucidentata Kock, 1969	aLC^IUCN		–

Genus Cynopterus Cuvier, 1824 – 7 species

Synonyms:[58]

- Niadius
  Miller, 1906
- Pachysoma
  Geoffroy, 1828

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Picture
Lesser short-nosed fruit bat Subspecies:[58] C. b. brachyotis Müller, 1838 C. b. altitudinis Hill, 1961 C. b. brachysoma Gray, 1871 C. b. ceylonensis Gray, 1871 C. b. concolor Sody, 1940 C. b. hoffeti Bourret, 1944 C. b. insularum Andersen, 1908 C. b. javanicus Andersen, 1910	C. brachyotis Müller, 1838	aLC^IUCN ?
Horsfield's fruit bat Subspecies:[58] C. h. horsfieldii Gray, 1843 C. h. harpax Thomas and Wroughton, 1909 C. h. persimilis Andersen, 1912 C. h. princeps Miller, 1906	C. horsfieldii Gray, 1843	aLC^IUCN ?	–
Peters's fruit bat	C. luzoniensis Peters, 1861 Synonyms:[59] C. archipelagus Taylor, 1934 C. cumingii Gray, 1871 C. philippensis Gray, 1871	aLC^IUCN	–
Minute fruit bat	C. minutus Miller, 1906	aLC^IUCN
Nusatenggara short-nosed fruit bat Subspecies:[59] C. n. nusatenggara Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi, 1991 C. n. sinagai Kitchener, 1996 C. n. wetarensis Kitchener, 1996	C. nusatenggara Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi, 1991	aLC^IUCN	–
Greater short-nosed fruit bat Subspecies:[59] C. s. sphinx Vahl, 1797 C. s. angulatus Miller, 1898 C. s. babi Lyon, 1916 C. s. pagensis Miller, 1906 C. s. scherzeri Zelebor, 1869 C. s. serasani Paradiso, 1971	C. sphinx Vahl, 1797	aLC^IUCN	–
Indonesian short-nosed fruit bat Subspecies:[60] C. t. titthaecheilus Temminck, 1825 C. t. major Miller, 1906 C. t. terminus Sody, 1940	C. titthaecheilus Temminck, 1825	aLC^IUCN

Genus Haplonycteris Lawrence, 1939 – 1 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Fischer's pygmy fruit bat	H. fischeri Lawrence, 1939	aLC^IUCN ?

Genus Latidens Thonglongya, 1972 – 1 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Salim Ali's fruit bat	L. salimalii Thonglongya, 1972	dEN^IUCN ?		–

Genus Otopteropus Kock, 1969 – 1 species

Subspecies:[44]

- Otopterus
  Sokolov, 1973

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Luzon fruit bat	O. cartilagonodus Kock, 1969	aLC^IUCN		–

Genus Penthetor Andersen, 1912 – 1 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Dusky fruit bat	P. lucasi Dobson, 1878	aLC^IUCN

Genus Aethalops Thomas, 1923 – 2 species

Synonyms:[15]

- Aethalodes
  Thomas, 1923

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Borneo fruit bat	A. aequalis Allen, 1938	aLC^IUCN ?		–
Pygmy fruit bat Subspecies:[61] A. a. alecto Thomas, 1923 A. a. boeadii Kitchener, 1993 A. a. ocypete Boeadi and Hill, 1986	A. alecto Thomas, 1923	aLC^IUCN ?		–

Genus Thoopterus Matschie, 1899 – 1 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Swift fruit bat	T. nigrescens Gray, 1870 Synonyms:[62] T. latidens Dobson, 1878	aLC^IUCN ?

Genus Hypsignathus Allen, 1861 – 1 species

Synonyms:[56]

- Sphyrocephalus
  Murray, 1862
- Zygaenocephalus
  Murray, 1862

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Hammer-headed bat	H. monstrosus Allen, 1861 Synonyms:[56] H. labrosus Murray, 1862 H. macrocephalus Peters, 1876	aLC^IUCN ?

Genus Ptenochirus Peters, 1861 – 2 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Greater musky fruit bat	P. jagori Peters, 1861	aLC^IUCN
Lesser musky fruit bat	P. minor Yoshiyuki, 1979	aLC^IUCN		–

Genus Dyacopterus Andersen, 1912 – 3 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Picture
Dayak fruit bat	D. spadiceus Thomas, 1890	bNT^IUCN	–
Brooks's dyak fruit bat	D. brooksi Thomas, 1890	cVU^IUCN	–
Philippine large-headed fruit bat	D. rickarti[lower-alpha 20] Helgen, Kock, Gomez and Ingle, 2007	iNE	–

Genus Chironax Andersen, 1908 – 1 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Black-capped fruit bat Subspecies:[58] C. m. melanocephalus Temminck, 1825 C. m. tumulus Bergmans and Rozendaal, 1988	C. melanocephalus Temminck, 1825	aLC^IUCN ?		–

