Nyamiviridae

Nyamiviridae is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses in the order Mononegavirales.[1] Ecdysozoa and birds serve as natural hosts.[2] The name is a portmanteau of Nyamanini Pan (place of isolation of type species Nyamanini virus in South Africa) and Midway Atoll (place of isolation of Midway virus in the United States) and the suffix -viridae used to denote a virus family. There are currently twelve species in this family divided among six genera.[3]

Nyamiviridae
Virions of San Jacinto virus forming at infected cell's surface and virus genome
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Negarnaviricota
Class: Monjiviricetes
Order: Mononegavirales
Family: Nyamiviridae

History

Nyamanini virus (NYMV) and Midway virus (MDWV) were first isolated in 1957 and 1966 respectively. NYMV has been isolated from cattle egrets (species Bubulcus ibis) and ticks (species Argas walkerae) in Egypt, India, Nigeria, South Africa, and Thailand. MDWV has been isolated from tick of the genus Ornithodoros collected in Midway, Kure and Manana islands and northern Honshu, Japan. Antibodies to this virus have been found in the black-tailed gulls (species Larus crassirostris) and black-crowned night herons (species Nycticorax nycticorax).

Structure
Genomes of different nyamiviruses

Nyamivirions are enveloped, with spherical geometries. Their diameters are around 100 to 130 nm. Nyamiviral genomes are linear, nonsegmented and bisegmented, and around 11.6 kbp in total length. The nyamiviral genome codes for six proteins.[2][4] Of these, only two have been assigned a function: the putative nucleocapsid protein and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Life cycle

Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral GP glycoproteins to host receptors, which mediates clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Replication follows the negative stranded RNA virus replication model. Negative stranded RNA virus transcription, using polymerase stuttering is the method of transcription. The virus progeny are released by budding from the infected cells. Ticks and birds serve as the natural host.[2][4]

Taxonomy
Phylogenetic tree of Nyamiviridae
Family Nyamivirdae: genera, species, and their viruses[2][3]
Genus Species Virus (Abbreviation)
Berhavirus Beihai berhavirus
Echinoderm berhavirus
Sipunculid berhavirus*
Crustavirus Beihai crustavirus
Wenling crustavirus
Wenzhou crustavirus*
Nyavirus Midway nyavirus Midway virus (MIDWV)
Nyamanini nyavirus* Nyamanini virus (NYMV)
Sierra Nevada nyavirus Sierra Nevada virus (SNVV)
Orinovirus Orinoco orinovirus*
Socyvirus Soybean cyst nematode socyvirus* soybean cyst nematode virus 1 (SbCNV-1)
Tapwovirus Tapeworm tapwovirus*

Table legend: "*" denotes type species.

References
  1. Dietzgen, RG; Ghedin, E; Jiāng, D; Kuhn, JH; Song, T; Vasilakis, N; Wang, D; Ictv Report, Consortium (December 2017). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Nyamiviridae". The Journal of General Virology. 98 (12): 2914–2915. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000973. PMC 5775900. PMID 29120298.
  2. "ICTV Report Nyamiviridae".
  3. Amarasinghe, Gaya K.; Bào, Yīmíng; Basler, Christopher F.; Bavari, Sina; Beer, Martin; Bejerman, Nicolás; Blasdell, Kim R.; Bochnowski, Alisa; Briese, Thomas (7 April 2017). "Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2017". Archives of Virology. 162: 2493–2504. doi:10.1007/s00705-017-3311-7. ISSN 1432-8798. PMC 5831667. PMID 28389807.
  4. "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
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