1973–1974 stock market crash

The 1973–1974 stock market crash caused a bear market between January 1973 and December 1974. Affecting all the major stock markets in the world, particularly the United Kingdom,[1] it was one of the worst stock market downturns since the Great Depression, the other being the financial crisis of 2007–2008.[2] The crash came after the collapse of the Bretton Woods system over the previous two years, with the associated 'Nixon Shock' and United States dollar devaluation under the Smithsonian Agreement. It was compounded by the outbreak of the 1973 oil crisis in October of that year. It was a major event of the 1970s recession.

History

In the 694 days between 11 January 1973 and 6 December 1974, the New York Stock Exchange's Dow Jones Industrial Average benchmark suffered the seventh-worst bear market in its history, losing over 45% of its value.[2] 1972 had been a good year for the DJIA, with gains of 15% in the twelve months. 1973 had been expected to be even better, with Time magazine reporting just 3 days before the crash began that it was 'shaping up as a gilt-edged year'.[3] In the two years from 1972 to 1974, the American economy slowed from 7.2% real GDP growth to −2.1% contraction, while inflation (by CPI) jumped from 3.4% in 1972 to 12.3% in 1974.[1]

The effect was worse in the United Kingdom, particularly on the London Stock Exchange's FT 30, which lost 73% of its value during the crash.[4] From a rate of 5.1% real GDP growth in 1972, the UK went into recession in 1974, with GDP falling by 1.1%.[1] At the time, the UK's property market was going through a major crisis, and a secondary banking crisis forced the Bank of England to bail out a number of lenders.[5] In the United Kingdom, the crash ended after the rent freeze was lifted on 19 December 1974, allowing a readjustment of property prices; over the following year, stock prices rose by 150%. The definitive market low for the FT30 Index (a forerunner of the FTSE100 today) came on 6 January 1975, when the index closed at 146 (having reached a nadir of 145.8 intra-day). The market then practically doubled in just over 3 months.[5] However, unlike in the United States, inflation continued to rise, to 25% in 1975, giving way to the era of stagflation. The Hong Kong Hang Seng Index also fell from 1,800 in early 1973 to close to 300.[6]

Large daily price changes

Out of the 20 largest percentage gains and losses in the DJIA, none occurred during this time period.[7]

Aftermath

All the main stock indexes of the future G7 bottomed out between September and December 1974, having lost at least 34% of their value in nominal terms and 43% in real terms.[1] In all cases, the recovery was a slow process. Although West Germany's market was the fastest to recover, returning to the original nominal level within eighteen months, it did not return to the same real level until June 1985.[1] The United Kingdom didn't return to the same market level until May 1987 (only a few months before the Black Monday crash), whilst the United States didn't see the same level in real terms until August 1993, over twenty years after the 1973–74 crash began.[1]

Cultural references

The Hong Kong TVB series The Greed of Man storyline revolves around the market crash.

References

Davis, E. Philip (January 2003). "Comparing bear markets – 1973 and 2000". National Institute Economic Review. 183 (1): 78–89. doi:10.1177/0027950103183001464.
Woodard, Dustin. "1973 – 1974 Stock Market Crash". About.com. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2007.
"A Gilt-Edged Year for the Stock Market". Time. 8 January 1973. Retrieved 11 September 2007.
Dampier, Mark (6 May 2003). "Reading the stock market". BBC News. Retrieved 11 September 2007.
Ringshaw, Grant (1 February 2003). "Why we should fear a nasty 70s revival". The Daily Telegraph. UK. Retrieved 11 September 2007.
Cairncross, Frances. McRae, Hamish. [1975] (1975) The Second great crash. Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-13-797530-3, ISBN 978-0-13-797530-3
Historical Index Data - Markets Data Center - WSJ.com

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[Comparing_bear_markets-1] Davis, E. Philip (January 2003). "Comparing bear markets – 1973 and 2000". National Institute Economic Review. 183 (1): 78–89. doi:10.1177/0027950103183001464.

[About.com-2] Woodard, Dustin. "1973 – 1974 Stock Market Crash". About.com. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2007.

[3] "A Gilt-Edged Year for the Stock Market". Time. 8 January 1973. Retrieved 11 September 2007.

[4] Dampier, Mark (6 May 2003). "Reading the stock market". BBC News. Retrieved 11 September 2007.

[Why_we_should_fear_a_nasty_70s_revival-5] Ringshaw, Grant (1 February 2003). "Why we should fear a nasty 70s revival". The Daily Telegraph. UK. Retrieved 11 September 2007.

