List of mustelids

Mustelidae is a family of mammals in the order Carnivora, which includes weasels, badgers, otters, ferrets, martens, minks, and wolverines, and many other extant and extinct genera. A member of this family is called a mustelid; Mustelidae is the largest family in Carnivora, and its extant species are divided into eight subfamilies. They are found on all continents except Antarctica and Australia, and are a diverse family; sizes range, including tails, from the widespread 17 cm (7 in) least weasel to the 1.8-meter (6 ft) giant otter of Amazonian South America. Habitats vary widely as well, from the arboreal marten to the fossorial European badger to the marine sea otter. Population sizes are largely unknown, though one species, the sea mink, was hunted to extinction in 1894 and several other species are endangered. Some types have been domesticated, e.g. the ferret, a subspecies of the European polecat, and some populations of the South American tayra. Mustelidae is one of the oldest families in Carnivora; early mustelids first appeared around 28–33 million years ago.[1]

Six extant mustelid genera left-to-right, top-to-bottom: Martes, Meles, Lutra, Gulo, Mustela, and Mellivora

The 23 genera and 59 species of Mustelidae are split into 8 subfamilies: Guloninae, martens and wolverines; Helictidinae, ferret-badgers; Ictonychinae, African polecats and grisons; Lutrinae, otters; Melinae, Eurasian badgers; Mellivorinae, the honey badger; Mustelinae, weasels and minks; and Taxidiinae, the American badger. In addition to the extant subfamilies, Mustelidae includes three extinct subfamilies designated as Leptarctinae, Mustelavinae, and Oligobuninae. Extinct species have also been placed into all of the extant subfamilies besides Helictidinae, in both extant and extinct genera; around 200 extinct Mustelidae species have been found, as well as fossil genera not given a species name, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.

Conventions

IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (1 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically endangered (0 species)
 EN Endangered (7 species)
 VU Vulnerable (6 species)
 NT Near threatened (6 species)
 LC Least concern (37 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (1 species)
 NE Not evaluated (0 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the mustelid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN red list for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "". Population figures are rounded to the nearest hundred.

Classification

The family Mustelidae consists of 59 extant species belonging to 23 genera and divided into hundreds of extant subspecies, as well the extinct sea mink, which is the only mustelid species to become extinct since prehistoric times. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Modern molecular studies indicate that the 23 genera can be grouped into 8 subfamilies. Some prior classification schemes divided the family solely between the aquatic otters and all other species.

Subfamily Guloninae (Martens and wolverines)

Subfamily Helictidinae (Ferret-badgers)

Subfamily Ictonychinae (African polecats and grisons)

Subfamily Lutrinae (Otters)

Subfamily Melinae (Eurasian badgers)

Subfamily Mellivorinae (Honey badger)

Subfamily Mustelinae (Weasels and minks)

Subfamily Taxidiinae (American badger)

Mustelids

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis; this includes reclassifying Guloninae, Helictidinae, Ictonychinae, Melinae, Mellivorinae, and Taxidiinae as subfamilies rather than as part of a paraphyletic group with Mustelinae. There are several additional proposals which are disputed, such as placing the Asian small-clawed otter as a monotypic genus Amblonyx instead of as part of Aonyx,[2] or separating the Cameroon clawless otter as a separate species from the African clawless otter, which are not included here.[3]

Subfamily Guloninae

Genus Eira (Hamilton Smith, 1842) – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Tayra

E. barbara
Linnaeus, 1758

Central America and northern South America
Size: 60–70 cm (24–28 in) long, plus 35–45 cm (14–18 in) tail[4]

Habitat: Forest and savanna[5]

Diet: Primarily eats fruit, carrion, small vertebrates, insects, and honey[5]
 LC 


Unknown [5]

Genus Gulo (Pallas, 1780) – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Wolverine

G. gulo
Linnaeus, 1758

Arctic North America, Europe, and Asia
Size: 70–105 cm (28–41 in) long, plus 18–26 cm (7–10 in) tail[6]

Habitat: Rocky areas, shrubland, forest, and grassland[7]

Diet: Primarily eats carrion and small to large mammals[7]
 LC 


Unknown [7]

Genus Martes (Pinel, 1792) – seven species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
American marten

M. americana
Turton, 1806

Northern North America
Size: 46–66 cm (18–26 in) long, plus 13–16 cm (5–6 in) tail[8]

Habitat: Forest[9]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents and small mammals, as well as birds, insects, fruit, and carrion[9]
 LC 


Unknown [9]

Beech marten

M. foina
Erxleben, 1777

Europe and central Asia
Size: 40–50 cm (16–20 in) long, plus 22–30 cm (9–12 in) tail[10]

Habitat: Forest, rocky areas, and shrubland[11]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents and small mammals, as well as birds, insects, fruit, and carrion[11]
 LC 


Unknown [11]

European pine marten

M. martes
Linnaeus, 1758

Europe and west Asia
Size: 48–58 cm (19–23 in) long, plus 16–28 cm (6–11 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[13]

