Nicholas Murray Butler

Butler, great-grandson of Morgan John Rhys,[2] was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey to Mary Butler and manufacturing worker Henry Butler. He enrolled in Columbia College (later Columbia University) and joined the Peithologian Society. He earned his bachelor of arts degree in 1882, his master's degree in 1883 and his doctorate in 1884. Butler's academic and other achievements led Theodore Roosevelt to call him "Nicholas Miraculous." In 1885, Butler studied in Paris and Berlin and became a lifelong friend of future Secretary of State Elihu Root. Through Root he also met Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. In the fall of 1885, Butler joined the staff of Columbia's philosophy department.

In 1887, he co-founded with Grace Hoadley Dodge,[3] and became president of, the New York School for the Training of Teachers, which later affiliated with Columbia University and was renamed Teachers College, Columbia University, and from which a co-educational experimental and developmental unit became Horace Mann School.[4] From 1890 to 1891, Butler was a lecturer at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. Throughout the 1890s Butler served on the New Jersey Board of Education and helped form the College Entrance Examination Board.

In 1901, Butler became acting president of Columbia University, and in 1902 formally became president. Among the many dignitaries in attendance at his investiture was President Roosevelt. Butler was president of Columbia for 43 years, the longest tenure in the university's history, retiring in 1945. As president, Butler carried out a major expansion of the campus, adding many new buildings, schools, and departments. These additions included Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, the first academic medical center in the world.

In 1919, Butler amended the admissions process to Columbia in order limit the number of Jewish and Episcopal students. Butler's policy was successful and the number of students hailing from New York City dropped from 54% to 23% stemming what one administratorwho?] called "the invasion of the Jewish student."[5] This is one of the reasons why Butler has been called an Anti-Semite.

In 1937 he was admitted as an honorary member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati.[6]

In 1941, the Pulitzer Prize fiction jury selected Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls. The Pulitzer Board initially agreed with that judgment, but Butler, ex officio head of the Pulitzer board, found the novel offensive and persuaded the board to reverse its determination, so that no novel received the prize that year.[7]

During his lifetime, Columbia named its philosophy library for him; after he died, its main academic library, previously known as South Hall, was rechristened Butler Library. A faculty apartment building on 119th Street and Morningside Drive was also renamed in Butler's honour, as was a major prize in philosophy.

An in-depth look at Butler's time at Columbia University also can be found in The Goose-Step: A Study of American Education, by Upton Sinclair.

Butler was a delegate to each Republican National Convention from 1888 to 1936; in 1912, after Vice President James S. Sherman died eight days before the presidential election, Butler was designated to receive the electoral votes that Sherman would have received: the Republican ticket won only 8 electoral votes from Utah and Vermont, finishing third behind the Democrats and the Progressives.

In 1916, Butler tried to secure the Republican presidential nomination for Elihu Root. Butler also sought the nomination for himself in 1920, without success.[8]

Butler believed that Prohibition was a mistake, with negative effects on the country. He became active in the successful effort for Repeal in 1933.

He credited John W. Burgess along with Alexander Hamilton for providing the philosophical basis of his Republican principles.[9]

In June 1936 Butler traveled to the Carnegie Endowment Peace Conference in London where, at the meeting, the question of gold being used internationally was considered.

Butler was the chair of the Lake Mohonk Conference on International Arbitration that met periodically from 1907 to 1912. In this time he was appointed president of the American branch of International Conciliation. Butler was also instrumental in persuading Andrew Carnegie to provide the initial $10 million funding for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Butler became head of international education and communication, founded the European branch of the Endowment headquartered in Paris, and was President of the Endowment from 1925 to 1945. For his work in this field, he received the Nobel Peace Prize for 1931 (shared with Jane Addams) "[For his promotion] of the Briand-Kellogg pact" and for his work as the "leader of the more establishment-oriented part of the American peace movement".

In December 1916 Butler, Roosevelt and other philanthropists including Scottish-born industrialist John C. Moffat, William Astor Chanler, Joseph Choate, Clarence Mackay, George von Lengerke Meyer, and John Grier Hibben purchased the Château de Chavaniac, birthplace of the Marquis de Lafayette in Auvergne, to serve as a headquarters for the French Heroes Lafayette Memorial Fund,[10] which was managed by Chanler's ex-wife Beatrice Ashley Chanler.[11][12]

Butler was President of the Pilgrims Society, which promotes Anglo-American friendship.[13] He served as President of the Pilgrims from 1928 to 1946. Butler was president of The American Academy of Arts and Letters from 1928 to 1941.

Butler married Susanna Edwards Schuyler (1863–1903) in 1887 and had one daughter from that marriage. Susanna was the daughter of Jacob Rutsen Schuyler (1816–1887) and Susannah Haigh Edwards (born 1830). His wife died in 1903 and he married again in 1907 to Kate La Montagne, granddaughter of New York property developer Thomas E. Davis.[14] In 1940, Butler completed his autobiography with the publication of the second volume of Across the Busy Years.[15] When Butler became almost blind in 1945 at the age of eighty-three, he resigned from the posts he held and died two years later. Butler is buried at Cedar Lawn Cemetery, in Paterson, New Jersey.

