South Gate, California

South Gate is the 17th largest city in Los Angeles County, California, United States, with 7.4 square miles (19 km2). South Gate is located 7 miles (11 km) southeast of Downtown Los Angeles.[9] It is part of the Gateway Cities region of southeastern Los Angeles County.

South Gate, California
City
City of South Gate
Hoot Owl Cafe in 1977, before it was demolished
Seal
Nickname(s): 
"Azalea City"
Location of South Gate in Los Angeles County, California
South Gate
Location of South Gate in Los Angeles County, California
South Gate
South Gate (southern California)
South Gate
South Gate (California)
South Gate
South Gate (the United States)
Coordinates: 33°56′39″N 118°11′42″W
Country United States
State California
County Los Angeles
IncorporatedJanuary 20, 1923[1]
Government
 • MayorMaria Davila[2]
Area
 • Total7.35 sq mi (19.04 km2)
 • Land7.24 sq mi (18.74 km2)
 • Water0.12 sq mi (0.30 km2)  1.59%
Elevation115 ft (35 m)
Population
 • Total94,396
 • Estimate 
(2019)[6]
93,444
 • Rank83rd in California
 • Density12,913.76/sq mi (4,986.06/km2)
Time zoneUTC-8 (PST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (PDT)
ZIP Code
90280[7]
Area code(s)323[8]/ 562
FIPS code06-73080
GNIS feature ID1652795
Websitewww.cityofsouthgate.org

The city was incorporated on January 20, 1923,[10] and it became known as the "Azalea City" when it adopted the flower as its symbol in 1965.[11] As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 94,396.[12]

In 1990, South Gate was one of ten U.S. communities to receive the All-America City Award from the National Civic League.[13]

History

Land grants

Among the early Spanish settlers was one of California's first families, the Lugos. The Lugo land grant encompassed a great part of what is now the City of South Gate.

While Francisco Lugo was stationed at Mission San Antonio de Padua near Salinas, California, his first California son, Antonio Maria Lugo was born in 1775.[14] That son became Don Antonio Maria Lugo, Spanish aristocrat and soldier, who settled on 30,000 acres (120 km2) of land that encompasses what is now the City of South Gate. In 1810, the King of Spain formally granted the land to Lugo as a reward for his and his father's military service.[14] Rancho San Antonio extended from the low range of hills which separated it from the San Gabriel Valley to the old Dominguez Ranch at its south, and from the eastern boundary of the pueblo of Los Angeles to the San Gabriel River. Lugo also served as mayor of Los Angeles from 1816 to 1819.[15]

A little over a century after the establishment of the Lugo Land Grant, the area at the south gate of the ranch became the City of South Gate. As Don Lugo's family grew, he obtained San Bernardino Rancho and other grants in his children's names.

The future South Gate site and adjacent mesas presented a colorful spectacle when countless heads of cattle and horses were herded from all directions to a common point for the annual great spring rodeo. Lugo would direct the proceedings and settle disputes regarding ownership of contested animals as well as adjudicate agricultural disputes. In his saddle, he was the court and the plains his courtroom.

Don Antonio's son Vincente (1820–1889) built his adobe dwelling in the 1850s on 5.5 acres (22,000 m2). It is known as Lugo Ranch, and is situated on modern day Gage Avenue in the City of Bell Gardens.[16]

Development

Before the end of the 1870s, much of the original land grant had been replaced by tracts of 40-acre (160,000 m2). By 1880, cattle raising had been replaced by agriculture as the most important local industry. During the years between 1910 and 1940, most of the agricultural land was replaced by homes and factories.[16] Early developers accelerated the suburbanization of what was then called South Gate Gardens by subdividing the land into small plots and selling the empty plots to blue-collar workers. A majority of early homes were built individually as plot owners used "sweat equity rather than cash to construct their own homes" and the local economy relied heavily on urban agriculture.[17]

Tweedy family

The R.D. Tweedy family played an important part in South Gate's history. Tweedy was born in 1812 in Illinois and came to California by ox-drawn cart in 1852. Mrs. Tweedy rode across the prairies perched on her rocking chair in the cart. The family was large, and several generations have lived in this city. The family members bought some 2,000 acres (8.1 km2) of the land on which much of South Gate was built. The "downtown business district" in South Gate was named after the family and is known as the Tweedy Mile.[16]

Naming

The city was named in 1918 after the South Gate Gardens on the Cudahy Ranch.[18] The city was incorporated five years later, in 1923, using the shortened form of the name.[18] The name refers to the city's being south of Los Angeles.[18]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.4 square miles (19 km2). 7.2 square miles (19 km2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) of it is water. The total area is 1.59% water.