Diet: Primarily eats small mammals, birds, and amphibians, as well as carrion[13]
 LC 


Unknown [13]

Japanese marten

M. melampus
Wagner, 1841

Japan (M. m. melampus in green, M. m. tsuensis in red (Tsushima Island))
Size: 47–55 cm (19–22 in) long, plus 17–22 cm (7–9 in) tail[14]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[15]

Diet: Primarily eats fruit, small mammals, and insects[15]
 LC 


Unknown [15]

Nilgiri marten

M. gwatkinsii
Horsfield, 1851
Parts of southern India
Size: 55–65 cm (22–26 in) long, plus 40–45 cm (16–18 in) tail[16]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[17]

Diet: Primarily eats birds, small mammals, and insects[17]
 VU 


1,000 [17]

Sable

M. zibellina
Linnaeus, 1758

Large parts of Russia
Size: 38–56 cm (15–22 in) long, plus 9–12 cm (4–5 in) tail[18]

Habitat: Forest[19]

Diet: Primarily eats small mammals, birds, nuts, and berries[19]
 LC 


2 million [19]

Yellow-throated marten

M. flavigula
Boddaert, 1785

Eastern and southeastern Asia
Size: 50–72 cm (20–28 in) long, plus 33–48 cm (13–19 in) tail[20]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[21]

Diet: Primarily eats birds, small mammals, and insects[21]
 LC 


Unknown [21]

Genus Pekania (Gray, 1865) – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Fisher

P. pennanti
Erxleben, 1777
Northern North America
Size: 75–120 cm (30–47 in) long, plus 31–41 cm (12–16 in) tail[22]

Habitat: Forest[23]

Diet: Primarily eats small to medium mammals, birds, and carrion[23]
 LC 


Unknown [23]

Subfamily Helictidinae

Genus Melogale (I. Saint-Hilaire, 1831) – five species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bornean ferret-badger M. everetti
Thomas, 1895
Small parts of Borneo
Size: 33–44 cm (13–17 in) long, plus 15–23 cm (6–9 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[25]

Diet: Primarily eats invertebrates, amphibians, insects, fruit, and carrion[24][25]
 EN 


Unknown [25]

Burmese ferret-badger

M. personata
I. Saint-Hilaire, 1831

Southeast Asia
Size: 33–44 cm (13–17 in) long, plus 15–23 cm (6–9 in) tail[26]

Habitat: Grassland, shrubland, and forest[27]

Diet: Primarily eats insects and snails, as well as small mammals, frogs, lizards, carrion, birds, eggs, and fruit[26][27]
 LC 


Unknown [27]

Chinese ferret-badger

M. moschata
Gray, 1831

East Asia
Size: 30–43 cm (12–17 in) long, plus 15–21 cm (6–8 in) tail[28]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[29]

Diet: Primarily eats insects, frogs, and carrion[29]
 LC 


Unknown [29]

Javan ferret-badger

M. orientalis
Blanford, 1888

Parts of Java and Indonesia
Size: 35–40 cm (14–16 in) long, plus 14–17 cm (6–7 in) tail[30]

Habitat: Shrubland and forest[31]

Diet: Primarily eats invertebrates and insects[30][31]
 LC 


Unknown [31]

Vietnam ferret-badger M. cucphuongensis
T. Nadler, 2011
Vietnam Size: Unknown

Habitat: Forest[32]

Diet: Unknown[32]
 DD 


Unknown [32]

Subfamily Ictonychinae

Genus Galictis (Bell, 1826) – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Greater grison

G. vittata
Schreber, 1776

Northern South America and Central America
Size: 60–76 cm (24–30 in) long, including tail[33]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[34]

Diet: Primarily eats small mammals, birds, lizards, amphibians, eggs, and fruit[34]
 LC 


Unknown [34]

Lesser grison

G. cuja
Molina, 1782

Southern South America
Size: 28–51 cm (11–20 in) long, plus 12–20 cm (5–8 in) tail[35]

Habitat: Inland wetlands, forest, grassland, and savanna[36]

Diet: Primarily eats small lagomorphs and rodents, as well as birds, frogs, lizards, snakes, and eggs[36]
 LC 


Unknown [36]

Genus Ictonyx (Kaup, 1835) – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Striped polecat

I. striatus
Molina, 1782

Central, Southern, and sub-Saharan Africa
Size: 28–30 cm (11–12 in) long, plus 20–30 cm (8–12 in) tail[37]

Habitat: Grassland, savanna, desert, and shrubland[38]

Diet: Primarily eats insects[38]
 LC 


Unknown [38]

Saharan striped polecat

I. libycus
Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833

Northern, western, and southern edges of the Sahara
Size: 40–47 cm (16–19 in) long, plus 16–19 cm (6–7 in) tail[39]

Habitat: Shrubland and desert[40]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents, small mammals, birds, fish, and insects[39][40]
 LC 


Unknown [40]

Genus Lyncodon (Gervais, 1845) – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Patagonian weasel

