Baltistan

Skardu, capital of Baltistan

The 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica characterises Baltistan as the western extremity of Tibet,[8] whose natural limits are the Indus river from its abrupt southward bend around the map point 35.86°N 74.72°E / 35.86; 74.72 (Bend in the Indus course) and the mountains to the north and west. These features separate a comparatively peaceful Tibetan population from the fiercer Indo-Aryan tribes to the west. Muslim writers around the 16th century speak of Baltistan as the "Little Tibet", and of Ladakh as the "Great Tibet", emphasising their ethnological similarity.[8] According to Ahmad Hassan Dani, Baltistan spreads upwards from the Indus river and is separated from Ladakh by the Siachen glacier.[9] It includes the Indus valley and the lower valley of the Shyok river.[10]

Baltistan is a rocky mass of lofty mountains, the prevailing formation being gneiss. In the north is the Baltoro Glacier, the largest out of the arctic regions, 56 kilometres (35 mi) long, contained between two ridges whose highest peaks to the south are 7,600 m (25,000 ft) and to the north 8,615 m (28,265 ft).[8]

The Indus river runs in a narrow gorge, widening after receiving the Shyok river at 35.23°N 75.92°E / 35.23; 75.92 (Shyok joins Indus). It then forms a 32-kilometre (20 mi) crescent-shaped plain varying between 2 and 8 kilometres (1 and 5 mi) wide.[11] The main inhabitable valleys of Kharmang Khaplu, Skardu and Roundu are along the routes of these rivers.

Ahmed Shah, the last Maqpon king before the 1840 Dogra invasion

For centuries, Baltistan consisted of small, independent valley states connected by the blood relationships of its rulers (rajas), trade, common beliefs and cultural and linguistic bonds.[12] The states were subjugated by the Dogra rulers of Kashmir during the 19th century.[13] On 29 August 2009 the government of Pakistan announced the creation of Gilgit–Baltistan, a provincial autonomous region with Gilgit as its capital and Skardu its largest city.

Baltistan was known as Little Tibet, and the name was extended to include Ladakh.[8] Ladakh later became known as Great Tibet. Locally, Baltistan is known as Baltiyul and Ladakh and Baltistan are known as Maryul ("red country").[14]

Origins

Tibetan Khampa entered in Khaplu through Chorbat Valley and Dardic tribes came to Baltistan through Roundu Valley from Gilgit prior to civilization, and these groups eventually settled down, creating the Balti people.[15]

Skardu in 1800

Today, the people of Kharmang and Western Khaplu have Tibetan features and those in Skardu, Shigar and the eastern villages of Khaplu are Dards.[16] It was believed that the Balti people were in the sphere of influence of Zhangzhung. Baltistan was controlled by the Tibetan king in 686. Culturally influenced by Tibet, the Bon and animist Baltis began to adopt Tibetan Buddhism. Religious artifacts such as gompas and stupas were built, and lamas played an important role in Balti life.[17] [18][19] During the 14th century, Muslim scholars from Kashmir crossed Baltistan's mountainous terrain to spread Islam.[20] The Noorbakshia Sufi order further propagated the faith in Baltistan and Islam became dominant by the end of the 17th century. With the passage of time a large number also converted to Shia Islam and a few converted to Sunni Islam.[21]

Typical Balti village

The Kharmang came under the control of the Namgyal royal family and developed a close relationship with Ladakh when the raja of Ladakh, Jamyang Mangyal, attacked the principalities in Kargil. Mangyal annihilated the Skardu garrison at Kharbu and put to the sword a number of petty Muslim rulers in the principalities of Purik (Kargil). Ali Sher Khan Anchan, raja of Khaplu and Shigar, left with a strong army via Marol. Passing the Laddakhi army, he occupied Leh (the capital of Ladakh) and the raja of Ladakh was taken prisoner.[22][23][24]

Ali Sher Khan Anchan included Gilgit and Chitral in his kingdom of Baltistan,[25] reportedly a flourishing country. The valley from Khepchne to Kachura was flat and fertile, with abundant fruit trees; the sandy desert now extending from Sundus to Skardu Airport was a prosperous town. Skardu had hardly recovered from the shock of the death of Anchan when it was flooded. In 1845, the area was seized by the Dogras.[26]

Baltoro Glacier; at 62 km (39 mi) in length, it is one of the longest Alpine glaciers on earth.

Skardu has several tourist resorts and many natural features, including plains, mountains and mountain-valley lakes. The Deosai plain, Satpara Lake and Basho also host tourists. North of Skardu, the Shigar Valley offers plains, hiking tracks, peaks and campsites. Other valleys in Baltistan region are Khaplu, Rondu, Kachura Lake and Kharmang.