Genus Megaerops Peters, 1865 – 4 species

Subspecies:[57]

- Megaera
  Temminck, 1841

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Picture
Tailless fruit bat	M. ecaudatus Temminck, 1837	aLC^IUCN ?
Javan tailless fruit bat	M. kusnotoi Hill & Boeadi, 1978	cVU^IUCN	–
Ratanaworabhan's fruit bat	M. niphanae Yenbutra & Felten, 1983	aLC^IUCN ?	–
White-collared fruit bat Subspecies:[57] M. w. wetmorei Taylor, 1934 M. w. albicollis Taylor, 1934	M. wetmorei Taylor, 1934	cVU^IUCN	–

Genus Balionycteris Matschie, 1899 – 1 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Spotted-winged fruit bat Subspecies:[61] B. m. maculata Thomas, 1923 B. m. seimundi Kloss, 1921	B. maculata Matschie, 1899	aLC^IUCN ?

Notes

Possibly extinct in the wild, last sighted in 1992[16]
Considered synonymous with Pteropus alecto by the IUCN and ITIS, but considered valid by Mammal Species of the World[15]
P. argentatus is a junior synonym[17]
Not evaluated by the IUCN but considered valid by ITIS.[22] Also referred to as Pteropus pelagicus[23]
Possibly extinct in the wild, last sighted before 1930[16]
Considered valid by ITIS[29]
This species is probably extinct.
Considered valid by ITIS[30]
This species is probably extinct.
Sometimes considered synonymous with Pteralopex anceps
Possibly extinct in the wild, last sighted in 1991[16]
Formerly a separate species Melonycteris aurantius (the orange fruit bat) until 1966[36]
Placed in the genus Pteralopex by Mammal Species of the World[37]
Considered as Pteropus leucopterus by the IUCN, but as Desmalopex leucopterus by ITIS[38]
Considered valid by ITIS[39]
May be synonymous with Nyctimene albiventer
Listed as a subspecies of Dobsonia moluccensis by the IUCN, but considered valid by ITIS[52]
May be synonymous with Myonycteris (Myonycteris) torquata
Considered to be in the genus Scotonycteris by the IUCN
Not considered valid by the IUCN, but considered valid by ITIS[63]

Footnotes

Eick, G. N.; Jacobs, D. S.; Matthee, C. A. (2005). "A Nuclear DNA Phylogenetic Perspective on the Evolution of Echolocation and Historical Biogeography of Extant Bats (Chiroptera)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (9): 1869–1886. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi180. PMID 15930153.
Tsagkogeorga, G.; Parker, J.; Stupka, E.; Cotton, J. A.; Rossiter, S. J. (2013). "Phylogenomic analyses elucidate the evolutionary relationships of bats". Current Biology. 23 (22): 2262–2267. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.014. PMID 24184098.
Simmons, Nancy B.; Seymour, Kevin L.; Habersetzer, Jörg; Gunnell, Gregg F. (2008). "Primitive Early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation" (PDF). Nature. 451 (7180): 818–21. Bibcode:2008Natur.451..818S. doi:10.1038/nature06549. hdl:2027.42/62816. PMID 18270539. S2CID 4356708.
Simmons, N. B.; Seymour, K. L.; Habersetzer, J.; Gunnell, G. F. (2008). "Primitive Early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation" (PDF). Nature. 451 (7180): 818–821. Bibcode:2008Natur.451..818S. doi:10.1038/nature06549. hdl:2027.42/62816. PMID 18270539. S2CID 4356708.
Pettigrew, J. D.; Maseko, B. C.; Manger, P.R. (2008). "Primate-like retinotectal decussation in an echolocating megabat, Rousettus aegyptiacus". Neuroscience. 153 (1): 226–31. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.02.019. PMID 18367343. S2CID 30649196.
MSW3, p. 313.
Almeida, F. C.; Giannini, N. P.; Simmons, N. B. (2016). "The Evolutionary History of the African Fruit Bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)". Acta Chiropterologica. 18 (1): 73–90. doi:10.3161/15081109ACC2016.18.1.003. S2CID 89415407.
B, J. J.; Alvarez, Y.; Tabarés, E.; Garrido-Pertierra, A.; Ibáñez, C.; Bautista, J. M. (1999). "Phylogeography of African fruitbats (Megachiroptera)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 3 (13): 596–604. doi:10.1006/mpev.1999.0669. PMID 10620416.
Almeida, Francisca C.; Giannini, Norberto P.; DeSalle, Rob; Simmons, Nancy B. (2011). "Evolutionary relationships of the old world fruit bats (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae): Another star phylogeny?". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11 (281): 281. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-281. PMC 3199269. PMID 21961908.
MSW3, p. 334.
MSW3, p. 344.
MSW3, p. 340.
MSW3, p. 345.
MSW3, p. 336.
MSW3, p. 335.
"Possibly Extinct and Possibly Extinct in the Wild Species" (PDF). IUCN Red List. 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
"Pteropus argentatus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
MSW3, p. 337.
MSW3, pp. 337–338.
MSW3, p. 338
MSW3, p. 338.
"Pteropus insularis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Buden, D. W.; Helgen, K. M.; Wiles, G. J. (2013). "Taxonomy, distribution, and natural history of flying foxes (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) in the Mortlock Islands and Chuuk State, Caroline Islands". ZooKeys (345): 97–135. doi:10.3897/zookeys.345.5840. PMC 3817444. PMID 24194666.
MSW3, pp. 340–341.
MSW3, p. 341.
MSW3, p. 342.
MSW3, p. 343.
MSW3, p. 346.
"Pteropus allenorum". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
"Pteropus coxi". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
MSW3, p. 314.
MSW3, p. 328.
MSW3, p. 325.
MSW3, p. 349.
MSW3, p. 327.
"Melonycteris aurantius". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
MSW3, p. 333.
"Desmalopex leucopterus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
"Desmalopex microleucopterus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
MSW3, p. 329.
MSW3, p. 330.
MSW3, pp. 330–331.
MSW3, p. 331.
MSW3, p. 332.
MSW3, p. 318.
MSW3, pp. 346–347.
MSW3, p. 347.
MSW3, p. 348.
MSW3, p. 321.
MSW3, p. 320.
MSW3, p. 319.
"Dobsonia magna". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
MSW3, p. 322.
MSW3, pp. 322–323.
MSW3, p. 323.
MSW3, p. 324.
MSW3, p. 326.
MSW3, p. 316.
MSW3, p. 317.
MSW3, pp. 317–318.
MSW3, p. 315.
MSW3, p. 350.
"Dyacopterus rickarti". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 12 September 2017.

