Salamanca (Congress of Deputies constituency)

Salamanca is one of the 52 constituencies (Spanish: circunscripciones) represented in the Congress of Deputies, the lower chamber of the Spanish parliament, the Cortes Generales. The constituency currently elects four deputies. Its boundaries correspond to those of the Spanish province of Salamanca. The electoral system uses the D'Hondt method and a closed-list proportional representation, with a minimum threshold of three percent.

Salamanca
Congress of Deputies
Electoral Constituency
Location of Salamanca within Spain
ProvinceSalamanca
Autonomous communityCastile and León
Population330,119 (2019)[1]
Electorate305,536 (Nov 2019)
Major settlementsSalamanca
Current constituency
Created1977
Seats4
Member(s)
  •   PP (2)
  •   PSOE (1)
  •   Vox (1)

Electoral system

The constituency was created as per the Political Reform Act 1977 and was first contested in the 1977 general election. The Act provided for the provinces of Spain to be established as multi-member districts in the Congress of Deputies,[2] with this regulation being maintained under the Spanish Constitution of 1978. Additionally, the Constitution requires for any modification of the provincial limits to be approved under an organic law, needing an absolute majority in the Cortes Generales.[3]

Voting is on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprises all nationals over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights. The only exception was in 1977, when this was limited to nationals over twenty-one and in full enjoyment of their political and civil rights. Amendments to the electoral law in 2011 required for Spaniards abroad to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish: Voto rogado).[4] 348 seats are elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with a threshold of three percent of valid votes—which includes blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Parties not reaching the threshold are not taken into consideration for seat distribution. Each provincial constituency is entitled to an initial minimum of two seats, with the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla are allocated the two remaining seats, which are elected using plurality voting.[3][5][6] The use of the D'Hondt method may result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.[7]

The electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call—fifteen before 1985—whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election—one-thousandth of the electorate, with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures, until 1985—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Also since 2011, parties, federations or coalitions that have not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election are required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.[5][6]

Deputies

Deputies 1977–present
Legislature Election Distribution
Constituent 1977
1 3
1st 1979
1 3
2nd 1982
3 1
3rd 1986
2 1 1
4th 1989
2 2
5th 1993
2 2
6th 1996
1 3
7th 2000
1 3
8th 2004
2 2
9th 2008
2 2
10th 2011
1 3
11th 2015
1 1 2
12th 2016
1 3
13th 2019 (Apr)
1 1 2
14th 2019 (Nov)
1 2 1

Elections

November 2019 general election

Summary of the 10 November 2019 Congress of Deputies election results in Salamanca
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 67,71534.70+6.14 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 57,48129.45+1.28 1±0
Vox (Vox) 34,92917.90+5.26 1+1
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 16,8868.65–12.04 0–1
United We Can (PodemosIU) 13,6086.97–0.90 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 9640.49–0.16 0±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 3220.16+0.01 0±0
Zero CutsGreen GroupPCASTC (Recortes Cero–GV–PCAS–TC) 3060.16+0.03 0±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL) 2860.15New 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 2660.14–0.01 0±0
With You, We Are Democracy (Contigo) 2290.12New 0±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) 1960.10–0.03 0±0
Blank ballots 1,9821.02+0.15
Total 195,170 4±0
Valid votes 195,17098.73–0.07
Invalid votes 2,5031.27+0.07
Votes cast / turnout 197,67364.70–4.96
Abstentions 107,86335.30+4.96
Registered voters 305,536
Sources[8]

April 2019 general election

Summary of the 28 April 2019 Congress of Deputies election results in Salamanca
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 60,15428.56–19.68 2–1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 59,33128.17+6.81 1±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 43,58020.69+4.95 1+1
Vox (Vox) 26,63112.64New 0±0
United We Can (PodemosIUEquo) 16,5757.87–4.69 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 1,3700.65–0.02 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 3220.15New 0±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 3090.15+0.03 0±0
Zero CutsGreen GroupPCASTC (Recortes Cero–GV–PCAS–TC) 2750.13–0.03 0±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) 2650.13New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,8340.87+0.16
Total 210,646 4±0
Valid votes 210,64698.80–0.16
Invalid votes 2,5671.20+0.16
Votes cast / turnout 213,21369.66+3.36
Abstentions 92,86230.34–3.36
Registered voters 306,075
Sources[9]

2016 general election

Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in Salamanca
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 97,67248.24+5.57 3+1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 43,25221.36–0.41 1±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 31,87815.74–1.08 0–1
United We Can (PodemosIUEquo)1 25,44112.56–3.08 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 1,3590.67+0.11 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 6830.34–0.46 0±0
Zero CutsGreen Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 3260.16+0.01 0±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 2330.12±0.00 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 1960.10–0.03 0±0
Blank ballots 1,4430.71–0.24
Total 202,483 4±0
Valid votes 202,48398.96+0.03
Invalid votes 2,1321.04–0.03
Votes cast / turnout 204,61566.30–2.15
Abstentions 103,99733.70+2.15
Registered voters 308,612
Sources[10]

