List of visionary tall buildings and structures

This is a list of buildings and other structures that have been envisioned. The definition of 'vision' is that used by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.[1]

The X-Seed 4000 is one of the tallest structures ever conceived. Shown in this image is the Burj Khalifa (829.8 m (2,722 ft)), tallest structure in the world at the time of completion in 2010, and the X-Seed 4000 project. (4,000 m (13,000 ft))
For skyscrapers under construction, see list of future tallest buildings.

Proposed structures

This is a list of buildings and other structures that have been envisioned. The definition of 'vision' is that used by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.[1] The list does not include proposed or under construction buildings as these are listed at list of future tallest buildings.

Structures
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
Name Pinnacle height Year of first proposal Structure type Main use Country Place Description Floors
The Space elevator 100,000 km (62,137 mi) 1895 Massive space tether Space tourism, space exploration and space colonization undetermined undetermined An extraordinarily long cable, anchored on or near the equator, held up by the rotation of the Earth. N/A
The Launch loop 80 km (50 mi) 1981 Suspended Maglev Track Space tourism, space exploration and space colonization undetermined undetermined The Launch loop is a concept that has been proposed for the purposes of orbital launch.[2] N/A
Scaled-down Space Elevator 20 km (12 mi) 2009 Pneumatic tower Tourism, communications, wind generation and reduced cost space launch.[3] undetermined undetermined A sub-orbital or mini version.[4] The structure would be free standing and actively guyed over its base.[3] N/A
StarTram Generation 2 20 km (12 mi) 2001 Suspended Maglev Track Space tourism, space exploration and space colonization  United States undetermined The StarTram is a proposed concept for orbital launches. It has a long (1000–1500 km) vacuum tube, levitated via strong currents in superconducting cables. N/A
Tokyo Tower of Babel[5] 10 km (33,000 ft) 1992 Arcology Mixed Use  Japan Tokyo The Tokyo Tower of Babel is the tallest building ever envisioned and if ever built would house roughly 30 million people within and take 100-150 years to build. The cost would be around ¥3 quadrillion (£16 trillion). 1000+
X-Seed 4000 4 km (13,000 ft) 1995 Arcology Residential, commercial, retail real estate, as well as heavy industry  Japan Tokyo The X-Seed 4000 is the tallest building ever fully envisioned. Its proposed 4,000 m (13,000 ft) height, 6 km (3.7 mi) wide sea-base, and 800-floor capacity could accommodate five hundred thousand to one million inhabitants. 800
Ultima Tower 3.2187 km (10,560 ft) 1991 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate  United States San Francisco The Ultima Tower is a hypothetical super-tall skyscraper, designed by American architect Eugene Tsui in 1991. With a total height of 3,218 metres (10,558 ft), the tower would be 2 miles tall, and comprise 500 stories. 500
Dubai City Tower 2.4 km (7,900 ft) 2008 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate  United Arab Emirates Dubai The Dubai City Tower is a proposed 400-floor, 2,400 m (7,900 ft) tall building to be built in Dubai, consisting of six outer buildings entwining a central core. 400
Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid 2 km (6,600 ft) 1996 Arcology Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate  Japan Tokyo The Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid is a proposed project for construction of a massive pyramid over Tokyo Bay in Japan. The structure would be approximately 14 times as high as the Great Pyramid of Giza, and would house 750,000 people. If built, it will be the largest man-made structure on Earth. 240
The Dutch Mountain 2 km (6,600 ft) 2012 Artificial Mountain Tourism, leisure, commercial and wind generation  Netherlands Flevoland "De Nederlandse Berg", Dutch for "The Dutch Mountain" is a proposal for an artificial mountain by Thijs Zonneveld.[6][7][8] N/A
Millennium Challenge Tower 1.852 km (6,080 ft) 2005 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate  Kuwait Kuwait City A super-tall skyscraper designed by architect Omero Marchetti as part of his proposed "ethic city" concept. The aims of the project are to reach a nautical mile in height while "not using concrete, orthogonal grids, traditional systems, mortars, [and] cranes."[9] If built, the tower would reach 1,852 metres (6,076 ft). N/A