[6] Cairncross, Frances. McRae, Hamish. [1975] (1975) The Second great crash. Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-13-797530-3, ISBN 978-0-13-797530-3

[7] Historical Index Data - Markets Data Center - WSJ.com

Financial crises
Banking panic Bear market Commodity price shocks Credit crunch Credit cycle Currency crisis Debt crisis Energy crisis Flash crash Hyperinflation Liquidity crisis Minsky moment Stock market crash
Pre-1000	Crisis of the Third Century (235–284 CE)
1000–1760	Great Bullion Famine (c. 1400–c. 1500) The Great Debasement (1544–1551) Dutch Republic stock market crashes (c. 1600–1760) Kipper und Wipper (1621–1623) Tulip mania crash (1637) South Sea bubble crash (1720) Mississippi bubble crash (1720)
1760–1840	Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763 Bengal bubble crash (1769–1784) Crisis of 1772 Dutch Republic financial collapse (c. 1780–1795) Panic of 1785 Copper Panic of 1789 Panic of 1792 Panic of 1796–1797 Danish state bankruptcy of 1813 Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks (1815–1816) Panic of 1819 Panic of 1825 Panic of 1837
1840–1870	European Potato Failure (1845–1856) Great Irish Famine Highland Potato Famine Panic of 1847 Panic of 1857 Panic of 1866 Black Friday (1869)
1870–1914	Panic of 1873 Paris Bourse crash of 1882 Panic of 1884 Arendal crash (1886) Baring crisis (1890) Encilhamento (1890–1893) Panic of 1893 Australian banking crisis of 1893 Black Monday (1894) Panic of 1896 Panic of 1901 Panic of 1907 Shanghai rubber stock market crisis (1910) Panic of 1910–11
1918–1939	Early Soviet hyperinflation (1917–1924) Weimar Republic hyperinflation (1921–1923) Shōwa financial crisis (1927) Wall Street Crash of 1929 Panic of 1930
1945–1973	Kennedy Slide of 1962
1973–1982	1970s energy crisis (1973–1980) 1973 oil crisis 1973–1974 stock market crash Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975 Steel crisis (1973–1982) Latin American debt crisis (1975–1982) 1976 IMF crisis 1979 oil crisis Brazilian hyperinflation (1980–1982)
1982–2007	Steel crisis (1982–1988) Brazilian hyperinflation (1982–1994) Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash (1982) Chilean crisis of 1982 1983 Israel bank stock crisis Black Saturday (1983) Savings and loan crisis (1986–1995) Black Monday (1987) 1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis Friday the 13th mini-crash (1989) Japanese asset price bubble crash (1990–1992) 1990 oil price shock Rhode Island banking crisis (1990–1992) 1991 Indian economic crisis 1990s Swedish banking crisis (1991–1992) 1990s Finnish banking crisis (1991–1993) 1990s Armenian energy crisis (1991–1995) Cuban Special Period (1991–2000) Black Wednesday (1992) Yugoslav hyperinflation (1992–1994) 1992 Colombian energy crisis 1994 bond market crisis Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994 Mexican peso crisis (1994–1996) 1997 Asian financial crisis October 27, 1997 mini-crash 1998 Russian financial crisis 1998–99 Ecuador financial crisis Samba effect (1999) California electricity crisis (2000–2001) Dot-com bubble crash (2000–2004) 2001 Turkish economic crisis 9/11 stock market crash (2001) Stock market downturn of 2002 South American economic crisis of 2002 2002 Uruguay banking crisis 2003 Myanmar banking crisis 2000s energy crisis (2003–2008) 2004 Argentine energy crisis Nigerian energy supply crisis (2005–) U.S. housing market correction (2006–2007) 2007 Chinese stock bubble crash Zimbabwean hyperinflation (2007–)
2007–2009	Financial crisis of 2007–2008 Subprime mortgage crisis U.S. bear market of 2007–2009 Global financial crisis in September 2008 Global financial crisis in October 2008 Global financial crisis in November 2008 Global financial crisis in December 2008 2008 Bulgarian energy crisis 2008 Central Asia energy crisis 2008 Latvian financial crisis 2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis 2008–09 Russian financial crisis 2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis 2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis 2008–2011 Irish banking crisis 2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis Global financial crisis in 2009 Blue Monday Crash 2009 European debt crisis Greek government-debt crisis
2009–2020	2009 Ecuador electricity crisis 2009 Dubai debt standstill Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010 2010 flash crash 2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis Energy crisis in Venezuela (2010–) 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami stock market crash August 2011 stock markets fall Black Monday 2011 Bangladesh share market scam 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis 2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis Venezuela economic crisis (2013–) Gaza electricity crisis (2013–) 2014–2016 Brazilian economic crisis Puerto Rican government-debt crisis (2014–) 2014–2017 Russian financial crisis 2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence 2015–2016 stock market selloff Zulia energy collapse (2015–) Brexit stock market crash (2016) 2016 Southeastern U.S. gas shortage Venezuelan hyperinflation (2016–) 2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis Ghana banking crisis (2017–2018) 2018 cryptocurrency crash 2018 Turkish currency and debt crisis 2019 California power shutoffs Lebanese liquidity crisis (2019–)
2020–present	2020 stock market crash 2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
List of banking crises List of economic crises List of sovereign debt crises List of stock market crashes and bear markets