Partitiviridae

Partitiviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses.[2] Fungi and plants serve as natural hosts. The name comes from the Latin partitius, which means divided, and refers to the segmented genome of partitiviruses. There are 60 species in the family which are divided into five genera or unassigned to a genus.[3][4][5]

Partitiviridae
CryoEM reconstruction of Penicillium stoloniferum virus S capsid, a partitivirus. EMDB entry EMD-5161[1]
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Duplopiviricetes
Order: Durnavirales
Family: Partitiviridae
Genera
  • Alphapartitivirus
  • Betapartitivirus
  • Cryspovirus
  • Deltapartitivirus
  • Gammapartitivirus

Structure

Viruses in the family Partitiviridae are non-enveloped with icosahedral geometries and T=1 symmetry. The diameter is around 35–40 nm.[3][4]

Genome
Genome of atkinsonella hypoxylon virus (AhV) of genus Betapartitivirus

Partitiviruses have double-stranded RNA genomes divided into two genomic segments and there may be additional subgenomic segments. The genome segments are packaged in the same virus particle. The larger segment codes for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and the smaller codes for the coat protein. Genomes are linear and around 1.4–3.0 kb in length. The genome codes for two proteins.[3][4]

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by cell-to-cell movement. Fungi and plants serve as the natural host.[3][4] Cryspoviruses infect apicomplexian protozoa of the genus Cryptosporidium,[6] while viruses of the other genera infect plants and fungi.

Phylogenetics

Based on the RNA polymerase gene this group can be divided into four clades (I-IV).[7] Four isolates from animals and protozoans form a fifth clade. Clades I-IV consist of mixtures of partitivirus-like sequences from plants and fungi.

Taxonomy
Phylogenetic tree of Partitiviridae

There are currently five recognized genera within the Partitiviridae family. There are an additional fifteen species in the family unassigned to a genus:[3]

Alphapartitivirus

  • Beet cryptic virus 1
  • Carrot cryptic virus
  • Cherry chlorotic rusty spot associated partitivirus
  • Chondrostereum purpureum cryptic virus 1
  • Flammulina velutipes browning virus
  • Helicobasidium mompa partitivirus V70
  • Heterobasidion partitivirus 1
  • Heterobasidion partitivirus 3
  • Rosellinia necatrix partitivirus 2
  • Vicia cryptic virus
  • White clover cryptic virus 1 (type species)

Betapartitivirus

  • Atkinsonella hypoxylon virus (type species)
  • Cannabis cryptic virus
  • Ceratocystis resinifera virus 1
  • Crimson clover cryptic virus 2
  • Dill cryptic virus 2
  • Fusarium poae virus 1
  • Heterobasidion partitivirus 2
  • Heterobasidion partitivirus 8
  • Heterobasidion partitivirus P
  • Hop trefoil cryptic virus 2
  • Pleurotus ostreatus virus 1
  • Primula malacoides virus 1
  • Red clover cryptic virus 2
  • Rhizoctonia solani virus 717
  • Rosellinia necatrix virus 1
  • White clover cryptic virus 2

Cryspovirus

Deltapartitivirus

  • Beet cryptic virus 2
  • Beet cryptic virus 3
  • Fig cryptic virus
  • Pepper cryptic virus 1 (type species)
  • Pepper cryptic virus 2

Gammapartitivirus

  • Aspergillus ochraceous virus
  • Discula destructiva virus 1
  • Discula destructiva virus 2
  • Fusarium solani virus 1
  • Gremmeniella abietina RNA virus MS1
  • Ophiostoma partitivirus 1
  • Penicillium stoloniferum virus F
  • Penicillium stoloniferum virus S (type species)

Genus unassigned

  • Agaricus bisporus virus 4
  • Alfalfa cryptic virus 1
  • Carnation cryptic virus 1
  • Carrot temperate virus 1
  • Carrot temperate virus 2
  • Carrot temperate virus 3
  • Carrot temperate virus 4
  • Gaeumannomyces graminis virus 019/6-A
  • Gaeumannomyces graminis virus T1-A
  • Hop trefoil cryptic virus 1
  • Hop trefoil cryptic virus 3
  • Radish yellow edge virus
  • Ryegrass cryptic virus
  • Spinach temperate virus
  • White clover cryptic virus 3

References
  1. Tang, J.; Pan, J.; Havens, W. M.; Ochoa, W. F.; Guu, T. S. Y.; Ghabrial, S. A.; Nibert, M. L.; Tao, Y. J.; Baker, T. S. (2010). "Backbone Trace of Partitivirus Capsid Protein from Electron Cryomicroscopy and Homology Modeling". Biophysical Journal. 99 (2): 685–694. Bibcode:2010BpJ....99..685T. doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2010.04.058. PMC 2905076. PMID 20643089.
  2. Vainio, EJ; Chiba, S; Ghabrial, SA; Maiss, E; Roossinck, M; Sabanadzovic, S; Suzuki, N; Xie, J; Nibert, M; Ictv Report, Consortium (January 2018). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Partitiviridae". The Journal of General Virology. 99 (1): 17–18. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000985. PMC 5882087. PMID 29214972.
  3. "ICTV Online Report Partitiviridae".
  4. "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  5. ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  6. Nibert ML, Woods KM, Upton SJ, Ghabrial SA (2009) Cryspovirus: a new genus of protozoan viruses in the family Partitiviridae. Arch Virol 154(12):1959–1965
  7. Liu H, Fu Y, Xie J, Cheng J, Ghabrial SA, Li G, Yi X, Jiang D (2012) Discovery of Novel dsRNA Viral Sequences by In Silico Cloning and Implications for Viral Diversity, Host Range and Evolution. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e42147.
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