McMichael Canadian Art Collection

In 1951 Robert and Signe McMichael purchased a 10 acres (4.0 hectares) plot of land in Kleinburg, Ontario.[4] A home was subsequently built in 1954, with the McMichaels moving into the property.[5] The McMichaels began acquiring works by artists of the Group of Seven for their personal collection, with the first being a painting by Tom Thomson, acquired for C$250 in 1955.[6] In 1962, the McMichaels acquired Tom Thomson's studio situated outside the Studio Building in Toronto, and relocated it to their property to begin restorations on it.[4] By 1965, the McMichaels' personal collection contained 194 paintings either purchased or donated to them.[7]

The Tom Thomson Studio was relocated onto the property in 1962

The McMichaels began exhibiting their works on their Kleinburg property during the weekends, although growing number of visitors led the McMichaels to consider establishing a public a "shrine" dedicated to the Group of Seven.[5][8] On 18 November 1965, the McMichaels and the Government of Ontario reached an agreement, where the McMichaels would donate the collection, and the property to the government, who would maintain the grounds, and maintain the "spirit of the collection".[5][9] As a part of the agreement, the McMichaels would maintain a degree of curatorial control, occupy two of the five seats in the museum's Board of Trustees, and permission to continue inhabiting the property, and be buried there.[6] The McMichaels continued to reside on the property until museum operations made it no longer possible; with the Government of Ontario providing them a home in Caledon.[6]

In the months after the agreement was made, work was undertaken to re-purpose the property into an art museum, and prepare the exhibits for its collection.[10] The property was formally opened to the public on 8 July 1966 as the McMichael Conservation Collection of Art.[7] Robert McMichael served as the museum's first director, holding the position until resigning in 1981.[11]

In 1968, Group of Seven member A. Y. Jackson suggested that the museum serve as the burial ground for himself, and other members of the group.[8] The proposal was later accepted by the museum, with a cemetery for Group of Seven members prepared on the property of the museum.[8] Shortly before his death, Jackson spent a significant portion of his time painting on the property,[12] and serving as the institution's artist-in-residence.[5]

In 1969, the museum's mandate was amended to expand the scope of the museum's collection and scope to include works of similar nature that reflect the "cultural heritage of Canada"; with approval from Robert McMichael, and the Premier of Ontario, John Robarts.[13] An increase in attendance rates, and its collection led to the institution being formally incorporated as a crown corporation of Ontario on 30 November 1972, when the McMichael Canadian Art Collection Act received Royal Assent.[9] In 1981, the museum's Board of Governors formally requested the province to amend the institution's governing act, so it is governed only by the 1972 act, and not by the 1965 agreement as well.[14] The following dispute led to Robert McMichael's resignation as the museum's director, and an amendment to the Act in 1982 that named McMichael as the institution's "Founder, Director-Emeritus," and elevated the importance of indigenous Canadian works in its collection.[14]

In the 1990s, the Robert McMichael challenged the Board and the province that it had deviated from its original mandate agreed upon. In McMichael v. Ontario, the court originally ruled that changes to the museum's mandate should not have been permitted.[15] The decision was later overturned in the Court of Appeal for Ontario in 1997; and the Supreme Court of Canada dismissing an appeal to that ruling in 1998.[16] Failing to assert the original agreement through judicial means, the McMichaels successfully lobbied Member of Provincial Parliament Helen Johns to introduce a bill that would reassert it.[16] on 2 November 2000, Bill 112 received Royal Assent, amending the museum's mandate to better reflect the original mandate of showcasing Canadian landscape art, particularly works by the Group of Seven.[16]

After proposals were submitted by the museum's Board of Directors, and the Fenwick family, the closest living relatives to the deceased McMichaels, Bill 118 received Royal Assent in June 2011, expanding the museum's mandate to include contemporary Canadian, and indigenous Canadian artists, in addition to artists associated with the Group of Seven.[17] The 2011 amendment to the governing act of the museum also removed art advisory committee, and restrictions to the museum's exhibition mandate.[17]