2015 general election

Summary of the 20 December 2015 Congress of Deputies election results in Salamanca
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 89,37542.67–17.37 2–1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 45,59321.77–4.47 1±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 35,24216.82New 1+1
We Can (Podemos) 25,74312.29New 0±0
United LeftPopular Unity in Common (IU–UPeC) 7,0173.35–0.96 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 1,6690.80–5.38 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 1,1750.56+0.29 0±0
Vox (Vox) 8220.39New 0±0
Zero CutsGreen Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 3190.15New 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 2640.13New 0±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 2510.12–0.07 0±0
Blank ballots 1,9970.95–0.55
Total 209,467 4±0
Valid votes 209,46798.93+0.27
Invalid votes 2,2761.07–0.27
Votes cast / turnout 211,74368.45–1.28
Abstentions 97,61531.55+1.28
Registered voters 309,358
Sources[11]

2011 general election

Summary of the 20 November 2011 Congress of Deputies election results in Salamanca
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 128,88760.04+6.26 3+1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 56,33126.24–13.72 1–1
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 13,2766.18+4.45 0±0
United Left of Castile and León: Plural Left (IUCyL) 9,2564.31+2.58 0±0
Equo (Equo) 1,6480.77New 0±0
Blank Seats (EB) 6860.32New 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 5840.27+0.14 0±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 4080.19+0.05 0±0
Democratic Hygiene (HD) 2060.10New 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 1610.08New 0±0
Blank ballots 3,2231.50+0.27
Total 214,666 4±0
Valid votes 214,66698.66–0.64
Invalid votes 2,9051.34+0.64
Votes cast / turnout 217,57169.73–6.80
Abstentions 94,43030.27+6.80
Registered voters 312,001
Sources[12]

2008 general election

Summary of the 9 March 2008 Congress of Deputies election results in Salamanca
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 127,13053.78–0.47 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 94,47439.96+0.13 2±0
United Left–Alternative (IU) 4,0851.73–0.25 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 4,0831.73New 0±0
The Greens of Europe (LVdE) 6630.28New 0±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 4300.18New 0±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 3220.14–0.08 0±0
Anti-Bullfighting Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 3120.13New 0±0
Social Democratic Party (PSD) 2990.13New 0±0
Carlist Party (PC) 2700.11New 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 2410.10New 0±0
National Democracy (DN) 2320.10+0.06 0±0
Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB) 2060.09–0.11 0±0
Communist Party of the Castilian People (PCPC–PCPE) 1600.07+0.02 0±0
Engine and Sports Alternative (AMD) 1270.05New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 1150.05–0.05 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 980.04±0.00 0±0
Authentic Phalanx (FA) 640.03+0.01 0±0
Spanish Alternative (AES) 540.02New 0±0
State of Spain Unionist Party (PUEDE) 430.02New 0±0
Spain 2000 (E–2000) 430.02New 0±0
National Alliance (AN) 290.01New 0±0
Blank ballots 2,9141.23–0.74
Total 236,394 4±0
Valid votes 236,39499.30+0.02
Invalid votes 1,6740.70–0.02
Votes cast / turnout 238,06876.53–0.09
Abstentions 73,02723.47+0.09
Registered voters 311,095
Sources[13]

2004 general election

Summary of the 14 March 2004 Congress of Deputies election results in Salamanca
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 128,93254.25–4.27 2–1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 94,65539.83+7.16 2+1
United Left (IU) 4,7131.98–1.70 0±0
Union of the Salamancan People (UPSa) 1,8710.79New 0±0
Salamanca–Zamora–León–PREPAL (PREPAL) 5120.22–0.12 0±0
Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB) 4850.20New 0±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 4470.19+0.02 0±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV) 2810.12New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 2270.10–0.02 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 1630.07–0.05 0±0
Republican Left (IR) 1400.06New 0±0
Communist Party of the Castilian People (PCPC–PCPE) 1110.05New 0±0
National Democracy (DN) 1010.04New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)1 950.04–0.01 0±0
The Phalanx (FE) 920.04–0.03 0±0
Republican Social Movement (MSR) 830.03New 0±0
Authentic Phalanx (FA) 530.02New 0±0
Blank ballots 4,6921.97–0.10
Total 237,653 4±0
Valid votes 237,65399.28+0.07
Invalid votes 1,7220.72–0.07
Votes cast / turnout 239,37576.62+5.44
Abstentions 73,04623.38–5.44
Registered voters 312,421
Sources[14]