The Los Angeles River runs through the eastern part of South Gate.[19]

Climate

South Gate has a semi-arid Mediterranean climate with mild winters and hot, dry summers. The average annual precipitation is 14.8 inches (380 mm) per year with most occurring between November and April. Temperatures range from a low of 40 °F (4 °C) to a high of 110 °F (43 °C). The average daily temperatures range from 54 °F (12 °C) to 73 °F (23 °C).

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
193019,632—
194026,94537.3%
195051,11689.7%
196053,8315.3%
197056,9095.7%
198066,78417.4%
199086,28429.2%
200096,37511.7%
201094,396−2.1%
2019 (est.)93,444[6]−1.0%
U.S. Decennial Census[20]

2010

The 2010 United States Census[21] reported that South Gate had a population of 94,396. The population density was 12,837.6 people per square mile (4,956.6/km2). The racial makeup of South Gate was 47,645 (50.5%) White, 3,209 (3.4%) Non-Hispanic White, 890 (0.9%) African American, 878 (0.9%) Native American, 732 (0.8%) Asian, 99 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 40,624 (43.0%) from other races, and 3,528 (3.7%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 89,442 persons (94.8%).

The Census reported that 94,308 people (99.9% of the population) lived in households, 16 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 72 (0.1%) were institutionalized.

There were 23,278 households, out of which 13,805 (59.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 13,183 (56.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 4,706 (20.2%) had a female householder with no husband present, 2,261 (9.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,879 (8.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 134 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 2,292 households (9.8%) were made up of individuals, and 996 (4.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.05. There were 20,150 families (86.6% of all households); the average family size was 4.24.

The population was spread out, with 29,374 people (31.1%) under the age of 18, 11,298 people (12.0%) aged 18 to 24, 28,039 people (29.7%) aged 25 to 44, 19,062 people (20.2%) aged 45 to 64, and 6,623 people (7.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.9 males.

There were 24,160 housing units at an average density of 3,285.7 per square mile (1,268.6/km2), of which 10,658 (45.8%) were owner-occupied, and 12,620 (54.2%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.5%; the rental vacancy rate was 3.6%. 46,665 people (49.4% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 47,643 people (50.5%) lived in rental housing units.

During 2009–2013, South Gate had a median household income of $42,776, with 21.1% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[22]

2000

As of the 2000 census, there were 96,375 people, 23,213 households, and 20,063 families residing in the city. The population density was 13,084.6 per square mile (5,052.0/km2). There were 24,269 housing units at an average density of 3,294.9 per square mile (1,271.4/km2).[23]

The racial makeup of the city was 41.6% White (0.78% White Non-Hispanic), 1.2% Black or African-American, 0.9% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.8% Asian and 51% some other race (mostly Mestizo).[24] 92% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[25]

There were 23,213 households, out of which 58.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.6% were married couples living together, 18.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 13.6% were non-families. 10.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.15 and the average family size was 4.37. In the city, the population was spread out, with 35.6% under the age of 18, 12.5% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 14.9% from 45 to 64, and 5.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 26 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.5 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $35,695, and the median income for a family was $35,789. Males had a median income of $25,350 versus $19,978 for females. The per capita income for the city was $10,602. 19.2% of the population and 17.4% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 24.2% of those under the age of 18 and 12.0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Religion

There are approximately 40 churches located in the City representing a variety of religious denominations. 58.08% of the people in South Gate, CA are religious, meaning they affiliate with a religion. 39.99% are Catholic; 6.75% are Protestant; 1.04% are members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; 3.33% are another Christian faith; 5.93% in South Gate, CA are Jewish; 0.07% are an eastern faith; 0.98% affiliate with Islam.[26]

Demographics history

South Gate developed during the 1920s and 1930s as an industrial city (primarily in "metal-bashing" industries) and its blue-collar community was predominantly non-Hispanic white.