L. patagonicus
Blainville, 1842

Argentina
Size: 30–35 cm (12–14 in) long, plus 6–9 cm (2–4 in) tail[41]

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and forest[42]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents and birds[42]
 LC 


Unknown [42]

Genus Poecilogale (Thomas, 1883) – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
African striped weasel

P. albinucha
Gray, 1864

Southern Africa
Size: 25–36 cm (10–14 in) long, plus 13–23 cm (5–9 in) tail[43]

Habitat: Shrubland, forest, savanna, and grassland[44]

Diet: Primarily eats small mammals, rodents, and birds, as well as snakes and insects[43][44]
 LC 


Unknown [44]

Genus Vormela (Blasius, 1884) – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Marbled polecat

V. peregusna
Güldenstädt, 1864

Southeast Europe and central Asia
Size: 28–48 cm (11–19 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[45]

Habitat: Desert, rocky areas, grassland, and shrubland[46]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents and birds[46]
 VU 


Unknown [46]

Subfamily Lutrinae

Genus Aonyx (Lesson, 1827) – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
African clawless otter

A. capensis
Schinz, 1821

Sub-Saharan Africa
Size: 72–95 cm (28–37 in) long, plus 40–60 cm (16–24 in) tail[47]

Habitat: Forest, inland wetlands, neritic marine, coastal marine, intertidal marine, and grassland[48]

Diet: Primarily eats crabs and lobsters, as well as frogs, fish, and insects[47][48]
 NT 


Unknown [48]

Asian small-clawed otter

A. cinerea
Illiger, 1815

Southeast Asia
Size: 40–63 cm (16–25 in) long, plus 25–35 cm (10–14 in) tail[49]

Habitat: Intertidal marine, coastal marine, inland wetlands, forest, shrubland, neritic marine, and grassland[50]

Diet: Primarily eats crabs, molluscs, insects, and small fish, as well as rodents, snakes, and amphibians[50]
 VU 


Unknown [50]

Genus Enhydra (Fleming, 1828) – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Sea otter

E. lutris
Linnaeus, 1758

Western North American coast, eastern Russian coast, northern Japanese coast
Size: 55–130 cm (22–51 in) long, plus 12–33 cm (5–13 in) tail[51]

Habitat: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[52]

Diet: Primarily eats marine invertebrates, as well as fish[52]
 EN 


125,000 [52]

Genus Hydrictis (Pocock, 1921) – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Spotted-necked otter

H. maculicollis
Lichtenstein, 1835
Much of sub-Saharan Africa
Size: 57–69 cm (22–27 in) long, plus 33–44 cm (13–17 in) tail[53]

Habitat: Inland wetlands, neritic marine, forest, coastal marine, and intertidal marine[54]

Diet: Primarily eats frogs, crabs and small water birds[53][54]
 NT 


Unknown [54]

Genus Lontra (Gray, 1843) – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
North American river otter

L. canadensis
Schreber, 1777

Canada and eastern and western America
Size: 66–107 cm (26–42 in) long, plus 31–46 cm (12–18 in) tail[55]

Habitat: Inland wetlands, intertidal marine, neritic marine, and coastal marine[56]

Diet: Primarily eats fish, as well as amphibians and crustaceans[56]
 LC 


Unknown [56]

Southern river otter

L. provocax
Thomas, 1908
Southern Chile and Argentina
Size: 57–70 cm (22–28 in) long, plus 35–46 cm (14–18 in) tail[57]

Habitat: Inland wetlands, coastal marine, neritic marine, and intertidal marine[58]

Diet: Primarily eats fish and crustaceans[58]
 EN 


Unknown [58]

Neotropical otter

L. longicaudis
Olfers, 1818

South and Central America
Size: 50–79 cm (20–31 in) long, plus 37–57 cm (15–22 in) tail[59]

Habitat: Coastal marine, inland wetlands, neritic marine, and intertidal marine[60]

Diet: Primarily eats fish, as well as crustaceans, insects, amphibians, and molluscs[60]
 NT 


Unknown [60]

Marine otter

L. felina
Molina, 1782
West coast of South America
Size: 57–79 cm (22–31 in) long, plus 30–36 cm (12–14 in) tail[61]

Habitat: Coastal marine, intertidal marine, oceanic marine, and neritic marine[62]

Diet: Primarily eats crustaceans and molluscs, as well as fish, birds, and small mammals[62]
 EN 


Unknown [62]

Genus Lutra (Brisson, 1762) – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Eurasian otter

L. lutra
Linnaeus, 1758

Europe, north Africa, and large regions of Asia
Size: 57–70 cm (22–28 in) long, plus 35–40 cm (14–16 in) tail[63]

Habitat: Inland wetlands, forest, grassland, coastal marine, neretic marine, intertidal marine, and shrubland[64]

Diet: Primarily eats fish, as well as insects, reptiles, amphibians, birds, small mammals, and crustaceans[64]
 NT 


Unknown [64]

