Modal share

A modal share (also called mode split, mode-share, or modal split) is the percentage of travelers using a particular type of transportation or number of trips using said type.[1] In freight transportation, this may be measured in mass.

United Kingdom transport modal share from 1952 to 2014, Department for Transport

Modal share is an important component in developing sustainable transport within a city or region. In recent years, many cities have set modal share targets for balanced and sustainable transport modes, particularly 30% of non-motorized (cycling and walking) and 30% of public transport. These goals reflect a desire for a modal shift, or a change between modes, and usually encompasses an increase in the proportion of trips made using sustainable modes.[2]

Comparability of data

Modal share data is usually obtained by travel surveys, which are often conducted by local governments, using different methodologies. Sampling and interviewing techniques, definitions, the extent of geographical areas and other methodological differences can influence comparability. Most typical surveys refer to the main mode of transport used during trips to work.[3] Surveys covering entire metropolitan areas are preferred over city proper surveys which typically cover only the denser inner city.

The following tables present the modal split of journeys to work. Note that it is better to use a measure of all trips on a typical weekday, but journey to work data is more readily available. It would also be beneficial to disaggregate private motor vehicles figures to car driver, car passengers and motorbikes (especially relevant for Asian cities).

Metropolitan areas with over 1,000,000 inhabitants

Metro areawalkingcyclingpublic transportprivate motor vehicleyear Survey Area
Adelaide3%1%11%85%2016[4] GCCSA
Atlanta 1% 0% 3% 86% 2016[5] UA
Athens8%2%37%53%2006 [6]
Auckland4%1%9%85%2011–2014[7] MUA
Baltimore 3% 0% 7% 84% 2016[8] UA
Barcelona32%2%39%27%2013[9]
Beijing21%32%26%21%2005/2011[10]
Belgrade23%1%49%27%2015
Berlin30%18%27%26%2018
Brisbane4%1%14%81%2016[11] GCCSA
Brussels25%2.5%28%43%2010[12]
Bogota15%2%64%19%2008[10]
Boston5%1%14%73%2016[13] UA
Budapest32%1%47%20%2011
Calgary 4.7% 1.5% 14.4% 79.4% 2016
Chicago3%1%13%77%2016[14] UA
Dallas1%0%2%90%2016[15] UA
Daejeon26%2%28%44%2012[16]
Delhi21%12%48%19%2008/2011[10]
Detroit 1% 0% 2% 92% 2016[17]
Edmonton 3.7% 1.0% 11.3% 84% 2016
Hamburg28%12%18%42%2008[18]
Helsinki29%9%22%39%2018[19]
Hong Kong11%0.5%77%12%2011[20]
Houston1%0%2%91%2016[21] UA
Indianapolis1%0%1%91%2016[22] UA
Jakarta1%0.2%20%78%*2019[23] UA *67% motorbike
Las Vegas1%0%4%90%2016[24] UA
London24%2%37%37%2016[25]
Los Angeles3%1%5%85%2016[26] UA
Madrid34%0.5%24%40%2018 [27]
Manila9%2%44%45%2019[10]
Melbourne4%2%19%76%2016[11] GCCSA
Miami 2% 1% 4% 87% 2016[28] UA
Milan17%6%41%36%2007 [29]
Minsk13%1%63%20%2016 [30]
Montreal5%2%22%70%2016[31] CMA
Mumbai27%6%52%15%2008/2011[10]
Munich24%18%24%34%2017
New York City6%1%33%55%2016[32] UA
Osaka27%21%34%18%2000[33]
Ottawa 8% 2% 18% 72% 2016[34] CMA
Paris15%5%59%20%2010[35]
Perth3%1%12%84%2016[11] GCCSA
Philadelphia4%1%10%80%2016[36] UA
Phoenix2%1%2%87%2016[37] UA
Portland3%3%7%78%2016[38] UA
Prague22%0.4%52%25%2017[39]
Rio de Janeiro29%3%43%25%2012[40] UA
Rome4%1%29%66%2014[41]
San Antonio2%0%3%90%2016[42] UA
San Diego3%1%3%85%2016[43] UA
San Francisco5%2%20%64%2016[44] UA
San Jose2%2%5%84%2016[45] UA
São Paulo32%1%36%31%2017[46] UA
Seattle4%1%10%77%2016[47] UA
Seoul N/A 4% 66% 23% 2014[48]
Shanghai27%20%33%20%2009/2011[10]
Singapore22%1%44%33%2011[10]
Sydney5%1%27%67%2016[11] GCCSA
Taipei13%4%43%40%2016[49]
Tokyo23%14%51%12%2008/2009[10]
Toronto5%1%24%68%2016[50] CMA
Vancouver 7% 2% 20% 69% 2016 CMA
Vienna26%7%39%28%2014[51]
Warsaw18%3%47%32%2015[52]
Washington, D.C.4%1%16%72%2016[53] UA