The grounds of the museum include the Pine Cottage building, which houses the institution's art studio

The McMichael Canadian Art Collection is situated in Kleinburg, an unincorporated village in Vaughan, Ontario. The grounds of the museum is in a 40 hectares (100 acres) conservation area of the Humber River Valley, and also serves as a floodplain for the area.[18] The landscape itself was partially crafted by the McMichaels, and later the Government of Ontario, to help complement the museum's collection; with the McMichaels planting over 500 cedar trees in the area to help recreate the landscapes typically painted by the Group of Seven.[19]

Buildings located on the grounds include the museum's main building, the Meeting House, Pine Cottage, and Tom Thomson's studio. Pine Cottage houses the institution's art studio.[20] In addition to the structures, the grounds also contains a number of walking trails, a sculpture garden, and the McMichael cemetery.[18] The Ivan Eyre Sculpture Garden, and cemetery is located west of the buildings, with the sculpture garden exhibiting works from its permanent collection, and works on loan to the museum.[21] Six members of the Group of Seven are interred at the McMichael cemetery, including A. J. Casson, Lawren Harris, A. Y. Jackson, Frank Johnston, Arthur Lismer, and Frederick Varley.[8]

Main building

The museum's main building was designed by Ontario-based architect, Leo Venchiarutti, and was completed in 1954.[6] The museum's main building was expanded several times in 1963, 1967, 1969, and 1972,[6] In 1981 to 1983, the museum's main building was closed to the public in order to facilitate a C$10.4 million renovation,[6] although no major work has been done to the building since then.[22] The main building is approximately 7,900 square metres (85,000 sq ft).[23] The main building was initially named Tapawingo, allegedly meaning place of joy in either Haida or Ojibwe language.[6]

The Grand Hall, an event space situated in museum's main building

The building has log and barn-board walls, and field-stone fireplaces in an effort to recreate the "atmosphere" of Canadian landscape art; in addition to a floor-to-glass ceiling windows that provide a view of the Humber River Valley.[5] The main building includes 14 viewing halls, a gift shop, and a restaurant.[5] The Western Canada Gallery in the main building contains a forty-foot-long cedar bench, and red cedar arches, both of which contains images carved by Doug Cranmer.[24] However, the main building does not contain a large loading dock, preventing the institution from exhibiting large-scale installation artworks in the building.[25]

The McMichael Canadian Art Collection is one of the only art museums whose permanent collection contains works exclusively by Canadian artists.[26] The permanent collection originates from the personal collection started by Robert and Signe McMichael in 1955; who later donated it to the province of Ontario in 1965.[5] At the time the McMichaels donated their collection, its contained 187 works.[27] The museum has since expanded this collection to include 6,500 works as of December 2017.[28][29] The museum's permanent collection is organized into four collection areas, contemporary art, First Nations art, the Group of Seven, and Inuit art.[29]

Sculptures by Ivan Eyre are exhibited at the sculpture garden

Although the museum's original mandate placed a focus on Canadian landscape art, and the Group of Seven, it has since expanded to include other Canadian artists, including indigenous Canadians. As of 2011, the museum's mandate is to acquire and preserve works for the collection, by artists who have made a contribution to the development of Canadian art, with a focus on the Group of Seven and their contemporaries and on the indigenous Canadians.[30] In addition to artists associated with the Group of Seven, the museum's permanent collection also contains works from Cornelius Krieghoff, David Milne, and Robert Pilot.[31] In November 2014, the museum was bequeathed 50 paintings from artists based in Quebec. French Canadian artists whose works are in the McMichael's permanent collection include Paul-Émile Borduas, Marc-Aurèle de Foy Suzor-Coté, Marc-Aurèle Fortin, Clarence Gagnon, Rita Letendre, Jean Paul Lemieux, and Jean-Paul Riopelle.[31]