2000 general election

Summary of the 12 March 2000 Congress of Deputies election results in Salamanca
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 130,36058.52+4.43 3±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' PartyProgressives (PSOE–p) 72,76932.67–2.37 1±0
United Left (IU) 8,1953.68–4.40 0±0
Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL) 2,9171.31+0.78 0±0
Independent Salamancan Union (USI) 1,4160.64New 0±0
Salamanca–Zamora–León–PREPAL (PREPAL) 7600.34+0.05 0±0
Centrist Union–Democratic and Social Centre (UC–CDS) 3860.17–0.08 0±0
Natural Law Party (PLN) 3090.14New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 2750.12+0.03 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 2600.12+0.04 0±0
The Phalanx (FE) 1670.07New 0±0
Spanish Democratic Party (PADE) 1180.05New 0±0
Independent Spanish Phalanx–Phalanx 2000 (FEI–FE 2000) 1060.05New 0±0
Spain 2000 Platform (ES2000) 970.04New 0±0
Blank ballots 4,6132.07+0.68
Total 222,748 4±0
Valid votes 222,74899.21–0.19
Invalid votes 1,7790.79+0.19
Votes cast / turnout 224,52771.18–7.95
Abstentions 90,89228.82+7.95
Registered voters 315,419
Sources[15]

1996 general election

Summary of the 3 March 1996 Congress of Deputies election results in Salamanca
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 130,73454.09+5.50 3+1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 84,68735.04–2.28 1–1
United Left of Castile and León (IUCL) 19,5268.08+1.42 0±0
Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL) 1,2890.53+0.21 0±0
Salamanca–Zamora–León–PREPAL (PREPAL) 7020.29+0.17 0±0
Centrist Union (UC) 6000.25–3.60 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 2270.09+0.05 0±0
Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRT) 2260.09New 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 1830.08+0.02 0±0
Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA) 1710.07New 0±0
Blank ballots 3,3671.39+0.21
Total 241,712 4±0
Valid votes 241,71299.40+0.08
Invalid votes 1,4590.60–0.08
Votes cast / turnout 243,17179.13+0.04
Abstentions 64,11820.87–0.04
Registered voters 307,289
Sources[16]

1993 general election

Summary of the 6 June 1993 Congress of Deputies election results in Salamanca
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 114,03148.59+7.86 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 87,57837.32+0.33 2±0
United Left of Castile and León (IU) 15,6336.66+0.97 0±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 9,0413.85–8.67 0±0
The Greens (LV) 2,4541.05–0.03 0±0
Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL) 7610.32New 0±0
The Ecologists (LE) 6790.29–0.31 0±0
Ruiz-Mateos GroupEuropean Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE) 5690.24New 0±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 2870.12±0.00 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 1690.07–0.06 0±0
Coalition for a New Socialist Party (CNPS)1 1570.07–0.08 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 1310.06New 0±0
Natural Law Party (PLN) 1130.05New 0±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL) 1100.05New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 930.04–0.06 0±0
Party of El Bierzo (PB) 830.04New 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 00.00New 0±0
Blank ballots 2,7751.18+0.31
Total 234,664 4±0
Valid votes 234,66499.32+0.15
Invalid votes 1,6120.68–0.15
Votes cast / turnout 236,27679.09+3.74
Abstentions 62,47020.91–3.74
Registered voters 298,746
Sources[17]

1989 general election

Summary of the 29 October 1989 Congress of Deputies election results in Salamanca
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP)1 88,04840.73+4.90 2+1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 79,96636.99–1.70 2±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 27,06812.52–5.78 0–1
United Left (IU) 12,3085.69+3.77 0±0
The Greens–Green List (LV–LV) 2,3311.08New 0±0
The Ecologist Greens (LVE) 1,2910.60New 0±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 1,0520.49+0.21 0±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 5840.27+0.03 0±0
Workers' Party of Spain–Communist Unity (PTE–UC)2 4760.22–0.65 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 3840.18New 0±0
Alliance for the Republic (AxR)3 3290.15–0.04 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 2780.13–0.06 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 2060.10New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,8770.87–0.17
Total 216,198 4±0
Valid votes 216,19899.17+0.82
Invalid votes 1,8010.83–0.82
Votes cast / turnout 217,99975.35+0.25
Abstentions 71,32324.65–0.25
Registered voters 289,322
Sources[18]

1986 general election

Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in Salamanca
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 82,54838.69–7.32 2–1
People's Coalition (APPDPPL)1 76,43835.83+6.09 1±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 39,04418.30+14.48 1+1
United Left (IU)2 4,0931.92+0.72 0±0
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD) 2,5441.19New 0±0
Communists' Unity Board (MUC) 1,8470.87New 0±0
Green Alternative List (LAV) 1,1380.53New 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 7500.35+0.19 0±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 6080.28New 0±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 5040.24New 0±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 4080.19New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 4060.19+0.19 0±0
Leonese Convergence (CL) 3270.15New 0±0
Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC) 2350.11New 0±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)3 2240.10–0.02 0±0
Blank ballots 2,2211.04+0.31
Total 213,335 4±0
Valid votes 213,33598.35+1.01
Invalid votes 3,5751.65–1.01
Votes cast / turnout 216,91075.10–5.87
Abstentions 71,93324.90+5.87
Registered voters 288,843
Sources[19]