During the 1940s and 1950s, South Gate was one of the most fiercely segregationist cities in Southern California. Gangs of white youths were known to prowl the streets looking for blacks who dared to cross over from neighboring Watts. One of the most infamous clubs of the area at that time was the "Spook Hunters".

Since the 1970s, South Gate has had a large Hispanic community, which became dominant in the 1990s as working-class Hispanics and immigrant Latin American families filled the vacuum left by non-Hispanic whites, leaving for more space in the outer suburbs.

These were the ten cities or neighborhoods in Los Angeles County with the largest percentage of Latino residents, according to the 2000 census:[27]

  1. East Los Angeles, California, 96.7%
  2. Maywood, California, 96.4%
  3. City Terrace, California, 94.4%
  4. Huntington Park, California, 95.1%
  5. Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, 94.0%
  6. Cudahy, California, 93.8%
  7. Bell Gardens, California, 93.7%
  8. Commerce, California 93.4%
  9. Vernon, California, 92.6%
  10. La Puente, California, 92.1%

Economy

South Gate was the location of a General Motors automobile manufacturing facility called South Gate Assembly which was built in 1936. Originally built to manufacture Buick, Oldsmobile, and Pontiac vehicles, it was converted to war production after 1940, and was the primary supplier of aircraft engines for the B-24 Liberator, Douglas C-47 Skytrain, and the Douglas C-54 Skymaster, as the Douglas and Consolidated companies has aircraft manufacturing facilities in Long Beach and San Diego. During the 1950s, it was GM's highest producing facility. The plant was closed in 1982 and is now the location of South East High School as of 2005.

As of June 2009, California's EDD[28] lists the unemployment rate in South Gate as 14.4%, with negative job growth. The California State Board of Equalization[29] lists South Gate's sale tax rate as 10.75%. The income per capita is $11,566, which includes all adults and children. The median household income is $41,064.[30]

South Gate's commercial activity is concentrated in the following zones:

  • Tweedy Mile (on Tweedy Boulevard from Alameda Street to Atlantic Avenue)
  • Firestone Boulevard (from Alameda Street to Garfield Avenue)
  • El Paseo (Corner of Firestone Boulevard and Garfield Avenue)
  • Hollydale (on Garfield Avenue from I-105 to Imperial Highway)

As of April 1, 2009, the City of South Gate imposed a 10.25-percent sales tax (statewide plus local supplementary, which is now 9.75% with the expiration of the temporary tax increase under Proposition 1A), which matches Pico Rivera's sales tax rate as the highest in the State of California.[31]

On July 9, 2009, the South Gate City Council held a special meeting where a resolution was adopted declaring a fiscal emergency for the City of South Gate.[32]

Government

In the United States House of Representatives, South Gate is in California's 44th congressional district, which has a Cook PVI of D+32[33] and is represented by Democrat Nanette Barragán.[34]

South Gate is represented in the California State Senate by Democrat Ricardo Lara (33rd District), and in the California State Assembly by Democrat Anthony Rendon (63rd District).

Local government

The City Council consists of five persons elected at large by the residents of South Gate. These Council members serve a four-year term and establish the governing policies and procedures for the city. The Mayor is selected on an annual, rotating basis from among the Council Members.[35]

City Clerk
  • Carmen Avalos

The City Clerk in South Gate is an elected position that serves a four-year term. As the official record keeper for the City, the City Clerk is responsible for maintaining all central and legal files, preparing City Council meeting agendas and minutes, conducting municipal elections and assisting the Los Angeles Registrar-Recorder with voter registration.[36]

City Treasurer
  • Maria Belen Bernal[37]

Bernal was elected City Treasurer of South Gate on March 24, 2009.