References

Simmons, N.B. (2005). "Order Chiroptera". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 312–529. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

External links

Media related to fruit bats at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to fruit bats at Wikispecies

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[17] Possibly extinct in the wild, last sighted in 1992[16]

[18] Considered synonymous with Pteropus alecto by the IUCN and ITIS, but considered valid by Mammal Species of the World[15]

[20] P. argentatus is a junior synonym[17]

[27] Not evaluated by the IUCN but considered valid by ITIS.[22] Also referred to as Pteropus pelagicus[23]

[32] Possibly extinct in the wild, last sighted before 1930[16]

[35] Considered valid by ITIS[29]

[36] This species is probably extinct.

[38] Considered valid by ITIS[30]

[39] This species is probably extinct.

[41] Sometimes considered synonymous with Pteralopex anceps

[42] Possibly extinct in the wild, last sighted in 1991[16]

[48] Formerly a separate species Melonycteris aurantius (the orange fruit bat) until 1966[36]

[50] Placed in the genus Pteralopex by Mammal Species of the World[37]

[52] Considered as Pteropus leucopterus by the IUCN, but as Desmalopex leucopterus by ITIS[38]

[54] Considered valid by ITIS[39]

[60] May be synonymous with Nyctimene albiventer

[69] Listed as a subspecies of Dobsonia moluccensis by the IUCN, but considered valid by ITIS[52]

[74] May be synonymous with Myonycteris (Myonycteris) torquata

[76] Considered to be in the genus Scotonycteris by the IUCN

[83] Not considered valid by the IUCN, but considered valid by ITIS[63]

[eick-1] Eick, G. N.; Jacobs, D. S.; Matthee, C. A. (2005). "A Nuclear DNA Phylogenetic Perspective on the Evolution of Echolocation and Historical Biogeography of Extant Bats (Chiroptera)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (9): 1869–1886. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi180. PMID 15930153.

[parker-2] Tsagkogeorga, G.; Parker, J.; Stupka, E.; Cotton, J. A.; Rossiter, S. J. (2013). "Phylogenomic analyses elucidate the evolutionary relationships of bats". Current Biology. 23 (22): 2262–2267. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.014. PMID 24184098.

[3] Simmons, Nancy B.; Seymour, Kevin L.; Habersetzer, Jörg; Gunnell, Gregg F. (2008). "Primitive Early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation" (PDF). Nature. 451 (7180): 818–21. Bibcode:2008Natur.451..818S. doi:10.1038/nature06549. hdl:2027.42/62816. PMID 18270539. S2CID 4356708.

[4] Simmons, N. B.; Seymour, K. L.; Habersetzer, J.; Gunnell, G. F. (2008). "Primitive Early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation" (PDF). Nature. 451 (7180): 818–821. Bibcode:2008Natur.451..818S. doi:10.1038/nature06549. hdl:2027.42/62816. PMID 18270539. S2CID 4356708.