Times Squared 3015 1.733 km (5,686 ft) 2015 Vertical City Mixed Use  United States New York City Times Squared 3015 is a Vertical City envisioned in New York City. N/A
The Illinois 1.731 km (5,679 ft) 1957 Skyscaper Mixed Use  United States Chicago The Illinois is a skyscraper first proposed in 1957 by Frank Lloyd Wright. 528
Sky Mile Tower 1.7 km (5,577 ft)[10] 2015 Skyscraper Residential  Japan Tokyo Sky Mile Tower is the central hub of Next Tokyo, a visionary project that would serve as a combatant for climate change by serving as a dam and supplying water to its 55,000 residents. The complex and Sky Mile Tower's plans are being reviewed by Tokyo's administration as of 7 February 2016. 400
Xtopia 1.614 km (5,295 ft) 2010 Skyscraper Multiple  China Shanghai Xtopia is a concept building for a 300-floor high-rise self-contained community. 300
Bionic Tower 1.228 km (4,030 ft) 1997 Arcology Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate  China
 Hong Kong		 Shanghai and Hong Kong have both expressed serious interest The Bionic Tower is a proposed vertical city, an extremely large building designed for human habitation, designed by architects Eloy Celaya, Mª Rosa Cervera and Javier Gómez Pioz. It would have a main tower 1,228 m (4,029 ft) high, with 300 stories that would house about 100,000 people. 300
Azerbaijan Tower 1.050 km (3,440 ft) 2012 Skyscraper Commercial, retail, and leisure real estate  Azerbaijan Baku Azerbaijan Tower, 1,050 m (3,440 ft) tall, is a proposed building in Baku, Azerbaijan and is planned as part of the proposed "Khazar Islands" project.[11] 189
Murjan Tower 1.022 km (3,350 ft) 2006 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate  Bahrain Manama Murjan Tower, 1.022 km (3,350 ft) tall, is a Swedish company's proposal for a super-tall skyscraper in Bahrain. Designed by architect Henning Larsens Tegnestue A/S, it is expected to comprise 200 floors.[12] 200
Mubarak al-Kabir Tower 1.001 km (3,280 ft) 2006 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate  Kuwait Madinat al-Hareer The Mubarak al-Kabir Tower, 1,001 m (3,284 ft) tall, in Madinat al-Hareer (City Of Silk Kuwait) by Eric Kuhne and Associates 234
Green Float 1,000 m (3,281 ft) 2010 Arcology Mixed Use  Japan Tokyo The Green Float located in Tokyo Bay would be able to house up to 40,000 people. N/A
Sky City 1000 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 1989 Arcology Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate  Japan Tokyo The Sky City 1000, 1,000 m (3,300 ft) tall, is an arcology project proposal aimed at helping put an end to major congestion and lack of greenspace in the Tokyo, Japan metropolitan area. The plan consists of a building 1,000 m (3,281 ft) tall and 400 m (1,312 ft) wide at the base, and a total floor area of 8 km2 (3.1 sq mi). Drawn up by construction firm Takenaka for the city of Tokyo in 1989, its design was the first of the modern super-tall mega-structures to gain serious attention and consideration by any government. 196
Oblisco Capitale 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 2018 Skyscraper Mixed Use  Egypt New Administrative Capital Oblitale Capitale was a proposed skyscraper in Cairo, Egypt. 165
Buenos Aires Forum 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 2009 Skyscraper Mixed Use  Argentina Buenos Aires If built, it would be the tallest building in the world. As of 2020, no construction has been started. 200
Europa Tower (Brussels) 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 1993 Skyscraper Office, observation, restaurant  Belgium Brussels Europa Tower was a skyscraper project designed by L35 Arquitectos. The tower is articulated in nine modules, the first one is 100 meters high and next ones are 96 meters high.[13] The project was reported in the CERCHA N°19 architecture magazine in July 1993.[14] N/A
Millennium Tower (Tokyo) 840 m (2,760 ft) 1989 Skyscraper Mixed Use  Japan Tokyo A Skyscraper that is envisioned by Norman Foster. If built, it would be taller than the world's current tallest building, the Burj Khalifa. It would be located in the Tokyo Bay. 170