City Manager
  • Michael Flad

Michael Flad was appointed City Manager by the City Council on December 3, 2012. The City Manager is appointed by the City Council to carry out its policies and ensure that the community is served in a responsive manner. Responsible for oversight of all City operations and the delivery of public services, the City Manager works closely with the City's departments in developing policy recommendations and responding to directives of the City Council.[35]

Political parties

63.10% of the people in South Gate are registered as Democrats, with 35.60% registered as Republican. The remaining 1.30% are independent.[30]

Scandal and corruption

From 2001 to 2003, then-city treasurer Albert Robles, along with three accomplices on the city council, accepted bribes and in turn gave taxpayer dollars to friends and relatives to perform city contracts. The three accomplices formed a majority of the five-member city council, so they could effectively run the city any way they wanted. For example, in 2002, Robles was arrested on felony threat charges but was appointed by the city council to the deputy city manager position and had his legal bills covered by the city. The city council gave themselves a 2000% pay raise, and cut the pay of city clerk Carmen Avalos by 90%, after she complained about corruption and election fraud in the city to the California Secretary of State.[38]

On January 28, 2003, voters recalled Robles along with his political allies, former Mayor Xochitl Ruvalcaba, former Vice Mayor Raul Moriel, and former city councilwoman Maria Benavides.[39][40]

Robles was convicted of bribery in July 2005.[41] In November 2006 he was sentenced to 10 years in federal prison, ordered to pay the city of South Gate $639,000 in restitution, and was immediately put into custody.[42]

In March 2006, Rudy Navarro, who was elected to replace Albert Robles as city treasurer, was caught making a false statement on his biography as posted on the city's official web site. He claimed that he earned a degree from San Diego State University, when he actually had not completed all the requirements.[43][44][45]

South Gate's recent political history has been characterized by political observers and editors as having elements of "Third World politics".[46][47][48]

Finances

South Gate was $150 million in debt in 2005. In addition, South Gate has one of the highest state and city taxes in the state of California at 10.75%.

On June 5, 2007, the city reported that it is facing a severe financial crisis.[49]

County representation

The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Whittier Health Center in Whittier, serving South Gate.[50]

Infrastructure

Roads

Buses

South Gate is served by Metro Local and Metro Rapid buses. The City of South Gate operates the Get Around Town Express (GATE) to provide local service.[51]

City parks

South Gate offers nine city parks for the enjoyment of its citizens.[52]

  • South Gate Park covers a total of 96.8 acres (392,000 m2), and is the largest park within the city limits. This park is used to carry out most of the Parks and Recreation Department's community programs. There are a total of six different facilities at this park, some of which can be rented out for a variety of events. These facilities include the Municipal Auditorium, Girls Club House, 9-hole Par 3 Golf Course, Senior Recreation Center, Swim Stadium, and Sports Center. The site also features athletic fields, outdoor basketball courts, two playgrounds, tennis courts, a skate park, several shaded areas for picnics, and a Jr. Hockey Rink. The park closes at 10:00 pm.
  • Hollydale Regional Park covers 56.0 acres (227,000 m2), has a playground, tennis courts, a baseball field, soccer fields, a picnic area (groups of 50+ by reservation only), and an Equestrian Center that is also available for rent. The park closes at sunset.
  • Cesar Chavez Park covers 9.0 acres (36,000 m2), has two playgrounds and a pergola. No reservation is needed for picnics. The park closes at sunset.
  • Circle Park covers 4.0 acres (16,000 m2), and is a neighborhood park. It has a small playground, a ball field and a grass area. The park closes at sunset.
  • Hollydale Community Park covers 2.2 acres (8,900 m2), it has a playground, outdoor basketball courts, and a Community Center. The park closes at 10:00pm.
  • State Street Park covers 0.8 acres (3,200 m2) and only has a grass fields. is a neighborhood park, No reservation needed for picnics. The park closes at sunset.
  • Gardendale Tot Lot covers 0.45 acres (1,800 m2), and is a neighborhood park. It has a playground and a small grass area. The park closes at sunset.
  • Triangle Park covers 0.3 acres (1,200 m2), has a pergola, a seating area, a bike rack, and a drinking fountain. The park closes at sunset.
  • Stanford Park covers 0.19 acres (770 m2) and is a neighborhood park. It has a playground and a small grass area. The park closes at sunset.