Hairy-nosed otter

L. sumatrana
Gray, 1865
Scattered parts of southeast Asia
Size: 50–82 cm (20–32 in) long, plus 35–50 cm (14–20 in) tail[65]

Habitat: Inland wetlands, neritic marine, shrubland, grassland, forest, coastal marine, and intertidal marine[66]

Diet: Primarily eats fish and water snakes, as well as frogs, lizards, turtles, and crabs[66]
 EN 


Unknown [66]

Genus Lutrogale (Gray, 1865) – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Smooth-coated otter

L. perspicillata
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1826

South and southeast Asia
Size: 65–79 cm (26–31 in) long, plus 40–50 cm (16–20 in) tail[67]

Habitat: Inland wetlands, forest, grassland, coastal marine, neritic marine, intertidal marine, and shrubland[68]

Diet: Primarily eats fish, as well as shrimp, crabs, and insects[68]
 VU 


Unknown [68]

Genus Pteronura (Gray, 1837) – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Giant otter

P. brasiliensis
Gmelin, 1788

North and central South America
Size: 96–123 cm (38–48 in) long, plus 45–65 cm (18–26 in) tail[69]

Habitat: Inland wetlands, coastal marine, neritic marine, and forest[70]

Diet: Primarily eats fish, as well as caiman and turtles[70]
 EN 


Unknown [70]

Subfamily Melinae

Genus Arctonyx (F.Cuvier, 1825) – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Hog badger

A. collaris
F. Cuvier, 1825

East and southeast Asia
Size: 55–70 cm (22–28 in) long, plus 12–17 cm (5–7 in) tail[71]

Habitat: Forest, grassland, shrubland, and savanna[72]

Diet: Believed to primarily eat worms[72]
 VU 


Unknown [72]

Genus Meles (Brisson, 1762) – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Asian badger

M. leucurus
Hodgson, 1847

Central and east Asia
Size: 49–70 cm (19–28 in) long, plus 13–21 cm (5–8 in) tail[73]

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and forest[74]

Diet: Omnivorous; eats fruit, nuts, plants, earthworms, insects, eggs, carrion, and small mammals[74]
 LC 


Unknown [74]

European badger

M. meles
Linnaeus, 1758

Europe and west Asia
Size: 56–90 cm (22–35 in) long, plus 11–20 cm (4–8 in) tail[75]

Habitat: Grassland, forest, desert, and shrubland[76]

Diet: Omnivorous; eats fruit, nuts, plants, earthworms, insects, eggs, carrion, and small mammals[76]
 LC 


Unknown [76]

Japanese badger

M. anakuma
Temminck, 1844
Japan
Size: 70–79 cm (28–31 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[77]

Habitat: Forest[78]

Diet: Primarily eats earthworms and insects, as well as fruit[78]
 LC 


Unknown [78]

Subfamily Mellivorinae

Genus Mellivora (Gottlieb Conrad Christian Storr, 1780) – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Honey badger

M. capensis
Schreber, 1776

Africa, Middle East, and India
Size: 73–96 cm (29–38 in) long, plus 14–23 cm (6–9 in) tail[79]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, savanna, and desert[80]

Diet: Primarily eats smaller mammals[80]
 LC 


Unknown [80]

Subfamily Mustelinae

Genus Mustela (Linnaeus, 1758) – seventeen species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Amazon weasel M. africana
Desmarest, 1818

Amazon basin
Size: 41–52 cm (16–20 in) long, plus 16–21 cm (6–8 in) tail[81]

Habitat: Inland wetlands and forest[82]

Diet: Unknown[83][82]
 LC 


Unknown [82]

Back-striped weasel

M. strigidorsa
Gray, 1855
Parts of southeast Asia
Size: 30–36 cm (12–14 in) long, plus 18–20 cm (7–8 in) tail[84]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[85]

Diet: Unknown, but believed to eat rodents and insects[84][85]
 LC 


Unknown [85]

Black-footed ferret

M. nigripes
Audubon, 1851
Three small areas in central United States
Size: 50–53 cm (20–21 in) long, plus 11–13 cm (4–5 in) tail[86]

Habitat: Shrubland and grassland[87]

Diet: Primarily eats prairie dogs[87]
 EN 


200 [87]

Colombian weasel M. felipei
Izor and Torre, 1978
Small area of northwest South America
Size: 32–39 cm (13–15 in) long, plus 10–14 cm (4–6 in) tail[88]

Habitat: Inland wetlands and forest[89]

Diet: Unknown, but believed to eat fish, small mammals, and insects[90][89]
 VU 


1,300 [89]

Egyptian weasel

M. subpalmata
Hemprich, 1833
Nile river delta in Egypt
Size: 32–43 cm (13–17 in) long, plus 9–13 cm (4–5 in) tail[91]

Habitat: Urban, marine[92]

Diet: Primarily eats fruit and vegetables, birds, and insects[93][92]
 LC 


Unknown [92]

European mink

M. lutreola
Linnaeus, 1761

Scattered parts of west Asia and west Europe
Size: 35–43 cm (14–17 in) long, plus 15–19 cm (6–7 in) tail[94]