[5] Pettigrew, J. D.; Maseko, B. C.; Manger, P.R. (2008). "Primate-like retinotectal decussation in an echolocating megabat, Rousettus aegyptiacus". Neuroscience. 153 (1): 226–31. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.02.019. PMID 18367343. S2CID 30649196.

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[7] Almeida, F. C.; Giannini, N. P.; Simmons, N. B. (2016). "The Evolutionary History of the African Fruit Bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)". Acta Chiropterologica. 18 (1): 73–90. doi:10.3161/15081109ACC2016.18.1.003. S2CID 89415407.

[8] B, J. J.; Alvarez, Y.; Tabarés, E.; Garrido-Pertierra, A.; Ibáñez, C.; Bautista, J. M. (1999). "Phylogeography of African fruitbats (Megachiroptera)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 3 (13): 596–604. doi:10.1006/mpev.1999.0669. PMID 10620416.

[9] Almeida, Francisca C.; Giannini, Norberto P.; DeSalle, Rob; Simmons, Nancy B. (2011). "Evolutionary relationships of the old world fruit bats (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae): Another star phylogeny?". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11 (281): 281. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-281. PMC 3199269. PMID 21961908.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA334_p._334]-10] MSW3, p. 334.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA344_p._344]-11] MSW3, p. 344.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA340_p._340]-12] MSW3, p. 340.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA345_p._345]-13] MSW3, p. 345.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA336_p._336]-14] MSW3, p. 336.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA335_p._335]-15] MSW3, p. 335.

[pe-16] "Possibly Extinct and Possibly Extinct in the Wild Species" (PDF). IUCN Red List. 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.

[19] "Pteropus argentatus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 22 September 2017.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA337_p._337]-21] MSW3, p. 337.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA337_pp._337–338]-22] MSW3, pp. 337–338.

[hypomelanus-23] MSW3, p. 338

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA338_p._338]-24] MSW3, p. 338.

[insularis-25] "Pteropus insularis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 19 September 2017.

[26] Buden, D. W.; Helgen, K. M.; Wiles, G. J. (2013). "Taxonomy, distribution, and natural history of flying foxes (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) in the Mortlock Islands and Chuuk State, Caroline Islands". ZooKeys (345): 97–135. doi:10.3897/zookeys.345.5840. PMC 3817444. PMID 24194666.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA340_pp._340–341]-28] MSW3, pp. 340–341.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA341_p._341]-29] MSW3, p. 341.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA342_p._342]-30] MSW3, p. 342.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA343_p._343]-31] MSW3, p. 343.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA346_p._346]-33] MSW3, p. 346.

[34] "Pteropus allenorum". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 22 September 2017.

[37] "Pteropus coxi". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 22 September 2017.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA314_p._314]-40] MSW3, p. 314.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA328_p._328]-43] MSW3, p. 328.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA325_p._325]-44] MSW3, p. 325.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA349_p._349]-45] MSW3, p. 349.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA327_p._327]-46] MSW3, p. 327.

[47] "Melonycteris aurantius". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 17 September 2017.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA333_p._333]-49] MSW3, p. 333.

[51] "Desmalopex leucopterus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 19 September 2017.

[53] "Desmalopex microleucopterus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 22 September 2017.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA329_p._329]-55] MSW3, p. 329.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA330_p._330]-56] MSW3, p. 330.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA330_pp._330–331]-57] MSW3, pp. 330–331.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA331_p._331]-58] MSW3, p. 331.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA332_p._332]-59] MSW3, p. 332.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA318_p._318]-61] MSW3, p. 318.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA346_pp._346–347]-62] MSW3, pp. 346–347.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA347_p._347]-63] MSW3, p. 347.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA348_p._348]-64] MSW3, p. 348.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA321_p._321]-65] MSW3, p. 321.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA320_p._320]-66] MSW3, p. 320.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA319_p._319]-67] MSW3, p. 319.

[68] "Dobsonia magna". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 13 September 2017.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA322_p._322]-70] MSW3, p. 322.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA322_pp._322–323]-71] MSW3, pp. 322–323.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA323_p._323]-72] MSW3, p. 323.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA324_p._324]-73] MSW3, p. 324.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA326_p._326]-75] MSW3, p. 326.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA316_p._316]-77] MSW3, p. 316.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA317_p._317]-78] MSW3, p. 317.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA317_pp._317–318]-79] MSW3, pp. 317–318.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA315_p._315]-80] MSW3, p. 315.

[FOOTNOTEMSW3[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgAMbNSt8ikCpgPA350_p._350]-81] MSW3, p. 350.

[82] "Dyacopterus rickarti". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 12 September 2017.