Education

Schools located in South Gate include: 21 public (13 elementary, 3 high school, 3 charter schools and 2 middle school and 1 span school and 1 continuation high school) and two parochial schools. Adult Education classes are conducted at both the junior and senior high schools. The City is also served by 3 community colleges (Compton, Cerritos and East Los Angeles—main campus and South Gate satellite) and 3 California State Universities (Dominguez Hills, Long Beach and Los Angeles.)

Public schools

Most of South Gate is served by the Los Angeles Unified School District public school system. A small section of South Gate is served by the Paramount Unified School District and Downey Unified School District.[53][54]

LAUSD primary schools
  • Bryson Avenue Elementary School (opened 1931, partially a Math, Science, Technology magnet school)
  • Independence Elementary School (opened 1997)
  • Liberty Boulevard Elementary School (opened 1932)
  • Madison Elementary School (opened 2005)[55]
  • Montara Avenue Elementary School (opened 1988)
  • San Gabriel Avenue Elementary School (opened 1920)
  • San Miguel Avenue Elementary School (opened 1989, partially a math and science magnet school)
  • Stanford Avenue Elementary School (1-5, opened 1924)
  • Stanford New Primary Center (K, opened 2004)[56]
  • State Street Elementary School (opened 1932)
  • Tweedy Elementary School (Originally Opened 1931) [57] (opened 1950)[58]
  • Victoria Avenue Elementary School (opened 1925)
  • Willow Avenue Elementary School (opened 2012)
LAUSD charter schools
  • Firestone (opened 2010)
  • Aspire Gateway (opened 2010)
  • Valiente College Preparatory Charter School ( 2015)
  • KIPP Corazon (2017)
LAUSD middle schools
  • International Studies Learning Center [59]
  • South Gate Middle School (opened 1941)
  • South East Middle School (opened 2004)[60]
LAUSD high schools

When South East High School opened, within the City of South Gate, the school's attendance boundary took land formerly zoned to South Gate High School, Huntington Park High School, and David Starr Jordan High School.[62][63]

LAUSD span school

LAUSD continuation high school

  • Odyssey Continuation High School
Paramount Unified School District

Part of South Gate is served by Downey Unified School District.

Private primary schools
  • Lollypop Lane Preschool and Kindergarten
  • Redeemer Lutheran School
  • Saint Helen Elementary School
Private high schools
  • Academia Betel

Colleges and universities

Public libraries

County of Los Angeles Public Library operates:[64][65]

  • Leland R. Weaver Library (4035 Tweedy Boulevard )
  • Hollydale Library (12000 South Garfield Avenue )