1982 general election

Summary of the 28 October 1982 Congress of Deputies election results in Salamanca
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 100,53446.01+19.43 3+2
People's Alliance–People's Democratic Party (APPDP)1 64,97229.74+22.06 1+1
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 29,95113.71–39.76 0–3
Agrarian Bloc Electoral Group (AEBA) 8,7484.00New 0±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 8,3383.82New 0±0
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 2,6161.20–2.82 0±0
New Force (FN)2 3620.17–0.83 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 3420.16New 0±0
Spanish Solidarity (SE) 3060.14New 0±0
Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) (PCE (m–l)) 2690.12New 0±0
Falangist Movement of Spain (MFE) 2530.12New 0±0
Communist Unity Candidacy (CUC)3 1920.09+0.09 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 00.00New 0±0
Revolutionary Communist League (LCR) 00.00–0.35 0±0
Blank ballots 1,5990.73+0.11
Total 218,482 4±0
Valid votes 218,48297.34–0.94
Invalid votes 5,9772.66+0.94
Votes cast / turnout 224,45980.97+9.34
Abstentions 52,75619.03–9.34
Registered voters 277,215
Sources[20]

1979 general election

Summary of the 1 March 1979 Congress of Deputies election results in Salamanca
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 104,32853.47–2.62 3±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1 51,86626.58–2.33 1±0
Democratic Coalition (CD)2 14,9927.68–0.18 0±0
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 7,8374.02+1.17 0±0
Independent Candidacy of the Countryside (CIC) 6,1153.13New 0±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (historical) (PSOEh) 2,6421.35New 0±0
National Union (UN) 1,9461.00New 0±0
Party of Labour of Spain (PTE)3 1,1330.58+0.13 0±0
Workers' Revolutionary Organization (ORT) 8310.43New 0±0
Revolutionary Communist League (LCR) 6920.35New 0±0
Republican Left (IR) 5870.30New 0±0
Communist MovementOrganization of Communist Left (MC–OIC) 4870.25New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (Authentic) (FE–JONS(A)) 4320.22–0.14 0±0
Workers' Communist Party (PCT) 00.00New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,2100.62+0.35
Total 195,098 4±0
Valid votes 195,09898.28+0.88
Invalid votes 3,4201.72–0.88
Votes cast / turnout 198,51871.63–10.95
Abstentions 78,62728.37+10.95
Registered voters 277,145
Sources[21]

1977 general election

Summary of the 15 June 1977 Congress of Deputies election results in Salamanca
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 108,86256.09n/a 3n/a
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 44,16822.76n/a 1n/a
People's Alliance (AP) 15,2597.86n/a 0n/a
People's Socialist PartySocialist Unity (PSP–US) 11,9306.15n/a 0n/a
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 5,5222.85n/a 0n/a
Federation of Christian Democracy (FPDID) 5,3022.73n/a 0n/a
Spanish Social Reform (RSE) 9290.48n/a 0n/a
Democratic Left Front (FDI) 8720.45n/a 0n/a
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (Authentic) (FE–JONS(A)) 7080.36n/a 0n/a
Blank ballots 5170.27n/a
Total 194,069 4n/a
Valid votes 194,06997.40n/a
Invalid votes 5,1902.60n/a
Votes cast / turnout 199,25982.58n/a
Abstentions 42,04217.42n/a
Registered voters 241,301
Sources[22]

References

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  2. "Ley 1/1977, de 4 de enero, para la Reforma Política". Law No. 1 of 4 January 1977. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  3. "Constitución Española". Act of 29 December 1978. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
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  5. "Real Decreto-ley 20/1977, de 18 de marzo, sobre Normas Electorales". Royal Decree-Law No. 20 of 18 March 1977. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  6. "Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General". Organic Law No. 5 of 19 June 1985. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  7. Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  8. "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. November 2019. Salamanca". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  9. "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. April 2019. Salamanca". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  10. "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 2016. Salamanca". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  11. "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. December 2015. Salamanca". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  12. "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. November 2011. Salamanca". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  13. "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. March 2008. Salamanca". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  14. "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. March 2004. Salamanca". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  15. "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. March 2000. Salamanca". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  16. "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. March 1996. Salamanca". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  17. "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 1993. Salamanca". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  18. "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. October 1989. Salamanca". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  19. "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 1986. Salamanca". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  20. "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. October 1982. Salamanca". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  21. "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. March 1979. Salamanca". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  22. "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 1977. Salamanca". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.

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