Habitat: Inland wetlands[95]

Diet: Primarily eats amphibians, crustaceans, fish, small mammals, insects, and birds[95]
 CR 


Unknown [95]

European polecat

M. putorius
Linnaeus, 1758

Europe and west Asia
Size: 29–46 cm (11–18 in) long, plus 8–17 cm (3–7 in) tail[96]

Habitat: Inland wetlands, coastal marine, grassland, forest, and shrubland[97]

Diet: Primarily eats lagomorphs, rodents, amphibians, and other vertebrates, as well as invertebrates and carrion[97]
 LC 


Unknown [97]

Indonesian mountain weasel M. lutreolina
Robinson, 1917
Scattered parts of Indonesia
Size: 27–33 cm (11–13 in) long, plus 13–17 cm (5–7 in) tail[98]

Habitat: Shrubland and forest[99]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents, as well as small mammals, birds, amphibians, and eggs[98][99]
 LC 


Unknown [99]

Japanese weasel

M. itatsi
Temminck, 1844
Japan (native range in blue, introduced in red (Hokkaido))
Size: 21–36 cm (8–14 in) long, plus 7–16 cm (3–6 in) tail[100]

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and forest[101]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents, insects, amphibians, and reptiles[101]
 NT 


Unknown [101]

Least weasel

M. nivalis
Linnaeus, 1766

Europe, Asia, northern Africa, northern North America
Size: 11–26 cm (4–10 in) long, plus 1–9 cm (0–4 in) tail[102]

Habitat: Forest, inland wetlands, rocky areas, coastal marine, shrubland, and grassland[103]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents and other small mammals as well as eggs, lizards, frogs, salamanders, fish, worms, and carrion[103]
 LC 


Unknown [103]

Long-tailed weasel

M. frenata
Lichtenstein, 1831

North America, Central America, and northern South America
Size: 28–42 cm (11–17 in) long, plus 11–30 cm (4–12 in) tail[104]

Habitat: Inland wetlands, grassland, and shrubland[105]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents and other small mammals[105]
 LC 


Unknown [105]

Malayan weasel M. nudipes
Desmarest, 1822

Southeast Asia
Size: 30–36 cm (12–14 in) long, plus 24–26 cm (9–10 in) tail[106]

Habitat: Shrubland and forest[107]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents, as well as small birds, lizards, and insects[106][107]
 LC 


Unknown [107]

Mountain weasel

M. altaica
Pallas, 1811

Central Asia and northern India Size: 22–29 cm (9–11 in) long, plus 9–15 cm (4–6 in) tail[108]

Habitat: Shrubland, rocky areas, and grassland[109]

Diet: Primarily eats pikas, rodents, small birds, lizards, and insects[109]
 NT 


Unknown [109]

Siberian weasel

M. sibirica
Pallas, 1773

North-central and east Asia (native range in green, introduced in red (Japan))
Size: 25–39 cm (10–15 in) long, plus 13–21 cm (5–8 in) tail[110]

Habitat: Grassland, shrubland, forest, and rocky areas[111]

Diet: Primarily eats small mammals, amphibians, fish, carrion, and pine nuts[111]
 LC 


Unknown [111]

Steppe polecat

M. eversmanii
Lesson, 1827

Central Asia and eastern Europe
Size: 29–56 cm (11–22 in) long, plus 8–18 cm (3–7 in) tail[112]

Habitat: Grassland and shrubland[113]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents and pikas[113]
 LC 


Unknown [113]

Stoat

M. erminea
Linnaeus, 1758

Europe, north Asia, northern North America, and Greenland (native range in green, introduced in red (New Zealand))
Size: 17–33 cm (7–13 in) long, plus 4–12 cm (2–5 in) tail[114]

Habitat: Shrubland, inland wetlands, grassland, rocky areas, and forest[115]

Diet: Primarily eats small mammals, as well as fruit, earthworms, insects, eggs, and birds[115]
 LC 


Unknown [115]

Yellow-bellied weasel

M. kathiah
Hodgson, 1835

Himalayan mountains and east-southeast Asia
Size: 25–27 cm (10–11 in) long, plus 12–15 cm (5–6 in) tail[116]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[117]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents, as well as birds and small mammals[116][117]
 LC 


Unknown [117]

Genus Neovison (Baryshnikov and Abramov, 1997) – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
American mink

N. vison
Schreber, 1777

Canada and United States, and large areas in South America, Europe, and Asia (native range in red (North America), introduced in pink)
Size: 31–45 cm (12–18 in) long, plus 14–25 cm (6–10 in) tail[118]

Habitat: Inland wetlands, forest, and shrubland[119]

Diet: Primarily eats fish, amphibians, crustaceans, muskrats, and small mammals[119]
 LC 


Unknown [119]

Sea mink

N. macrodon
Prentiss, 1903
Northeast United States
Size: Estimated to have been around 91 cm (36 in) long, plus 25 cm (10 in) tail[120]