Despite Butler's accomplishments, many people regarded him as arrogant. He autocratically dismissed faculty members who displeased him, such as the great classical scholar Harry Thurston Peck, and others who dared to question his dismissals, such as the civil rights pioneer Joel Elias Spingarn. He had little respect for Columbia's fine arts faculty, and stripped them of academic affairs voting rights in 1903, accelerating his deteriorating relationship with music professor Edward MacDowell; he went so far as to accuse MacDowell of unprofessional conduct and sloppy teaching, prompting MacDowell's abrupt resignation from Columbia in February 1904. In 1939, a former student of Butler's, Rolfe Humphries, published in the pages of Poetry an effort titled "Draft Ode for a Phi Beta Kappa Occasion" that followed a classical format of unrhymed blank verse in iambic pentameter with one classical reference per line. The first letters of each line of the resulting acrostic spelled out the message: "Nicholas Murray Butler is a horses [sic] ass." Upon discovering the "hidden" message, the irate editors ran a formal apology.[16] Randolph Silliman Bourne lampooned him as "Alexander Macintosh Butcher" in "One of our Conquerers", a 1915 essay he published in The New Republic.

Butler wrote and spoke voluminously on all manner of subjects ranging from education to world peace. Although marked by erudition and great learning, his work tended toward the portentous and overblown. In The American Mercury, the critic Dorothy Dunbar Bromley referred to Butler's pronouncements as "those interminable miasmas of guff."[17]

• Knight Grand Commander in the Order of the Redeemer.[18]
• Order of Saint Sava.
• Grand cordon of the Order of Leopold.
• Knight Grand cross in the Order of the Crown of Italy.
• Commander in the Order of the Red Eagle.
• Knight Grand cross in the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus.
• Doctor honoris causa - University of Szeged (Hungary) in 1931.

• Regeneration, 1896.
• True and False Democracy (1 ed.). New York: The Macmillan Company. 1907. Retrieved July 6, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
• Philosophy, 1908.
• The International Mind: An Argument for the Judicial Settlement of International Disputes (1 ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1912. Retrieved July 7, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
• Why Should we Change our Form of Government?, 1912.
• The Great War and Its Lessons, 1914.
• The United States of Europe; An Interview with Nicholas Murray Butler by Edward Marshall (1 ed.). New York: Reprint from the New York Times of October 18, 1914. 1914. Retrieved July 6, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
• The United States as a World Power, 1915.
• The Building of the Nation, 1916.
• The Basis of Durable Peace: Written at the Invitation of The New York Times (1 ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's. 1918. Retrieved July 7, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
• Problems of Peace and After-Peace (1 ed.). 1919. Retrieved July 7, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
• Making Liberal Men and Women, 1921.
• Scholarship and Service, 1921.
• Building the American Nation, 1923.
• The Faith of a Liberal, 1924.
• Between Two Worlds, 1934.
• Across the Busy Years: Recollections and Reflections. I (1 ed.). New York & London: The Charles Scribner's Sons. 1939. Retrieved July 6, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
• Across the Busy Years: Recollections and Reflections. II (1 ed.). New York & London: The Charles Scribner's Sons. 1940. Retrieved July 6, 2017 – via Internet Archive.

• Jerome Klein
• Institute of International Education

• Comte, Edward Le (1986). "Dinner with Butler and Eisenhower," Commentary, Vol. LXXXI, No. 1.
• Hewlett, Charles F. (1983). "Nicholas Murray Butler and the American Peace Movement," Teachers College Record, Vol. 85, No. 2.
• Hewlett, Charles F. (1987). "John Dewey and Nicholas Murray Butler: Contrasting Conceptions of Peace Education in the Twenties," Educational Theory, Vol. 37, No. 4.
• Marrin, Albert (1976). Nicholas Murray Butler, Boston: Twayne Publishers.
• Rosenthal, Michael (2006). Nicholas Miraculous: The Amazing Career of the Redoubtable Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, ISBN 0-374-29994-3
• Sokal, Michael M. (2009). "James McKeen Cattell, Nicholas Murray Butler, and Academic Freedom at Columbia University, 1902–1923," History of Psychology, Vol. XII, No. 2.
• Thomas, Milton Halsey (1932). Bibliography of Nicholas Murray Butler, 1872-1932: A Check List, New York: Columbia University Press.
• Williams, Andrew (2012). "Waiting for Monsieur Bergson: Nicholas Murray Butler, James T. Shotwell, and the French Sage," Diplomacy & Statecraft, Vol. 23, No. 2.
• Akhund, Nadine, Tison, Stephane (2018), En guerre pour la paix. Correspondance Paul d'Estournelles de Constant et Nicholas Murray-Butler (1914-1919), Paris: Alma.

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• Nicholas Murray Butler on Nobelprize.org
• Works by Nicholas Murray Butler at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Nicholas Murray Butler at Internet Archive
• Works by Nicholas Murray Butler, at Unz.org
• Works by Nicholas Murray Butler, at Hathi Trust
• Nicholas Murray Butler at IMDb 
• CEIP archive at Columbia University
• Picture of Nicholas Murray Butler, ca. 1930
• Portrait of Nicholas Murray Butler, by Augustus Vincent Tack
• John D. Rockefeller, Letter to Nicholas Murray Butler
• "Address by Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler to the members of the Union League of Philadelphia, 1915, Digital Library@Villanova University"
• "Documented in the United States of America Congressional Record, Proceedings and Discussions of the 76th Congress, Third Session, Remarks of Hon. J. Thorkelson of Montana, in the House of Representatives, Aug. 19, 1940: Steps Toward British Union - a World State and International Strife--Part IV (Page 12)"
• Newspaper clippings about Nicholas Murray Butler in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
• Nicholas Murray Butler papers, 1891-1947 at the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University, New York, NY