Metropolitan areas with over 250,000 inhabitants

Metro areawalkingcyclingpublic transportprivate motor vehicleyear
Aarhus7%27%19%43%2004
Alicante18%0%13%69%2004
Amsterdam4%40%29%27%2014
Bari13%1%14%72%2001
Basel33%17%27%22%2015[54]
Bern30%15%32%22%2015[55]
Bilbao23%0%34%43%2004
Birmingham1%1%25%66%2001
Bologna8%4%21%67%2001
Bonn29%12%14%46%2008
Bratislava4%0%70%26%2004
Brno5%2%57%32%2012 [56]
Buffalo6%1%14%79%2012
Bremen25%23%16%36%2013
Bristol19%8%12%55%2011 [57]
Canberra5%3%8%85%2016[11]
Christchurch4%5%4%87%2011–2014 [7]
Cologne7%15%28%50%2013
Copenhagen10%30%36%26%2012
Córdoba18%1%10%71%2004
Dortmund19%10%22%49%2019
Dresden26%18%20%36%2018
Dublin13.2%7.6%21.5%48.5%2016[58]
Düsseldorf29%12%19%40%2013
Edinburgh19%7%30%42%2009-2010[59]
Eindhoven3%24%8%65%2004
Essen19%7%19%55%2019
Florence8%4%21%69%2001
Frankfurt11%15%30%44%2015
Freiburg im Breisgau29%34%16%21%2017
Gent13%33%15%40%2018[60]
Gdańsk20.8%5.9%32.1%41.2%2016[61]
Gijón24%0%17%59%2004
Gothenburg12%14%21%52%2004
Halifax8%1%12%78%2016[62]
Hamilton4%1%10%84%2016[63]
Hanover26%19%19%36%2017
Helsinki37%10%30%22%2016
Las Palmas12%0%24%64%2004
Lisbon10%0%46%40%2001
Málaga12%0%11%77%2004
Malmö6%25%18%51%2011
Murcia18%1%7%74%2004
Naples13%0%26%60%2001
Nuremberg24%14%23%39%2019
Oslo29%6%30%34%2013
Palermo12%1%9%78%2001
Quebec City2%6%11%80%2016[64]
Rotterdam5%14%25%56%2004
Stockholm15%7%43%33%2004
Tel Aviv16%13%28%43%2015[65]
The Hague5%22%30%43%2004
Seville13%7%18%62%2014
Stuttgart26%5%24%45%2010
Tallinn11%2%35%48%2017[66]
Turin12%3%5%79%2004
Utrecht25.3%48.4%5.4%18.7%2018[67]
Valencia16%1%21%62%2004
Valladolid22%1%20%57%2004
Vigo19%0%13%68%2004
Vilnius36%0%26%38%2011[68]
Wellington10%1%23%62%2011–2014[7]
Victoria (CMA) 10% 7% 11% 70% 2016
Winnipeg5%2%14%79%2016[69]
Zaragoza45.91%2.90%23.71%26.88%2017 [70]
Zürich33%12%32%21%2015[71]
Mean ± SD13±8%8±9%24±13%55±17%

Notes: European data is based on the Urban Audit[72]

The Charter of Brussels, signed by 36 cities including Brussels, Ghent, Milan, Munich, Seville, Edinburgh, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Gdansk, and Timișoara, commits the signatories to achieve at least 15% of bicycling modal share by 2020, and calls upon European institutions to do likewise.[73] The cycling modal share is strongly associated with the size of local cycling infrastructure [74]

The Canadian city of Hamilton adopted a similar modal share target plan in 2005.[75]

The modal share differs considerably depending on each city in the developing world.[76][77][78]

According to UNECE, the global on-road vehicle fleet is to double by 2050 (from 1,2 billion to 2,5 billion,[79] see introduction), with most future car purchases taking place in developing countries. Some experts even mention that the number of vehicles in developing countries will increase by 4 or 5-fold by 2050 (compared to current car use levels), and that the majority of these will be second-hand.[11][80]

Legislation impacting the modal share

Through legislation (i.e. taxing and conditions on new car purchases), ... car ownership can be discouraged. This could help in achieving a modal shift.[81]

See also

References

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