Panic of 1847

The Panic of 1847 was a minor British banking crisis associated with the end of the 1840s railway industry boom and the failure of many non-banks.[1]

Background

As a means of stabilizing the British economy, the ministry of Robert Peel passed the Bank Charter Act of 1844.[2] This Act fixed a maximum quantity of bank notes that could be in circulation at any one time and guaranteed that definite reserve funds of gold and silver would be held in reserve to back up the money in circulation.[3] Furthermore, the Act required that the supply of money in circulation could be increased only when gold or silver reserves were proportionately increased. However, in 1847, the Act was suspended when the Bank of England was presented with a letter from the Prime Minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer indemnifying the Bank for a breach of the Act.[4] The crisis in the money market ended almost immediately, without any breach of the Act.[5]

The panic of 1847 cleared away a vast number of unsound business houses, and trade generally became much more sound and healthy; this lasted until the year 1855. The following explanation by Spanish economist Jesus Huerta de Soto of the Austrian School is based in Austrian Theory of the Business Cycle:

As of 1840 credit expansion resumed in the United Kingdom and spread throughout France and the United States. Thousands of miles of railroad track were built and the stock market entered upon a period of relentless growth which mostly favored railroad stock. Thus began a speculative movement which lasted until 1846, when economic crisis hit in Great Britain.

It is interesting to note that on July 19, 1844, under the auspices of Peel, England had adopted the Bank Charter Act, which represented the triumph of Ricardo’s Currency School and prohibited the issuance of bills not completely backed by gold. Nevertheless this provision was not established in relation to deposits and loans, the volume of which increased fivefold in only two years, which explains the spread of speculation and the severity of the crisis which erupted in 1846. [6]

Notes

John Turner, Banking in Crisis (Cambridge U. Press, 2014) pp. 72-75.
See note 238 contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 12 (International Publishers: New York, 1979) pp. 669-670.
See note 238 contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 12 pp. 669-670.
John Turner, Banking in Crisis (Cambridge U. Press, 2014) pp. 74.
id.; Glasner, David (1997). "Crisis of 1847". In Glasner, David; Cooley, Thomas F. (eds.). Business cycles and depressions: an encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 125–28. ISBN 0-8240-0944-4.
"Money, Bank Credit, and Economic Cycles" (PDF). 18 August 2014.

References

Mike Anson, David Bholat, Miao Kang, Kilian Rieder and Ryland Thomas. 2019. "The Bank of England and central bank credit rationing during the crisis of 1847: frosted glass or raised eyebrows?"
Evans, David Morier (1849). The Commercial Crisis, 1847-1848: Being Facts and Figures. London.
Glasner, David (1997). "Crisis of 1847". In Glasner, David; Cooley, Thomas F. (eds.). Business cycles and depressions: an encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 125–28. ISBN 0-8240-0944-4.
Michael Bordo (2003). Stock Market Crashes, Productivity Boom Busts and Recessions: Some Historical Evidence.
Arthur Crump, The English Manual Of Banking, Longmans, Green & Co, 2nd edition (1877).
Kynaston, David (2017). Till Time's Last Sand: A History of the Bank of England, 1694–2013. New York: Bloomsbury. pp. 145–152. ISBN 978-1408868560.

Recessions in the United States and United Kingdom
Balance sheet recession Business cycle Chronic inflation Deflation Depression Disinflation Economic expansion U.S. expansions Economic recovery General glut Global recession Inflation Recession Recession shapes Rolling recession Shock Demand Supply Stagflation Yield curve
Commercial Revolution (1000–1760)	Great Slump (1430–1490) Great Frost of 1709
1st Industrial Revolution (1760–1840)	Crisis of 1772 (1772–1774) 1785–1788 Copper Panic of 1789 (1789–1793) Panic of 1796–1797 (1796–1799) 1802–1804 1807–1810 1812 Post-Napoleonic depression (1815–1821) 1822–23 Panic of 1825 (1825–1826) 1828–29 1833–34 Panic of 1837 (1836–1838 and 1839–1843)
1840–1870	1845–46 Panic of 1847 (1847–1848) 1853–54 Panic of 1857 (1857–1858) Panic of 1866 (1865–1867) Black Friday (1869–1870)
2nd Industrial Revolution (1870–1914)	Long Depression (1873–1879) Depression of 1882–1885 1887–88 Baring crisis (1890–1891) Panic of 1893 (1893–1897) 1899–1900 Panic of 1901 (1902–1904) Panic of 1907 (1907–1908) Panic of 1910–1911 (1910–1912) 1913–14
Interwar period (1918–1939)	Post–World War I recession (1918–1919) Depression of 1920–1921 1923–1924 1926–1927 Great Depression (1929–1933) Recession of 1937–1938
Post–WWII expansion (1945–1973)	1945 Recession of 1949 (1948–1949) Recession of 1953 (1953–1954) Recession of 1958 (1957–1958) Recession of 1960–1961 Recession of 1969–1970
Great Inflation (1973–1982)	1973–1975 recession Early 1980s recession (1980–1982)
Great Moderation (1982–2007)	Early 1990s recession (1990–1991) Early 2000s recession (2001)
2007–present	Great Recession (2007–2009) COVID-19 recession (2020–present)