Habitat: Intertidal marine, neritic marine, and coastal marine[121]

Diet: Primarily ate fish as well as molluscs[121]
 EX 


0 [121]

Subfamily Taxidiinae

Genus Taxidea (Horsfield, 1839) – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
American badger

T. taxus
Schreber, 1777

United States and southern Canada
Size: 42–72 cm (17–28 in) long, plus 10–16 cm (4–6 in) tail[122]

Habitat: Forest, grassland, and shrubland[123]

Diet: Primarily eats fossorial rodents, as well as scorpions, insects, snakes, lizards, and birds[123]
 LC 


Unknown [123]

Prehistoric mustelids

In addition to extant mustelids, a number of prehistoric species have been discovered and classified as a part of Mustelidae. Morphogenic and molecular phylogenic research has placed them within the extant subfamilies Guloninae, Ictonychinae, Lutrinae, Melinae, Mellivorinae, Mustelinae, and Taxidiinae, as well as the extinct subfamilies Leptarctinae, Mustelavinae, and Oligobuninae. There is no generally accepted classification of extinct mustelid species, and many discovered species have not been placed within any subfamily. The species listed here are based on data from the Paleobiology Database, unless otherwise cited. Where available, the approximate time period the species was extant is given in millions of years before the present (Mya), also based on data from the Paleobiology Database.[124] All listed species are extinct; where a genus or subfamily within Mustelidae comprises only extinct species, it is indicated with a dagger symbol .

