List of state leaders in 1621
Africa
- Benin Empire – Ohuan, Oba of Benin (1602–1656)
- Kingdom of Dahomey – Dakodonou (1620–1645)
- Dendi Kingdom – Askia Dawud I (1618–1639)
- Denkyira - Mumunumfi, King of Akan state of Denkyira (1588-1624)
- Ethiopian Empire – Susenyos (1606–1632)
- Kingdom of Garo – Magela, Bosha dynasty King of Garo (1600–1630)
- Kingdom of Jolof – Birayma Penda (1605–1649)
- Kingdom of Kongo – Álvaro III (1615–1622)
- Kingdom of Lunda – Cibind Yirung (c. 1600 – c. 1630)
- Kingdom of Matamba – Mwongo Matamba (c. 1600 – 1631)
- Merina Kingdom – Andrianjaka (1612–1630)
- Kingdom of Mutapa – Gatsi Rusere (1589–1623)
- Kingdom of Ndongo – Ngola Nzinga Mbandi (1617–1624)
- Kingdom of Rwanda - Mibamwe II Sekarongoro II Gisanura (1609–1642)
- Sennar Sultanate – Rabat I (1616–1644)
Asia
- Aceh Sultanate – Iskandar Muda (1607–1636)
- Ahmadnagar Sultanate –
- Burhan Shah III, Sultan (1610–1631)
- Malik Ambar, Prime Minister (1607–1626)
- Ahom kingdom- Susenghphaa (1603–1641)
- Altan Khanate – Ubasi Khong Tayiji (1609–1623)
- Ayutthaya Kingdom – Songtham (1620–1628)
- Baltistan (Maqpon dynasty) - Ali Sher Khan Anchan (1580-1624)
- Sultanate of Banten – Pangeran Ratu (1596–1651)
- Bhutan – Ngawang Namgyal, Shabdrung of Bhutan (1616–1651)
- Bijapur Sultanate – Ibrahim Adil Shah II (1580–1627)
- Sultanate of Brunei – Abdul Jalilul Akbar (1598–1659)
- Khanate of Bukhara – Imam Quli Khan (1611–1642)
- Burma (Taungoo dynasty) – Anaukpetlun (1606–1628)
- Cambodia – Chey Chattha II (1618–1628)
- China (Ming dynasty) - Tianqi Emperor (1620–1627)
- Golconda Sultanate – Muhammad Qutb Shah (1611–1625)
- Japan (Edo period)
- Monarch – Emperor Go-Mizunoo (1611–1629)
- Shōgun (Tokugawa) – Tokugawa Hidetada (1605–1623)
- Ryukyu Kingdom – Shō Hō (1621–1640)
- Johor Sultanate – Abdullah Ma'ayat Shah (1615–1623)
- Kingdom of Kandy – Senarat (1604–1635)
- Kazakh Khanate – Esim Khan (1598–1628)
- Kedah Sultanate – Sulaiman Shah II (1602–1625)
- Korea (Joseon Dynasty) – Gwanghaegun (1608–1623)
- Sultanate of Maguindanao – Muhammad Kudarat (1619–1671)
- Later Jin (Manchu Empire) - Nurhaci (1616–1626)
- Mataram Sultanate – Agung (c. 1613 – 1645)
- Mongolia (Northern Yuan dynasty) - Ligdan Khan, Great Khan of the Mongols (1603–1634)
- Mughal Empire – Jahangir (1605–1627)
- Pattani Kingdom – Ratu Biru, Sultana of Pattani (1616–1624)
- Sultanate of Sulu – Muwallil Wasit I (1610–1650)
- Đại Việt (Lê dynasty) - Lê Thần Tông, Emperor of Vietnam (1619–1643)
- Vijayanagara Empire – Rama Deva Raya (1617–1632)
- Zunghar Khanate – Kharkhul (c. 1620–1634)
Europe
- Andorra – Luís Díes Aux de Armendáriz, Co-Prince of Andorra (with King Louis XIII of France), (1621–1627)
- Kingdom of Denmark–Norway – Christian IV (1588–1648)
- Kingdom of England – James I (1603–1625)
- Kingdom of France – Louis XIII (1610–1643)
- Republic of Genoa –
- Pietro Durazzo, Doge of Genoa (1619–1621)
- Ambrogio Doria, Doge of Genoa (1621)
- Giorgio Centurione, Doge of Genoa (1621–1623)
- Holy Roman Empire – Ferdinand II (1619–1637)
- Kingdom of Imereti – George III (1605–1639)
- Kingdom of Kartli (1484–1762) – Simon II (1619–1630)
- Giorgi Saakadze, Regent and Grand Mouravi of Kartli (1619–1626)
- Principality of Moldavia –
- Alexandru Iliaş (1620–1621)
- Ştefan IX Tomşa (1621–1623)
- Principality of Monaco – Honoré II (1604–1662)
- Ottoman Empire – Osman II (1618–1622)
- Papal States –
- Pope Paul V (1605–1621)
- Pope Gregory XV (1621–1623)
- Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth – Sigismund III Vasa (1587–1632)
- Tsardom of Russia – Michael I (1613–1645)
- Kingdom of Scotland – James VI
- Kingdom of Spain and Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves –
- Philip III of Spain and II of Portugal (1598–1621)
- Philip IV of Spain (1621–1665) and III of Portugal (1621–1640)
- Swedish Empire – Gustavus Adolphus (1611–1632)
- Grand Duchy of Tuscany –
- Cosimo II (1609–1621)
- Ferdinando II (1621–1670)
- Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria and Christina of Lorraine, Co-Regents of Tuscany (1621–1628)
- United Provinces
- Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
- Stadtholder - Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Gelre, Holland, Utrecht and Zeeland (1585–1625)
- Holland – Grand Pensionary -
- Andries de Witt (1619–1621)
- Anthonie Duyck (1621–1629)
- Holland – Grand Pensionary -
- Republic of Venice – Antonio Priuli, Doge of Venice (1618–1623)
- Principality of Wallachia – Radu Mihnea (1620–1623)
Middle East and North Africa
- Sultanate of Morocco (Saadi dynasty) – Zidan Abu Maali (1603–1627)
- Oman – Abdulla bin Muhammad, Imam of Oman (1560–1624)
- Safavid Empire – Abbas I, Shah of Iran (1587–1629)
- Yemen – Al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad, Imam of Yemen (1620–1644)
Oceania
- Hawaii – Keakealanikane, Alii Nui of Hawaii (1605–1635)
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