Mountaineering

Laila Peak, in the Hushe Valley

Baltistan is home to more than 20 peaks of over 6,100 metres (20,000 ft), including K2 (the second-highest mountain on earth.[17] Other well-known peaks include Masherbrum (also known as K1), Broad Peak, Hidden Peak, Gasherbrum II, Gasherbrum IV and Chogolisa (in the Khaplu Valley). The following peaks have been scaled:

Name		Height	Date climbed	Location
K2		8,610 m (28,250 ft)	31 July 1954	Shigar District
Gasherbrum I		8,030 m (26,360 ft)	7 July 1956	Ghanche District
Broad Peak		8,090 m (26,550 ft)	9 June 1957	Ghanche District
Muztagh Tower		7,300 m (23,800 ft)	6 August 1956	Ghanche District
Gasherbrum II		7,960 m (26,120 ft)	4 July 1958	Ghanche District
Hidden Peak		8,070 m (26,470 ft)	4 July 1957	Ghanche District
Khunyang Chhish		7,852 m (25,761 ft)	4 July 1971	Skardu District
Masherbrum		7,821 m (25,659 ft)	4 August 1960	Ghanche District
Saltoro Kangri		7,700 m (25,400 ft)	4 June 1962	Ghanche District
Chogolisa		7,665 m (25,148 ft)	4 August 1963	Ghanche District

Panoramic view of Sheosar Lake

The region has a population of about 322,000. It is a blend of ethnic groups, predominantly Baltis,[28] and Tibetans. A few Kashmiris settled in Skardu, practicing agriculture and woodcraft.

Before the arrival of Islam, Tibetan Buddhism and Bön (to a lesser extent) were the main religions in Baltistan. Buddhism can be traced back to before the formation of the Tibetan Empire in the region during the seventh century. The region has a number of surviving Buddhist archaeological sites. These include the Manthal Buddha Rock, a rock relief of the Buddha at the edge of the village (near Skardu) and the Sacred Rock of Hunza. Nearby are former sites of Buddhist shelters.

Islam was brought to Baltistan by Sufi missionaries during the 16th and 17th centuries, and most of the population converted to Noorbakshia Islam. The scholars were followers of the Kubrawiya Sufi order.[29] Most Noorbakhshi Muslims live in Ghanche and Shigar districts, and 30 percent live in the Skardu district.[30]

Golden marmots in Deosai National Park

Baltistan has been called a living museum for wildlife.[31] Deosai National Park, in the southern part of the region, is habitat for predators since it has an abundant prey population. Domestic animals include yaks (including hybrid yaks), cattle, sheep, goats, horses and donkeys. Wild animals include ibex, markhor, musk deer, snow leopards, brown and black bears, jackals, foxes, wolves and marmots.

The Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation[39] has radio and television stations in Khaplu that broadcast local programs, and there are a handful of private news outlets. The Daily K2[40] is an Urdu newspaper published in Skardu serving Gilgit-Baltistan for long time, and it is the pioneer of print media in Gilgit Baltisatn. Bad-e-Shimal claims the largest daily circulation in Gilgit and Baltistan.[41] Nawa-e-Sufia is a monthly magazine covering Baltistan's Nurbakshi sect.[42]

• Gilgit-Baltistan
• Balti people
• Balti language

• Aggarwal, Ravina (2004), Beyond Lines of Control: Performance and Politics on the Disputed Borders of Ladakh, India, Duke University Press, pp. 199–, ISBN 0-8223-3414-3
• Dani, Ahmad Hasan (1998), "The Western Himalayan States", in M. S. Asimov; C. E. Bosworth (eds.), History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. IV, Part 1 – The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century – The historical, social and economic setting, UNESCO, pp. 215–225, ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1
• Karim, Afsir (2009), "Strategic dimensions of the trans-Himalayan frontiers", in K. Warikoo (ed.), Himalayan Frontiers of India: Historical, Geo-Political and Strategic Perspectives, Routledge, pp. 56–66, ISBN 978-1-134-03294-5
• Pirumshoev, H. S.; Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2003), "The Pamirs, Badakhshan and the Trans-Pamir States", in Chahryar Adle; Irfan Habib (eds.), History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. V – Development in contrast: From the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century, UNESCO, pp. 225–246, ISBN 978-92-3-103876-1

Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article "Baltistan".

• www.pakistantoursguide.pk
• Britannica Baltistan.