  • Subfamily Guloninae
    • Genus Canimartes
      • C. cumminsii
    • Genus Ferinestrix (4.9–1.8 Mya)
      • F. vorax (4.9–1.8 Mya)
    • Genus Gulo
      • G. diaphorus
      • G. primigenius (12–5.3 Mya)
      • G. sudorus (11–1.8 Mya)
    • Genus Iberictis (16–11 Mya)
      • I. azanzae (16–11 Mya)
      • I. buloti (16–13 Mya)
    • Genus Ischyrictis (16–12 Mya)
    • Genus Pekania
      • P. diluviana (1.8–0.3 Mya)
      • P. occulta (11–4.9 Mya)
      • P. palaeosinensis
    • Genus Plesiogulo (11–4.9 Mya)
      • P. lindsayi (11–4.9 Mya)
      • P. marshalli (11–4.9 Mya)
    • Genus Plionictis (16–4.9 Mya)
      • P. oaxacaensis (16–13 Mya)
      • P. ogygia (16–10 Mya)
      • P. oregonensis (11–4.9 Mya)
    • Genus Sthenictis
      • S. bellus (21–15 Mya)
      • S. dolichops (16–13 Mya)
      • S. junturensis (23–5.3 Mya)
      • S. lacota (14–10 Mya)
      • S. robustus
  • Subfamily Ictonychinae
    • Genus Cernictis (11–4.9 Mya)
      • C. hesperus (11–4.9 Mya)
      • C. repenningi (11–4.9 Mya)
    • Genus Enhydrictis (2.6–0.12 Mya)
      • E. ardea (2.6–0.12 Mya)
    • Genus Lutravus (10.3–4.9 Mya)
      • L. halli (10.3–4.9 Mya)
    • Genus Oriensictis
    • Genus Pannonictis (2.6–0.78 Mya)
      • P. pliocaenica (2.6–0.78 Mya)
    • Genus Sminthosinis (4.9–1.8 Mya)
      • S. bowleri (4.9–1.8 Mya)
    • Genus Stipanicicia (1.2–0.78 Mya)
    • Genus Trigonictis (1.8–0.3 Mya)
    • Genus Trochictis (15–9.7 Mya)
  • Subfamily Leptarctinae
    • Genus Craterogale
      • C. simus (21–15 Mya)
    • Genus Leptarctus
      • L. ancipidens (16–13 Mya)
      • L. martini (16–13 Mya)
      • L. mummorum (14–10 Mya)
      • L. neimenguensis
      • L. oregonensis (16–13 Mya)
      • L. primus (16–13 Mya)
      • L. progressus
      • L. supremus (11–4.9 Mya)
      • L. webbi (14–10 Mya)
      • L. woodburnei (11–5.3 Mya)
      • L. wortmani (14–10 Mya)
    • Genus Trocharion
      • T. albanense (16–11 Mya)
  • Subfamily Lutrinae
    • Genus Aonyx
      • A. antiqua (0.79–0.12 Mya)
    • Genus Cyrnaonyx (0.79–0.12 Mya)
      • C. antiqua (0.79–0.12 Mya)
    • Genus Enhydra
      • E. macrodonta (0.3–0.012 Mya)
      • E. reevei (2.6–1.8 Mya)
    • Genus Enhydriodon
      • E. aethiopicus
      • E. africanus (3.6–2.5 Mya)
      • E. dikikae (5.4–3.6 Mya)
      • E. ekecaman (5.4–3.6 Mya)
      • E. falconeri (5.4–2.5 Mya)
      • E. latipes
      • E. sivalensis (3.6–2.5 Mya)
      • E. hendeyi[125]
    • Genus Lontra
      • L. weiri (5.4–2.5 Mya)
    • Genus Lutra
      • L. affinis (5.4–2.5 Mya)
      • L. bravardi (2.6–1.8 Mya)
      • L. bressana (2.6–0.012 Mya)
      • L. castiglionis (0.79–0.12 Mya)
      • L. fatimazohrae (3.6–2.5 Mya)
      • L. franconica (29–23 Mya)
      • L. hessica
      • L. licenti
      • L. lybica
      • L. maculicollis (0.13–0.012 Mya)
      • L. palaeoleptonyx
      • L. simplicidens (0.79–0.12 Mya)
      • L. sumatrana
    • Genus Lutraeximia (2.6–0.012 Mya)
      • L. trinacriae (2.6–0.012 Mya)
      • L. umbra (2.6–0.78 Mya)
    • Genus Lutrictis
      • L. lycopotamicus
    • Genus Lutrogale
      • L. cretensis (0.13–0.012 Mya)
    • Genus Megencephalon
      • M. primaevus
    • Genus Nesolutra (2.6–0.12 Mya)
      • N. euxena (2.6–0.12 Mya)
    • Genus Paludolutra (8.7–3.2 Mya)
      • P. campanii (8.7–5.3 Mya)
      • P. lluecai (5.4–3.2 Mya)
      • P. maremmana (8.7–5.3 Mya)
    • Genus Sardolutra (2.6–0.12 Mya)
      • S. ichnusae (2.6–0.12 Mya)
    • Genus Siamogale
    • Genus Teruelictis (9.7–8.7 Mya)
      • T. riparius (9.7–8.7 Mya)
    • Genus Tyrrhenolutra
      • T. helbingi (8.7–5.3 Mya)
  • Subfamily Melinae
    • Genus Algarolutra (2.6–0.012 Mya)
      • A. majori (2.6–0.012 Mya)
    • Genus Arctomeles (11–1.8 Mya)
      • A. dimolodontus (11–1.8 Mya)
      • A. sotnikovae (5.4–3.6 Mya)
    • Genus Cyrnolutra
    • Genus Enhydritherium (14–4.9 Mya)
    • Genus Meles
      • M. iberica (2.6–0.78 Mya)
      • M. thorali (2.6–1.8 Mya)
    • Genus Limnonyx
      • L. pontica (12–5.3 Mya)
      • L. sinerizi
    • Genus Megalenhydris (0.13–0.012 Mya)
      • M. barbaricina (0.13–0.012 Mya)
    • Genus Melodon (16–5.3 Mya)
    • Genus Mionictis (21–7.2 Mya)
      • M. angustidens (14–10 Mya)
      • M. artenensis (17–15 Mya)
      • M. dubia (12–7.2 Mya)
      • M. elegans (21–15 Mya)
      • M. incertus (21–15 Mya)
      • M. letifer (21–15 Mya)
      • M. pristinus (14–10 Mya)
    • Genus Paralutra
      • P. garganensis (12–5.3 Mya)
      • P. jaegeri (12–9.7 Mya)
      • P. lorteti (17–15 Mya)
      • P. transdanubica
    • Genus Pelycictis
    • Genus Promeles (8.7–5.3 Mya)
    • Genus Satherium
  • Subfamily Mellivorinae
  • Subfamily Mustelinae