DIB-200 800 m (2,600 ft) 1993 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate  Japan Tokyo DIB-200, 800 m (2,600 ft) tall, is a possible mixed use supertall skyscraper project proposed by Kajima Construction, and designed by Sadaaki Masuda and Scott Howe. 200
Iconic Tower 734 m (2,408 ft) 2015 Skyscraper Hotel, commercial  Bangladesh Dhaka Iconic Tower, 734 m (2,408 ft) tall, is a proposed supertall skyscraper planned for construction in Purbachal New Town, Dhaka, Bangladesh, which will be the tallest and most expensive building in the South Asian continent[15] 142
Dream Tower 665 m (2,182 ft) 2009 Skyscraper Commercial and retail real estate  South Korea Seoul Dream Tower, 665 m (2,182 ft) tall, is a proposed tower to be built in Seoul, South Korea; it will have 150 floors.[16] 150
Bengaluru Turf Tower 663 m (2,175 ft) N/A Skyscraper Residential  India Bangalore N/A 157
Project Commodore 502 m (1,647 ft) 2020 Megatall skyscraper mix use  United States New York City An Environmental Assessment Statement for 109 East 42nd Street in Midtown East reveals details for a proposed development called Project Commodore, a 1,646-foot-tall skyscraper on the site currently occupied by Grand Hyatt New York. It will be designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. [17] 89
Philippine Diamond Tower 612 m (2,008 ft) N/A Observation tower Leisure, observation, and broadcast  Philippines Quezon City N/A
Gateway Tower (Chicago) 610 m (2,000 ft) 2016 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate  United States Chicago The Gateway Tower (Chicago) is a proposed super-tall skyscraper, designed by American architectural firm Gensler as a replacement for the Chicago Spire site. With a total height of 610 metres (2,000 ft), the tower would be the tallest in the Western Hemisphere, and comprise 127 stories if built. 127
The Big Bend 610 m (2,000 ft) N/A Skyscraper Residential  United States New York City N/A
Port Tower 593.5 m (1,947 ft) 2006 Skyscraper Commercial, retail, and leisure real estate  Pakistan Karachi The Port Tower is a project approved for construction in Karachi, the financial capital of Pakistan. If completed, it would reach a height of 593 m (1,947 ft), representing the independence year of Pakistan (1947). 130
Hudson Spire 550 m (1,800 ft) 2014 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate  United States New York The Hudson Spire is a supertall skyscraper proposed by a developer from Tishman Speyer as part of Manhattan's Hudson Yards development. With a total height of 550 metres (1,800 ft), the tower would be the tallest in the Western Hemisphere. 110
Al Noor Tower 540 m (1,770 ft) 2014 Skyscraper Mixed Use  Morocco Casablanca The Proposed Al Noor tower will become Africa's tallest building if completed. 114
GIFT Diamond Tower 410 m (1,350 ft) 2002 Skyscraper Commercial  India Gandhinagar GIFT Diamond Tower is a skyscraper proposed for Gujarat International Finance Tec-City in Gandhinagar in the Indian state of Gujarat. The proposed height is 410 metres (1,345 ft) in height.[18] Diamond Tower and the core CBD of GIFT will comprise a total of 25,800,000 sq ft (2,400,000 m2). 87
Solar updraft tower 400–1,000 m (1,300–3,300 ft) 2001 Power plant Power generation  Australia Buronga, New South Wales Solar updraft tower, Buronga, Australia, planned height between 400 m (1,300 ft) and 1,000 m (3,300 ft), state uncertain. N/A

Cancelled projects
NamePinnacle heightYear of first proposalStructure typeMain useCountryCityYear of projected completionDescription
Houston Tower2,092 m (6,864 ft)1979SkyscraperResidential, commercial, retail, leisure real estate,

office

  United StatesHoustonNever begunThe Houston Tower was an envisioned skyscraper that would have been nearly 1.3 miles (2.1 km) tall (6864 ft/2092 m) and taken up 16 city blocks in Houston.
Aeropolis 20012,000 m (6,600 ft)1989Arcology SkyscraperResidential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate JapanTokyoNever begunThe Aeropolis 2001 was a proposed project for construction of a massive 500-story high-rise building over Tokyo Bay in Japan. It was proposed to be a 2,000 m (6,562 ft) high building.
The Illinois1,609 m (5,279 ft)1956SkyscraperCommercial, Residential, and leisure real estate United StatesChicagoNever begunThe Illinois, envisioned by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1956, was to be a mile high (1609 m / 5280 ft) skyscraper in Chicago.