The museum's contemporary collection was formally started in 2011, when the museum's mandate was expanded to include contemporary art,[32] although a number of works in the contemporary collection area were acquired by the institution prior to 2011.[10] Canadian artists featured in the contemporary art collection includes Jack Bush, Colleen Heslin, Sarah Anne Johnson, Terence Koh, and Mary Pratt.[32] The museum also exhibits a number of sculptures within its outdoor sculpture garden, including nine sculptures by Ivan Eyre.[21]

Indigenous Canadian art

When Cultures Meet, by Don Yeomans, is a totem pole in the museum's collection

The museum was one of the first art museums to include works by indigenous Canadian in its collection.[11] In 1957, the McMichaels purchased their first work by a Haida artist, Bill Reid.[26] The McMichaels' personal collection of Inuit stone carvings, and West Coast First Nations wood carvings, masks, and totem poles were donated to the province as a part of the 1965 agreement.[27] By 1981, approximately 42 per cent of works in the permanent collection were works by indigenous Canadian artists.[26]

A number of indigenous artworks in the museum's collection was acquired between 1982 and 2000, when the museum's mandate was amended to include indigenous Canadian art into its definition of "Canadian cultural heritage".[11] The museum's collection of works by indigenous Canadian was expanded to include contemporary artworks in the 1990s, with the museum establishing its first First Nations curator-in-residence in 1994.[24] In 2000, the museum's mandate was amended again, reverting the museum's focus to the Group of Seven and their contemporaries; resulting in the removal of most indigenous Canadian works from the museum's exhibits.[33] Indigenous Canadian works in the collection remained in storage from 2000 to 2004, when works by indigenous Canadian artists were exhibited in the museum's viewing spaces again.[34] Indigenous Canadian art was reintroduced into the museum's mandate following an amendment to the institution's governing act in 2011.[17]

The museum is also home to a library and archives whose holdings include artist files, books, exhibition catalogues, letters, periodicals, and photographs. The museum's holdings specializes in the Group of Seven and indigenous Canadian art.[35]

The archives includes a number of specialized collections. The Arthur Lismer Collection was bequeathed to the museum by Lismer, and contains a number of documents and works from the 1890s to the late 1960s.[35] The Lismer collection includes over 900 drawings, cartoons and sketches; 1300 original photographs; documents published by Lismer, as well as books.[35] The Norman Hallendy Archives was completed in 2015 contains over 12,000 photographs by Hallendy, as well as audio and video recordings, maps, books, and research files on Inuit culture in southwest Baffin Island.[36]

The archives also houses over 100,000 drawings, prints, and sculptures from the West Baffin Eskimo Co-operative Ltd., an artist collective based in Cape Dorset, Nunavut.[37] The collective's works were moved to the McMichael's archive on a long-term loan in 1992, after a fire destroyed the collective's studio building[37] The museum has digitized approximately works produced by the collective from 1959 to 1988.[38]

• 
  Homer Watson, Herding Sheep, 1910
• 
  Tom Thomson, In Algonquin Park, Winter 1914–15
• 
  Franklin Carmichael, A Muskoka Road, 1915
• 
  A. Y. Jackson. Cathedral at Ypres, Belgium, 1917
• 
  Frank Johnston. Sunset in the Bush, 1918
• 
  J. E. H. MacDonald, Forest Wilderness, 1921
• 
  David Milne, Painting Place: Brown and Black, c. 1926
• 
  Emily Carr, Shoreline, 1936

• List of art museums
• List of museums in Ontario

• Knopf, Kerstin (2008). Aboriginal Canada Revisited. University of Ottawa Press. ISBN 0-7766-1776-1.
• Larsen, Wayne (2009). A.Y. Jackson: The Life of a Landscape Painter. Dundurn. ISBN 1-7707-0452-3.

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