Financial crises
Banking panic Bear market Commodity price shocks Credit crunch Credit cycle Currency crisis Debt crisis Energy crisis Flash crash Hyperinflation Liquidity crisis Minsky moment Stock market crash
Pre-1000	Crisis of the Third Century (235–284 CE)
1000–1760	Great Bullion Famine (c. 1400–c. 1500) The Great Debasement (1544–1551) Dutch Republic stock market crashes (c. 1600–1760) Kipper und Wipper (1621–1623) Tulip mania crash (1637) South Sea bubble crash (1720) Mississippi bubble crash (1720)
1760–1840	Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763 Bengal bubble crash (1769–1784) Crisis of 1772 Dutch Republic financial collapse (c. 1780–1795) Panic of 1785 Copper Panic of 1789 Panic of 1792 Panic of 1796–1797 Danish state bankruptcy of 1813 Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks (1815–1816) Panic of 1819 Panic of 1825 Panic of 1837
1840–1870	European Potato Failure (1845–1856) Great Irish Famine Highland Potato Famine Panic of 1847 Panic of 1857 Panic of 1866 Black Friday (1869)
1870–1914	Panic of 1873 Paris Bourse crash of 1882 Panic of 1884 Arendal crash (1886) Baring crisis (1890) Encilhamento (1890–1893) Panic of 1893 Australian banking crisis of 1893 Black Monday (1894) Panic of 1896 Panic of 1901 Panic of 1907 Shanghai rubber stock market crisis (1910) Panic of 1910–11
1918–1939	Early Soviet hyperinflation (1917–1924) Weimar Republic hyperinflation (1921–1923) Shōwa financial crisis (1927) Wall Street Crash of 1929 Panic of 1930
1945–1973	Kennedy Slide of 1962
1973–1982	1970s energy crisis (1973–1980) 1973 oil crisis 1973–1974 stock market crash Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975 Steel crisis (1973–1982) Latin American debt crisis (1975–1982) 1976 IMF crisis 1979 oil crisis Brazilian hyperinflation (1980–1982)
1982–2007	Steel crisis (1982–1988) Brazilian hyperinflation (1982–1994) Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash (1982) Chilean crisis of 1982 1983 Israel bank stock crisis Black Saturday (1983) Savings and loan crisis (1986–1995) Black Monday (1987) 1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis Friday the 13th mini-crash (1989) Japanese asset price bubble crash (1990–1992) 1990 oil price shock Rhode Island banking crisis (1990–1992) 1991 Indian economic crisis 1990s Swedish banking crisis (1991–1992) 1990s Finnish banking crisis (1991–1993) 1990s Armenian energy crisis (1991–1995) Cuban Special Period (1991–2000) Black Wednesday (1992) Yugoslav hyperinflation (1992–1994) 1992 Colombian energy crisis 1994 bond market crisis Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994 Mexican peso crisis (1994–1996) 1997 Asian financial crisis October 27, 1997 mini-crash 1998 Russian financial crisis 1998–99 Ecuador financial crisis Samba effect (1999) California electricity crisis (2000–2001) Dot-com bubble crash (2000–2004) 2001 Turkish economic crisis 9/11 stock market crash (2001) Stock market downturn of 2002 South American economic crisis of 2002 2002 Uruguay banking crisis 2003 Myanmar banking crisis 2000s energy crisis (2003–2008) 2004 Argentine energy crisis Nigerian energy supply crisis (2005–) U.S. housing market correction (2006–2007) 2007 Chinese stock bubble crash Zimbabwean hyperinflation (2007–)
2007–2009	Financial crisis of 2007–2008 Subprime mortgage crisis U.S. bear market of 2007–2009 Global financial crisis in September 2008 Global financial crisis in October 2008 Global financial crisis in November 2008 Global financial crisis in December 2008 2008 Bulgarian energy crisis 2008 Central Asia energy crisis 2008 Latvian financial crisis 2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis 2008–09 Russian financial crisis 2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis 2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis 2008–2011 Irish banking crisis 2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis Global financial crisis in 2009 Blue Monday Crash 2009 European debt crisis Greek government-debt crisis
2009–2020	2009 Ecuador electricity crisis 2009 Dubai debt standstill Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010 2010 flash crash 2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis Energy crisis in Venezuela (2010–) 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami stock market crash August 2011 stock markets fall Black Monday 2011 Bangladesh share market scam 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis 2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis Venezuela economic crisis (2013–) Gaza electricity crisis (2013–) 2014–2016 Brazilian economic crisis Puerto Rican government-debt crisis (2014–) 2014–2017 Russian financial crisis 2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence 2015–2016 stock market selloff Zulia energy collapse (2015–) Brexit stock market crash (2016) 2016 Southeastern U.S. gas shortage Venezuelan hyperinflation (2016–) 2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis Ghana banking crisis (2017–2018) 2018 cryptocurrency crash 2018 Turkish currency and debt crisis 2019 California power shutoffs Lebanese liquidity crisis (2019–)
2020–present	2020 stock market crash 2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
List of banking crises List of economic crises List of sovereign debt crises List of stock market crashes and bear markets

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Panic of 1847

Background

See also

Notes

References