Sky City (Changsha)838 m (2,749 ft)2013SkyscraperResidential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate ChinaChangsha2013 (cancelled 2014)Cancelled because of lack of funding.
Chicago World Trade Center762 m (2,500 ft)1982SkyscraperOffice United StatesChicagoNever begunThe Chicago World Trade Center, proposed in 1982, was to be a 2,500 foot skyscraper in Chicago. It was ultimately cancelled in 1991.
Phare du Monde701 m (2,300 ft)1934Concrete observation towerLeisure and retail real estate FranceParis1937 (construction never begun)Phare du Monde, was a project for a 701 metre tall observation tower for the world exhibition in Paris, 1937. It was planned as a concrete tower similar to a modern TV tower, but also with a ramp for drive up access.
Grollo Tower678 m (2,224 ft)1997SkyscraperResidential, commercial, and leisure real estate AustraliaMelbourne2004 (cancelled 2001)Construction was cancelled on the Grollo Tower (named after the architect) in Melbourne's developing Dockland precinct in April 2001 after Melbourne's Docklands Authority ruled it out of the tender for development of the Batman Hill's precinct due to disagreements over who would pay for infrastructure improvements. The area is now occupied by a mixture of smaller commercial and residential buildings. The Grollo Tower would have been the world's tallest building at the time at 560 m (1837 ft) tall, down from the originally planned 678 m (2,224 ft) height, and still would have been the tallest building in the southern hemisphere.
Millenium Tower Las Vegas671 m (2,201 ft)2001SkyscraperResidential, commercial, and retail real estate United StatesLas Vegas2001 (cancelled in 2002)Millenium Tower Las Vegas in Las Vegas was proposed to be 671 m (2,201 ft) as the tallest building in the world, but it was cancelled in 2002 because of its massive height.
PAGCOR Tower665 m (2,182 ft)2008Observation towerLeisure and observation facilities PhilippinesManilaCancelled in 2010Originally part of the plans for the PAGCOR Entertainment City, the project was scrapped due to various reasons including air traffic regulations due to close proximity to the Ninoy Aquino International Airport
Warsaw Radio Mast646 m (2,119 ft)Original in 1968, Replacement in 1992Guyed mastVHF-UHF transmission PolandWarsaw1997 (cancelled 1995)Until late 1995, there were plans to rebuild the collapsed 646 m (2,119 ft) Warsaw Radio Mast to its previous height on the same site, using the basements of the old mast. Although some refurbishment of the basements started, work was canceled after violent protests by local residents, who feared harmful radiation effects from the high-power transmitter served by the antenna. A new transmission facility with two smaller masts measuring 330 and 289 m was built as a replacement in 1998–99 at Solec Kujawski.
7 South Dearborn610 m (2,000 ft)1999SkyscraperResidential, commercial, and retail real estate as well as communications facilities United StatesChicago2004 (cancelled in 2000 due to lack of funding)7 South Dearborn in Chicago was planned in 1999 to be 610 m (2,001 ft).
1 Dubai600 m (2,000 ft)2006SkyscraperUnknown United Arab EmiratesDubai2010 (cancelled in 2009)1 Dubai is a proposal in Dubai to planned to be completed, but in 2009, it was cancelled.
Chicago Spire610 m (2,000 ft)2005SkyscraperResidential real estate United StatesChicagoNever begunThe Chicago Spire designed by Santiago Calatrava was intended to be the tallest building in the western hemisphere as well as the tallest residential building in the world. It was abandoned in 2008 due to financial problems. As of March 11, 2014, as long as the project is funded, it assumed to resume construction.
Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle610 m (2,000 ft)1988SkyscraperCommercial, and Residential real estate United StatesChicago1994 (cancelled 1992)The Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle in Chicago was to be 610 m (2,001 ft)[19] tall in 1988.
International Business Center580 m (1,900 ft)2007SkyscraperCommercial real estate South KoreaSeoul2013 (cancelled 2008)International Business Center was a proposed skyscraper to be constructed in Seoul, South Korea for a height of 580 m (1,900 ft), it was to have 130 floors planned to be completed in 2013.