Notable people

See also

References
  1. "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  2. "Mayor Maria Davila". Retrieved February 25, 2018.
  3. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  4. "South Gate". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved November 2, 2014.
  5. "South Gate (city) QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 26, 2011. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
  6. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  7. "USPS - ZIP Code Lookup - Find a ZIP+ 4 Code By City Results". Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved January 18, 2007.
  8. "Number Administration System - NPA and City/Town Search Results". Archived from the original on 2007-09-26. Retrieved January 18, 2007.
  9. "About South Gate". www.cityofsouthgate.org. City of South Gate. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
  10. City history page Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
  11. "City Information | City of South Gate". Sogate.org. Archived from the original on 2010-07-07. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
  12. "E-1 Population Estimates for Cities, Counties and the State with Annual Percent Change — January 1, 2008 and 2009". California Department of Finance. May 2009. Archived from the original on July 12, 2009. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
  13. All-America City: Past Winners Archived 2010-07-07 at the Wayback Machine
  14. "Timeline". Bell.k12.ca.us. Archived from the original on 2010-08-22. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. April 6, 2000, the Bell House was dedicated as a California State Historical Resource.ts/Files/lugo_era_history.htm
  16. "South Gate -The Early Years". Sogate.org. Archived from the original on 2009-09-25. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
  17. Nicolaides, Becky M. (2002). My blue Heaven : life and politics in the working-class suburbs of Los Angeles, 1920-1965. Chicago: University of Chicago press. ISBN 9780226583013.
  18. Gudde, Erwin Gustav; William Bright (2004). California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names. University of California Press. p. 371. ISBN 978-0-520-24217-3.
  19. Sahagun, Louis (2019-09-17). "South Gate charts new course to rear native fish that thrived before L.A.'s explosive growth". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2019-09-17.
  20. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  21. "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - South Gate city". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  22. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-12-26. Retrieved 2011-12-26.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  23. American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. "South Gate city, California - QT-P10. Households and Families: 2000". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
  24. American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. "South Gate city, California - QT-P5. Race Alone or in Combination: 2000". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
  25. American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. "South Gate city, California - QT-P9. Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2000". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
  26. "Page Not Found". www.bestplaces.net. Cite uses generic title (help)
  27. "Latino" Mapping L.A., Los Angeles Times
  28. . 24 July 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090724110131/http://www.calmis.ca.gov/file/lfmonth/lasub.xls. Archived from the original on 24 July 2009. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  29. "California City and County Sales and Use Tax Rates - Cities, Counties and Tax Rates - California State Board of Equalization". 22 July 2009. Archived from the original on 22 July 2009.
  30. "Best Places to Live in South Gate, California". Bestplaces.net. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
  31. "California City and County Sales and Use Tax Rates" (PDF). California State Board of Equalization. pp. 15–17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-04-11. Retrieved April 15, 2009.
  32. . 22 July 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110722015601/http://www.sogate.org/download/index.cfm/fuseaction/download/cid/1296/. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  33. "Partisan Voting Index: Districts of the 113th Congress" (PDF). Cook Political Report. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  34. "California's 44th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC.
  35. "City Council | City of South Gate". Sogate.org. Archived from the original on July 8, 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
  36. "City Clerk | City of South Gate". Sogate.org. Archived from the original on 2010-07-07. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
  37. "City Treasurer | City of South Gate". Sogate.org. Archived from the original on 2010-07-19. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
  38. "South Gate: Mexico Comes to California; How an all-American town became a barrio". May 19, 2003, issue. The American Conservative. May 19, 2003. Archived from the original on December 7, 2006. Retrieved December 1, 2006.zip
  39. "County of Los Angeles Department of Registrar-Recorder/County Clerk JANUARY 28, 2003 - SPECIAL ELECTION Final Official Election Returns (Los Angeles County Only)". County of Los Angeles Department of Registrar-Recorder/County Clerk. January 28, 2003. Retrieved December 1, 2006.
  40. "South Gate Voters Clean House; Ousted Robles Said He May Seek Office Again". KNBC Los Angeles. January 29, 2003. Archived from the original on May 26, 2006. Retrieved December 1, 2006.
  41. Rosenzweig, David (July 29, 2005). "Ex-South Gate treasurer convicted in bribery case". July 29, 2005, issue. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 1, 2006.
  42. Becerra, Hector (November 29, 2006). "Robles sentenced to 10 years; The former South Gate treasurer, convicted of stealing millions from the city, is taken into custody. He insists his power was exaggerated". November 29, 2006, issue. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 2, 2006.
  43. "South Gate city treasurer". City of South Gate. Archived from the original on December 1, 2005. Retrieved December 1, 2006. One of three children, Rudy is proud of the fact that he is the first member of his family to earn a college degree. He chose to attend San Diego State University, where he majored in both Finance and Political Science, with a minor in International Conflict Resolution.
  44. "Treasurer Elected to Help Clean Up South Gate Admits Resume Fib". Cactus Thorns; Irreverent Barbs On Desert Politics. March 20, 2006. Retrieved December 1, 2006. Rudy Navarro, 26, admitted he did not graduate from San Diego State University as he had claimed on the resume that's posted on the city's Web site, the Los Angeles Times reported Monday. "I don't know what I was thinking. It was stupid," said Navarro, adding that until this week he hadn't even told his parents he had yet to finish college. "Maybe it was the pressure to make myself look better than the previous person. My intention was really to come out and help."
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  46. Bebitch Jeffe, Sherry (March 2003). "Southgate". March 2004 issue. California Journal. Archived from the original on January 28, 2007. Retrieved December 4, 2006. Using a strategy reminiscent of old-style Mexican politics, the besieged incumbents began offering their constituents "freebies," including one-month's free trash service, a plan for free medical care out of a new health clinic, and raffles which awarded a new television set to one newly registered voter and a free, new house, offered by the city, to one lucky non-homeowner.
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