    • Genus Baranogale
      • B. antiqua (2.6–1.8 Mya)
      • B. balcanica
      • B. helbingi (7.3–2.5 Mya)
    • Genus Dinogale (21–15 Mya)
      • D. siouxensis (21–15 Mya)
    • Genus Lartetictis (14–2.5 Mya)
      • L. dubia (14–2.5 Mya)
    • Genus Legionarictis (16–13 Mya)
      • L. fortidens (16–13 Mya)
    • Genus Martes
      • M. campestris (14–10 Mya)
      • M. caurina
      • M. foxi (4.9–1.8 Mya)
      • M. gazini (16–13 Mya)
      • M. intermedius
      • M. khelifensis (16–11 Mya)
      • M. kinseyi (16–13 Mya)
      • M. melampus
      • M. parviloba (16–13 Mya)
      • M. stirtoni (14–10 Mya)
      • M. vetus (2.6–0.78 Mya)
    • Genus Mustela
      • M. buwaldi
      • M. eversmannii (0.78–0.012 Mya)
      • M. furo
      • M. jacksoni (2.6–0.78 Mya)
      • M. meltoni (4.9–1.8 Mya)
      • M. ogygia
      • M. palaeattica (12–7.2 Mya)
      • M. palermina
      • M. praenivalis (2.6–0.12 Mya)
      • M. rexroadensis (4.9–1.8 Mya)
      • M. spelaea
    • Genus Putorius
      • P. nambianus
      • P. stromeri (2.6–0.78 Mya)
    • Genus Tisisthenes (1.8–0.3 Mya)
      • T. parvus (1.8–0.3 Mya)
    • Genus Vormela
      • V. beremendensis
  • Subfamily Mustelavinae
    • Genus Mustelavus (34–24 Mya)
      • M. priscus (34–24 Mya)
  • Subfamily Oligobuninae
    • Genus Brachypsalis (24–5.3 Mya)
      • B. hyaenoides (24–5.3 Mya)
      • B. matutinus (21–15 Mya)
      • B. modicus (16–13 Mya)
      • B. obliquidens (16–13 Mya)
      • B. pachycephalus (16–13 Mya)
    • Genus Corumictis (34–28 Mya)[127]
      • C. wolsani (34–28 Mya)[127]
    • Genus Floridictis (21–15 Mya)
      • F. kerneri (21–15 Mya)
    • Genus Megalictis
      • M. ferox (25–20 Mya)
      • M. frazieri (25–20 Mya)
      • M. petersoni
    • Genus Oligobunis (24–15 Mya)
      • O. crassivultus (24–15 Mya)
      • O. floridanus (21–15 Mya)
    • Genus Parabrachypsalis (21–15 Mya)
      • P. janisae (21–15 Mya)
    • Genus Paroligobunis
    • Genus Promartes
      • P. darbyi (27–24 Mya)
      • P. fossor
      • P. gemmarosae (31–20 Mya)
      • P. lepidus (21–15 Mya)
      • P. olcotti (25–20 Mya)
      • P. vantasselensis (25–20 Mya)
    • Genus Zodiolestes (25–15 Mya)
      • Z. daimonelixensis (25–20 Mya)
      • Z. freundi (21–15 Mya)
  • Subfamily Taxidiinae
    • Genus Chamitataxus (11–4.9 Mya)
      • C. avitus (11–4.9 Mya)
    • Genus Pliotaxidea
      • P. garberi (11–4.9 Mya)
      • P. nevadensis (11–5.3 Mya)
    • Genus Taxidea
      • T. mexicana (11–4.9 Mya)
  • Unclassified
    • Genus Acheronictis (31–20 Mya)
      • A. webbi (31–20 Mya)
    • Genus Arikarictis (25–20 Mya)
      • A. chapini (25–20 Mya)
    • Genus Brevimalictis (16–13 Mya)
      • B. chikasha (16–13 Mya)
    • Genus Circamustela (12–8.7 Mya)
    • Genus Erokomellivora (11–2.6 Mya)
    • Genus Franconictis
      • F. huilidens
      • F. vireti (23–20 Mya)
    • Genus Kenyalutra
    • Genus Kinometaxia
    • Genus Laphyctis
    • Genus Luogale
    • Genus Marcetia (12–8.7 Mya)
    • Genus Matanomictis (29–23 Mya)
      • M. maniyarensis (29–23 Mya)
    • Genus Melidellavus (16–11 Mya)
    • Genus Mellalictis (16–11 Mya)
      • M. mellalensis (16–11 Mya)
    • Genus Mesomephitis
    • Genus Miomustela (16–13 Mya)
      • M. madisonae (16–13 Mya)
    • Genus Mustelictis
      • M. olivieri (34–28 Mya)
      • M. robustus
    • Genus Namibictis (24–11 Mya)
      • N. senuti (24–11 Mya)
    • Genus Negodiaetictis (16–13 Mya)
      • N. rugatrulleum (16–13 Mya)
    • Genus Palaeomeles
    • Genus Paragale
    • Genus Parataxidea (16–2.5 Mya)
    • Genus Perunium
    • Genus Plesictis (29–20 Mya)
    • Genus Plesiogale (24–5.3 Mya)
      • P. postfelina (24–5.3 Mya)
    • Genus Plesiomeles
    • Genus Poecilictis (3.6–2.5 Mya)
    • Genus Prepoecilogale
    • Genus Presictis
    • Genus Promellivora
    • Genus Proputorius (16–7.2 Mya)
    • Genus Protarctos (5.4–2.5 Mya)
    • Genus Pyctis (34–28 Mya)
      • P. inamatus (34–28 Mya)
    • Genus Sabadellictis
    • Genus Semantor (5.4–2.5 Mya)
      • S. macrurus (5.4–2.5 Mya)
    • Genus Sinictis
    • Genus Sivalictis
    • Genus Sivaonyx
      • S. bathygnatha
      • S. gandakasensis (12–7.2 Mya)
      • S. hendeyi (24–2.5 Mya)
      • S. hessicus (12–5.3 Mya)
      • S. kamuhangirei (5.4–3.6 Mya)
      • S. lehmani (8.7–5.3 Mya)
      • S. senutae (12–5.3 Mya)
      • S. soriae (7.3–5.3 Mya)
    • Genus Taxodon (16–9.7 Mya)
    • Genus Torolutra (5.4–3.6 Mya)
    • Genus Trochotherium (13–11 Mya)
    • Genus Vishnuonyx (16–11 Mya)
      • V. chinjiensis (16–11 Mya)
    • Genus Xenictis (2.6–0.78 Mya)
    • Genus Zorilla

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