Crown Las Vegas575 m (1,886 ft)2006SkyscraperResidential, commercial, and retail real estate United StatesLas Vegas2006 (cancelled in 2009)Crown Las Vegas in Las Vegas was proposed to be 575 m (1,886 ft), but it was cancelled in 2009 after 2 major redesigns.
Kowloon MTR Tower574 m (1,883 ft)2003Skyscraperoffice ChinaHong Kong2003 (cancelled 2005)Now built as the International Commerce Center.
Grollo Tower560 m (1,840 ft)2001SkyscraperResidential and Commercial real estate AustraliaMelbourne2001 (cancelled in 2004)Revised version of the Grollo Tower shown above.
New York Stock Exchange Tower546 m (1,791 ft)1997SkyscraperOffice United StatesNew York2004 (cancelled 2001)The 546 m tall, 140 story tower was cancelled in 2001 due to 9/11.
Grant USA Tower533.4 m (1,750 ft)1970SkyscraperCommercial, retail, and leisure real estate United StatesNewark, New Jersey1986 (cancelled 1986)The Grant U.S. Tower was planned by developer Harry Grant, who started New York Apple Tours. The building was to be completed in 1986 in Newark, New Jersey and to be the tallest hotel, tallest building and tallest structure. Harry Grant went bankrupt and the building never broke ground.[20]
Television City Tower510 m (1,670 ft)1985SkyscraperResidential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate United StatesNew York1988 (cancelled 1985)The 510 m tall, 150 story, Helmut Jahn-designed tower proposed by Donald Trump in New York, United States was cancelled in 1988 due to serious local opposition.
Eaton's / John Maryon Tower503 m (1,650 ft)1971SkyscraperCommercial and leisure real estate CanadaToronto1976 (cancelled 1972)Eaton's / John Maryon Tower was a planned 503 m (1,650 ft) (686m to spire) tall building in Toronto in 1971.
10 Columbus Circle500 m (1,600 ft)1986SkyscraperResidential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate United StatesNew York1987 (cancelled 1986)The 500 m tall, 137 story, 10 Columbus Circle in New York, United States was cancelled in 1987.
Dragon Tower500 m (1,600 ft)1996SkyscraperResidential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate IndonesiaJakarta2002 (cancelled 1998)The 500 m tall, 101 story, Dragon Tower in Jakarta, Indonesia was cancelled in 1998 due to the Asian financial crisis.
Kaisa Feng Long Center500 m (1,600 ft)2011SkyscraperHotel / office ChinaShenzhen2012 (cancelled 2011)
The Hyperboloid455 m (1,493 ft)1956SkyscraperResidential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate United StatesNew York1959 (cancelled 1957)The 108 story, Hyperboloid in New York, United States, designed by I. M. Pei, was cancelled in 1957 . Now built as the Metlife Tower.
Brisbane Central Tower450 m (1,480 ft)1987SkyscraperUnknown AustraliaBrisbane1987 (cancelled in 1993)
Minuzzo Tower450 m (1,480 ft)1993SkyscraperUnknown AustraliaBrisbane1993 (cancelled in 1995)
CBD-1445 m (1,460 ft)1993SkyscraperUnknown AustraliaSydney1995 (cancelled in 1997)
Psary, Poland broadcast tower440 m (1,440 ft)2009Reinforced concrete and steel television towerDVB-T signal transmission PolandPsary, Świętokrzyskie VoivodeshipundeterminedAt Bodzentyn, Poland a 440 metres tall tower is proposed for distributing DVB-T signals from the satellite station to TV broadcasting sites.[21] It will be, if built, the tallest man-made structure in Europe outside Russia.
Bank of the Southwest Tower429 m (1,407 ft)1997SkyscraperOffice United StatesHouston1982 (cancelled 1984)The 86 story tower was cancelled in 1984 due to an oil bust in Texas.
Palace of Soviets415 m (1,362 ft)1932SkyscraperBureaucratic administrative center and conference hall Soviet UnionMoscow1947 (cancelled 1942)The Palace of Soviets in Moscow, planned in 1932, was to be 415 m (including a 100 m Lenin statue), and would have been the tallest building in the world at the time if completed. Construction was halted during World War II, during which the uncompleted structure was partially dismantled; its foundations were later to serve as the world's largest open-air swimming pool before being razed in 1995.
The Monument to the Third International400 m (1,300 ft)1919Grand MonumentConference hall, bureaucratic administrative center, information administrative center Soviet UnionMoscowNone givenDuring the Russian October Revolution of 1917, Vladimir Tatlin designed a structure named The Monument to the Third International, which was to serve as the international headquarters of the Komintern. Better known as the Tatlin Tower, the structure was to rise to a height of 400 m (1,312 ft), which would have made it by far the tallest building in the world at that time, but time & resource shortages as well as the social upheavals that resulted from the Russian Civil War, economic mismanagement, and political repressions halted the project.
Millennium Freedom Tower376.8 m (1,236 ft)1998Observation towerLeisure and observation facilities United StatesNewport, Kentucky2000 (above ground construction never begun)The Millennium Freedom Tower was a project to be located in Newport, Kentucky, United States was originally proposed in 1998 to be dedicated on Dec 31, 1999. The original height was a proposed 1,234 feet (376 m) and was later lowered to 1,103 ft (306 m). Pilings were driven in 1998, but construction never continued above ground.[22]
Watkin's Tower358 m (1,175 ft)1890Iron latticed observation towerLeisure and retail real estate United KingdomWembley1894 (construction halted 1896)Watkin's Tower in Wembley, London was planned in 1891 to surpass the Eiffel Tower by 50 m (164 ft), but construction stopped before that height was reached due to unstable land and insufficient funds. The tower remnants were dismantled in the 1900s, and the site was redeveloped as Wembley Stadium.
Scandinavian Tower325 m (1,066 ft)1997SkyscraperResidential SwedenMalmö2004The Scandinavian Tower was intended to be the tallest skyscraper in Europe.[23] It was abandoned in 2004 in favor of Malmö Tower.
World Science TowerN/A1964Guyed mastLeisure facilities United StatesLarkspur, ColoradoN/AThe World Science Tower was going to be one of the world's tallest buildings, proposed in 1964. It was to be located near Larkspur, Colorado, U.S. It would have had an amusement park at its base.
Volkshalle290 m (950 ft)
with spire 320 m (1,050 ft)
1937SkyscraperCultural and convention center Nazi GermanyBerlin1950 (cancelled 1942)Huge domed monument building planned by Adolf Hitler and Albert Speer for Germania, the projected renewal of the German capitol Berlin.

See also

References
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  2. PDF version of Lofstrom's 1985 launch loop publication (AIAA 1985) Archived September 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  3. "A free-standing space elevator structure: a practical alternative to the space tether". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  4. "Canadian Mini Space Elevator Paper Available - The Space Elevator Reference". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  5. These futuristic cities are housed inside a single, gigantic building
  6. "Die Berg Komt Er - Wie zijn wij". diebergkomter.nl. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  7. "Pruned: A Mountain for the Netherlands". pruned.blogspot.nl. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  8. "Die Berg Komt Er - Over de berg". diebergkomter.nl. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
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  10. Mafi, Nick (3 February 2016). "This Is What Tokyo Will Look Like in 2045—Including Its Mile-High Skyscraper". Architectural Diges. Condé Nast. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
  11. "World's Tallest Building May Be In Azerbaijan". Huffington Post. February 3, 2012. Missing or empty |url= (help)
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  13. https://unbuiltskyscrapers.wordpress.com/2018/05/25/europa-tower/
  14. http://www.arquitectura-tecnica.com/cercha/pdf/19.pdf (Page 12)
  15. Asif Showkat Kallol. "Govt to float tender for Iconic Tower construction". dhakatribune.com. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
  16. "KORAIL Tower, Seoul, South Korea | Emporis.com". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  17. https://newyorkyimby.com/2020/11/1646-foot-tall-project-commodore-revealed-new-york-citys-possible-new-tallest-building-by-roof-height-in-midtown-east.html
  18. "Sky-high plans - Money Matters - livemint.com". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  19. "Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle, Chicago". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  20. "Grant U.S. Tower, Newark / Emporis.com". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  21. "Kielce: Najwyższa w Polsce budowla powstanie w Górach Świętokrzyskich! Wieża będzie miała 440 metrów wysokości i na stałe zmieni krajobraz - 20 lipca 2010". 20 July 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  22. "Emporis Buildings accessed February 21, 2008". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  23. "Scandinavian Tower". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.
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